GEORGIA
Parliament passes the media bill in the first reading
On 17 April, large number of protestors gathered in Tbilisi after the lawmakers passed a bill considered controversial imposing control on media and non-commercial organisations. The bill mandates such organisations which receive more than 20 per cent of funding from foreign entity to register and therefore categorised as “foreign agents.” In the parliament, the bill was passed in the first reading with 83 in favour from the member of Georgian Dream party while opposition parliamentarians refrained from voting. The protests and objection from the opposition come as they consider the bill to limit freedom and functioning of civil society and media organisations and create a block towards the country entry into the EU. Josep Borell, EU foreign policy representative warned: “The final adoption of this legislation would negatively impact Georgia's progress on its EU path.” (“Georgia: Lawmakers pass 'foreign agent' law in first reading,” Deutsche Welle, 18 April 2024) 

POLAND
President Duda meets Trump to discuss on Ukraine and NATO defence budget
On 17 April, Andrzej Duda, Poland’s President held a meeting with Donald Trump, former US President on the NATO spending and global issues. In the meeting, Duda suggested on raising the defence expenditure threshold from two to three per cent of GDP, as this would align with Trump’s earlier accusation on European members not meeting the contribution limit. They also discussed on the conflict in Ukraine, Israel and on topics in achieving world peace. For Trump, this will be a second meeting after hosting Viktor Orban, Hungary’s Prime Minister in March. After the meeting, Trump said: “He's done a fantastic job and he's my friend…We're behind Poland all the way.” (“Poland's Duda meets 'friend' Donald Trump in New York,” Deutsche Welle, 18 April 2024)

SWEDEN
Parliament formulates age limit from 18 to 16 for changing gender legally
On 18 April, Sweden’s parliament passed a law reducing the age limit for people to change their legal gender from 18 to 16. The law was favoured with 234 votes and 94 against. Sweden became the first country to legalise gender transition in 1972. The recent move sparked debate but critics call for more research. At present Sweden needs doctor’s diagnosis of gender dysphoria to permit change their gender legally. Under the latest norm, coming into force from 2025 would ease the process through short consultation along with approval from the National Board of Health and Welfare. While the new law is a boon, it mandates those under 18 to acquire approval from parents or guardian before changing their gender legally. Johan Hultberg of the ruling Moderate Party said: “The great majority of Swedes will never notice that the law has changed, but for a number of transgender people the new law makes a large and important difference.” (Francesca Gillett, “Sweden passes law lowering age to change legal gender from 18 to 16,” BBC, 18 April 2024)

REGIONAL
European Commission proposes free movement deal to the UK
On 18 April, the European Commission proposed a free movement deal to the UK to make it easy for younger people between 18 and 30 aged. The UK which already holds few schemes with non-EU countries for such movement for two-years span but it has also expressed openness to extend into other EU member countries over an EU-wide scheme. In response, the UK government stated its readiness for a country-to-country deal applied across the EU bloc while the opposition group Labour party stated that it had no plans for a “youth mobility scheme.” The deal was proposed to especially reduce immigration control imposed on younger one moving between the UK and the EU. Immigration between the two decreased after the freedom of movement rules came to an end in 2021 resulting in EU citizens to apply for visa to study or work in the UK. (Paul Seddon, “EU proposes some free movement for UK young people,” BBC, 18 April 2024)

Debate over abortion laws spark between Spain and Italy leaders
On 18 April, the BBC reported on emergence of a clash between Spain and Italy over Italy’s right-wing coalition permitting anti-abortion groups into abortion clinics. According to the report, the lower house of the parliament is expected to pass the bill. Ana Redondo, Spain’s Equality Minister sparked a debate with Giorgia Meloni, Italy’s Prime Minister. Redondo argued on allowing “organised harassment” in abortion clinics as “undermining a right recognised by the law.” While Meloni countered saying: “Several times I've listened to foreign ministers talk about internal Italian matters without knowing the full facts.” In Italy, abortion was legalised since 1978 carried out in the first 90 days of pregnancy. This is also known as Law 194. However, access to abortion has been challenging as high number of medical professional close to 63 per cent fall under “conscientious objectors,” refusing to perform the operation. (Laura Gozzi, “Spain and Italy clash over abortion laws,” BBC, 18 April 2024)

INTERNATIONAL
Burkina Faso expels three French diplomats
On 18 April, Burkina Faso Foreign Ministry announced on expelling three French diplomats under subversive activities. The three expelled were declared “persona non grata” and asked to exit in 48 hours. According to the French government there were no evidence to expel and allegations were observed to be “unfounded.” Earlier, on 01 December, four French officials were detailed, charged and imprisoned under the charge of being intelligence agents. Since September 2022 coup led by Captain Ibrahim Traore, the country has distanced from France. (“Burkina Faso expels three French diplomats for 'subversive activities',” Le Monde, 18 April 2024)

By Rosemary Kurian

CROATIA
Parliamentary elections: Plenkovic’s ruling HDZ party wins
On 17 April, Deutsche Welle reported on the win of Andrej Plenkovic of the conservative Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) won the parliamentary elections with 60 seats, but did not claim a majority in the 151-seat assembly. This would follow potentially tough coalition negotiations by Plenkovic to form a majority. If neither party forms a government within sixty days, it would prompt new elections. According to The Morung Express, Croatia’s parliamentary elections will be a face off between President Zoran Milanovic of the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP), a pro-Russian leader and Plenkovic’s ruling HDZ. Milanovic has created an image as a right-wing populist leader who made a surprise announcement of his intention to contest a month before the election. Croatia’s elections were due this autumn, but observers believe that due to Plenkovic’s narrow backing in the Parliament, he wanted a snap election to avoid the threat of further drop in popularity. According to the Friedrich Naumann Foundation, Milanovic scheduled surprise elections to make voting difficult for those Croats living in the neighbouring Bosnia and Herzegovina, who are traditionally conservative and supporters of Plenkovic’s HDZ, to “break the supremacy of the HDZ.” The HDZ has been in power for almost 10 years and is known to be susceptible to corruption. Even Plenkovic, who had donned a “spotless vest” so far, made blunders by electing an Attorney General with links to criminals. (“Croatia's parliamentary elections: Milanovic and Plenkovic face-off,” The Morung Express, 17 April 2024; Dusan Dinic, “King Kong vs. Godzilla – the Croatian way,” Friedrich Naumann Foundation, 16 April 2024; “Croatia: Ruling conservatives win elections without majority,” Deutsche Welle, 18 April 2024)
 
FINLAND
Government announces steps to decrease deficit with the EU
On 17 April, according to the Helsinki Times, the Finnish government announced the ruling coalition’s agreement to a government spending cut worth EUR 1.6 billion and tax increases worth EUR 1.4 billion. After a two-day framework session convened to discuss means to avoid triggering the excessive deficit procedure of the EU, Prime Minister Petteri Orpo’s government made the announcement, calling them “necessary.” They have decided to increase the general value added tax by 1.5 per cent to 25.5 percent, which could lead to an inflation on several products and services, a step that could be implemented as soon as this year, according to Rikka Purra, Finland’s Minister of Finance. (“Finnish government unveils €1.6bn in new spending cuts, €1.4bn in new tax hikes,” Helsinki Times, 17 April 2024)
 
Helsinki to host Tall Ships Races while promoting Baltic Sea preservation
On 16 April, according to the Helsinki Times, Finland will host its annual Tall Ships Races, a sailing event featuring large traditional sailing vessels, from 04 to 07 July in the capital city of Helsinki. The event that takes place in the Baltic Sea will partner with the John Nurminen Foundation, an organisation focussed on the preservation of the Baltic Sea, as its charity partner. The event will attract around 500,000 visitors to the city, and will promote fundraising for the protection of the Baltic Sea for visiting businesses. Annamari Arrakoski-Engardt, CEO of the John Nurminen Foundation, noted that the “Baltic Sea suffers from eutrophication,” which they aim to prevent through donations. (“Helsinki to host the Tall Ships Races in July 2024 with a focus on Baltic Sea conservation,” Helsinki Times, 16 April 2024)
 
Finland observes increased rates of elder employment, especially among women
On 16 April, according to the Helsinki Times, Finland improved its rate of elder employment, especially among women. Being historically behind fellow Nordic states in elder employment, Anna Sutela, a senior researcher at the Statistics Centre, observed that recent years have showcased significant progress, especially among women aged 50-59, with a less favourable situation for men. Sutela noted that the possible reasons for the improvement could include “…reforms in the pension system, workplace development programs, the education system, something else, or all of these combined.” (“Finland catches up in elder employment, especially among women,” Helsinki Times, 16 April 2024)
 
RUSSIA
Announces to withdraw its forces from Nagorno-Karabakh
On 17 April, according to Politico, Russia announced a complete withdrawal of its forces from Nagorno-Karabakh, directing all its resources to fight its war on Ukraine. After six months of an Armenian forced exodus from Azerbaijan’s Karabakh region, the Russian announcement was made, as confirmed by Dmitry Peskov, the Kremlin Press Secretary. Russia stationed 1960 soldiers with hundreds of units of armoured personnel and military equipment to monitor the 2020 ceasefire between the two countries, due to a war that followed the fall of the USSR. Russian forces did not act when Azerbaijan launched its attack against Armenians in the unrecognised republic, causing a major humanitarian crisis and forced fleeing of Armenians. This growing rift between Armenia and Russia has prompted the former to push for a closer integration with the EU. (Gabriel Gavin, “Russia announces total withdrawal of troops from Nagorno-Karabakh,” Politico, 17 April 2024)
 
Russia’s ‘meat grinder’ strategy is increasingly killing its soldiers
On 17 April, according to the BBC, more than 50,000 Russian soldiers were killed in the war on Ukraine. The death toll increased by at least 25 per cent after Russia initiated its ‘meat grinder’ strategy in the war’s second year, sending waves of soldiers to overwhelm Ukrainian forces and expose their defences. BBC recorded death toll is eight times higher than Russia’s public acknowledgment of the same, last made in September 2022. Dmitry Peskov, the Kremlin spokesperson, stated that giving such data was the “exclusive prerogative of the Ministry of Defence.” The numbers do not include the militants in the Donetsk People’s Republic (DPR). Prison recruits are key in Russia’s meat grinder tactics, like prison inmates who fought on behalf of the Russian government as part of the Wagner group’s private army, which recruited from prisons until the souring of relations with Kremlin. (Olga Ivshina, Becky Dale & Kirstie Brewer, “Russia's meat grinder soldiers - 50,000 confirmed dead”, BBC, 17 April 2024)
 
REGIONAL
EU Summit commences with discussions on Russia-Ukraine, Iran-Israel conflicts
On 17 April, according to Deutsche Welle, the 27 EU leaders attending the EU Summit in Brussels discussed the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine, and the Iran-Israel tensions as part of Israel’s war against Hamas. Originally meant to discuss the state of economic competitiveness in Europe, the two-day summit will urge “all parties (in the Middle East) to exercise utmost restraint.” Josep Borrell, the EU’s top diplomat, stated that the EU would consider furthering sanctions against, with French President Emmanuel Macron adding that the bloc’s “duty is to expand these sanctions,” particularly targeting entities involved in drone and missile production. Volodymyr Zelensky, Ukraine’s President, will join the summit through video conference primarily to urge his European partners to provide the required air defence systems against Russian attacks. Ursula von der Leyen, the European Commission President, stated that the bloc was facing threats from a “new league of authoritarians” for which they must take the “next leap forward” on “defence and security.” (“EU summit updates: Leaders to discuss Middle East, Ukraine,” Deutsche Welle, 17 April 2024)

By Rosemary Kurian

BELGIUM 
Brussels mayor orders shutting of right-wing led conference
On 17 April, according to Deutsche Welle, Brussels city authorities ordered the shutdown of a right-wing conference called “national conservatism” or NatCon, to “ensure public security.” Organisers stated that the authorities did not shut the gathering but didn’t allow people to continue to enter the building. The event was slated to be attended by key far-right political figures of Europe, including Hungary’s Prime Minister Viktor Orban, former Polish Prime Minister Mateusz Morawiecki, far-right French politician Eric Zemmour, and conservative German Catholic Cardinal Gerhard Müller expressing the common theme of euroscepticism. Emir Kir, the mayor of Brussels, stated that the far-right was “not welcome” in Brussels, an opinion that the event’s organisers aim to challenge in court. Europe’s far-right is expected to gain ground in the upcoming June elections of the EU. (“Brussels authorities order shutdown of right-wing gathering”, Deutsche Welle, 17 April 2024)
 
GEORGIA
Police clear protesters against controversial ‘foreign agent’ bill
On 17 April, according to Deutsche Welle, Georgia’s riot police cleared protesters outside the parliament building in Tbilisi protesting the controversial “foreign agents” bill. They used pepper spray against the thousands protesting and kept water cannons on standby, detaining 11. The bill, brought by the ruling Georgian Dream party, stipulates that non-commercial organisations receiving 20 per cent or more of their funding from abroad will have to register as “pursuing interests of a foreign power”, dubbed as a Russian-styled bill. The ruling party holds a massive majority without needing opposition to support, with the bill receiving 78 votes in favour and only 25 against. (“Georgia: Riot police clear 'foreign agents' bill protesters”, Deutsche Welle, 17 April 2024)
 
GREECE
Greek journalists declare 24-hour strike demanding higher wages
On 16 April, according to Deutsche Welle, Greece’s Journalists’ Union of Athens Daily Newspapers (ESIEA) declared a 24-hour strike protesting low wages amid inflation. No news was carried on radio, and internet news portal for the day until 5 a.m. on Wednesday, citing “anarchic working conditions and very low pay”. The inflation is noted to be around 37 per cent over the last two years with salaries “not sufficient to cover their basic family and personal needs”. Another day-long strike has been planned by the General Confederation of the Workers of Greece (GSEE) by stopping public transport a day after the ESIEA’s strike. (Richard Connor, “Greek journalists launch 24-hour strike over low wages”, Deutsche Welle, 16 April 2024)
 
THE UK 
Sunak faces opposition on historic tobacco ban bill
On 16 April, according to Politico, Rishi Sunak, the UK’s Prime Minister, wishes to ban smoking among British youngsters, passing the legislation in the House of Commons. Sunak expressed his plan last year, recommending a phased, generational ban on smoking, which, if passed, will become the first of its kind in the world. The legislation is facing considerable opposition from Sunak’s own party, who claim that Sunak is trying to build his legacy amid a failing image. The policy will make the sale of tobacco products illegal to those born after 01 January 2009. During the vote, 59 Tory MPs voted against the legislation citing “significant concerns”, and at least six members in Sunak’s government voted against his proposition, with more than 100 Tory abstentions. Sunak’s predecessors opposed the bill, with former Prime Minister Liz Truss calling it “un-Conservative” and Boris Johnson posing a rhetorical question “The party of Winston Churchill wants to ban [cigars]?” (Andrew McDonald, “Britain’s Conservatives just agreed the world’s toughest smoking ban. Tory MPs hate it”, 16 April 2024)
 
REGIONAL 
EU threatens to take Germany to court if it fails to change new gas tax
On 11 April, according to Politico, the EU plans on taking Germany to court if it fails to call back its controversial gas law that puts a levy on all gas leaving the country. Germany’s neighbouring countries have expressed concerns that the levy violates EU law on gas storage and of the single market. Germany is using the law to plug an EUR 10 billion black hole in its budget and has so far gained EUR 1 billion. But the EU fears that the measure would drive up gas prices, thereby incentivising states to opt for cheaper Russian gas and ruin the EU’s energy diversification plan. The European Commission expressed its concerns to Germany and warned that if the law wasn’t taken back or the levy reduced, it would initiate an “infringement procedure” which comprises financial penalties, after enough compliance requests are offered, following which the case could be moved to court. (Victor Jack and Julia Wacket, “EU gears up to sue Germany if it doesn’t change divisive gas tax”, Politico, 11 April 2024)
 
EU plans to invest EUR 3.5 billion for ocean protection
On 16 April, according to Deutsche Welle, the European Union pledged EUR 3.5 billion for the protection of the world’s oceans and to promote sustainability through initiatives in 2024. The initiatives were announced during the “Our Ocean” conference in Greece, by Virginijus Sinkevicius, the European Commissioner for Environment, Oceans and Fisheries. The conference aims to support 14 investments and one reform targeting sustainable fisheries in Portugal, Poland, Greece and Cyprus worth EUR 1.9 billion. An additional EUR 980 million will be alloted for investments against marine pollution in Cyprus, Finland, Greece, Italy and Spain, under the EU's Recovery and Resilience Facility. (“EU pledges €3.5 billion to protect world's oceans”, Deutsche Welle, 16 April 2024)

By Padmashree Anandhan

FRANCE
Politico reports the changing trend in naval combat
On 10 April, Politico reported on the French navy’s shift in training from policing operations to gird. This comes as Rear Admiral Jacques Mallard, the commander of France’s carrier battle group says as a preparation against war. The navy’s mission have focused till now on blocking drug traffickers, combat illegal fishing and launching inflatable boats and detaining criminals. According to him the naval combat is shaping towards war, he added: “…we feel threatened on a more regular basis ... We now train for other missions, in particular what we call high-intensity warfare.” In the EU, France has been the only country with functional nuclear-powered aircraft carrier and it also hosts a battle group of nuclear submarines, frigates and Rafale fighter jets. This is expected to start mission in Mediterranean Sea which is seen as a adaptive move of the west as war in Gaza and Ukraine spill into Black Sea and Red Sea. (Laura Kayali, “France prepares for naval warfare against an enemy that ‘wants to destroy us’,” Politico, 10 April 2024) 

HUNGARY
Agricultural minister calls EU to adopt modern agricultural policies
On 10 April, in a press conference, István Nagy, Hungary’s agricultural minister mentioned the change in community’s interest in the coming European Parliament election. He cited the Brussels agricultural policy as a threat to the farmers and food-security across Europe. He pushed for modern, competitive agricultural policies and promotion of value-added sectors to increase investments, and resources. He assured Hungary’s decision to allot subsidies and ensure equitable opportunities to ease the farmer situation. (“Brussels’ Agricultural Policy a Threat to European Food-Security, States Minister,” Hungary Today, 10 April 2024) 

NORWAY
Sami activists protest demanding government to remove wind turbines
On 09 April, Sami activists gathered in protest to government’s failure to continue the wind turbines remain installed in the grazing land of the Sami group despite the Supreme Court decision. The protestors occupied the entrances of the Oil and Energy Ministry and also blocked the entrances of other ministries throughout 2023. This led to imposition of fines on denying to evacuate on police orders after continuous four days. The group also refused to pay fines but the court rules in favour of the protestors criticising the police for deciding to physically carry out the protestors. The protests emerge as the Norwegian Supreme Court declared the installation of wind turbines to be in violation of Sami’s human rights. (“Sami demonstrators cleared in court,” NewsinEnglish, 09 April 2024) 

SWITZERLAND
ECHR finds the government to be disregarding climate policies risking right to life
On 09 April, European Court of Human Rights ruled in favour of a group of 2,000 Swiss women aged above 64 over climate change suit. The ruling is key to assert to what extent the European countries have violated the human rights of the people by not opting measures to address the climate change. The Verein KlimaSeniorinnen Schweiz (Association of Senior Women for Climate Protection Switzerland), the Swiss women group accused the government for its insufficient climate policies which have restricted guarantees and bars the citizen right to life. The lawsuit was joined by senior women between 55 and above who are under risk of dying from heat-related illness which are higher in number than older men. According to the court, it found the Swiss government not meeting the Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights. It also condemned the government for not considering the available evidence relating to climate change. This becomes a landmark event as ECHR has never intervened directly on climate change issue earlier. (Jacob Knutson, “Swiss women win landmark climate change ruling,” Axios, 09 April 2024)

By Alka Bala

GERMANY
Government rebukes Gaza ‘genocide’ claims at ICJ
On 09 April, according to Deutsche Welle, Germany presented its defence against Nicaragua’s charges of German involvement in ‘genocide’ in Gaza through its sale of weapons to Israel. Tania von Uslar-Gleichen, head of Germany’s legal team remarked that Nicaragua’s charges ignore “facts and the law,” lacked evidence and jurisdiction and dismissed it for having a one-sided view of the Israel-Hamas war. The German legal team also highlighted how the export of arms to Israel had been Nicaragua as deliberately misrepresented. Christian Tams of the legal team confirmed that each arms export license is assessed on a case-by-case basis and is checked for risks. According to the legal team, artillery shells and munitions have not been exported to Israel since October 2023. On Nicaragua’s claims for Germany to resume its UNRWA aid, Germany highlighted that it had already resumed its funding and remains as the largest individual donor of humanitarian aid to Palestinians. The German legal team also highlighted that Germany cannot be charged with ‘genocide’ until the courts determine whether Israel is breaching the Genocide Convention. The court is expected to take weeks to rule its preliminary decision, whereas the case regarding Israel’s actions in Genocide could take years for the final ruling. (“Germany presents defence at ICJ over Gaza 'genocide' claim,” Deutsche Welle, 09 April 2024)
 
Interior Minister Faesar promises consequences and effective prevention for violent crimes
On 09 April, according to Deutsche Welle, Nancy Faeser, German Interior Minister stated that Germany continues to be “one of the safest countries in the world,” as annual police statistics indicated Germany reached the highest crime levels since 2016. According to the report, 5.94 million crimes were reported in 2023. Crime increased by 5.5 per cent, violent crime increased by 8.6 per cent, and bodily harm increased by 7.4 per cent. Faeser called for “zero tolerance” and “vigorous policing, swift trials, meaningful sentencing and tangible punishments” to ensure quick consequences for the crimes. The rise in youth crime was attributed to the pandemic and associated social upheaval. The crime related to drugs had uptick by 30 per cent, Faeser indicated that the German government had already established agreements with Brazil, Peru, Columbia and Ecuador for cooperation on its war on drugs. (“Germany: Minister demands 'zero tolerance' for violent crime,” Deutsche Welle, 09 April 2024)
 
IRELAND
Simon Harris becomes Ireland’s youngest Prime Minister
On 09 April, Ireland’s Parliament voted for Simon Harris, aged 37 become the youngest Prime Minister of the Republic of Ireland. Harris, former health and higher education minister received 88 votes in favour with 69 against in the parliament. Harris, leader of the Fine Gael party, replaces former Prime Minister Leo Varadkar. Harris would lead a coalition government and would face an election within a year against the left-wing opposition led by Republican Sinn Fein. According to the polling data Harris lags behind Sinn Fein with 21 per cent of votes whereas Finn leads with 26 per cent. Harris is due to announce a cabinet reshuffle of Fine Gael members and is not likely to include the foreign or finance ministries. (“Ireland: Simon Harris elected new prime minister,” Deutsche Welle, 10 April 2024)
 
RUSSIA
Government's counter-terrorism efforts spark concerns for migrants
On 09 April, Politico reported that Putin’s failure to prevent the terror attacks by Tajik militants in Moscow had led to domestic targeting of migrants, central Asians and non-white Russians. Since the Islamic Group claimed responsibility for the Crocus City Hall attacks which killed 143, Russian police have carried out raids in migrant dormitories, and mass searches and have expelled 466 individuals for violating migration laws. Authorities from Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan have issued statements for their Russian-residing citizens to refrain from engaging in mass events. Victoria Maladaeva, President of the Indigenous of Russia Foundation stated “The wave of xenophobia [after the attack] is very tangible for indigenous peoples.” On 26 March, Igor Krasnov Russia’s Prosecutor General reported to Putin that crime committed by foreign nations in Russia had spiked to 75 per cent in 2023, without providing adequate evidence. However, this contradicts the data provided by the Russian Interior Ministry which indicated the crime rates by foreign nationals falling by 7 per cent. Increasing xenophobia after the attacks is spiking anxiety and fear among the non-Slavic communities. (Denis Leven, “Russia’s migrants and ethnic minorities shiver at new Putin terror crackdown,” Politico, 09 April 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL
ECHR upholds the failure of national governments to meet climate targets as violation of human rights
On 09 April, according to Deutsche Welle, judges of the European Court of Human Rights delivered judgment on climate change cases focusing on making national governments reach their Paris Climate Agreement obligations to cut carbon emissions. One of the cases filed by Swiss Senior Women for Climate Protection, an elderly Swiss women’s group stated that the government’s failure to meet emissions requirements violated their human rights. The court agreed to the claim and also stated that “there had been critical gaps in the process of putting in place the relevant domestic regulatory framework.” Christina Voigt, a law professor at the University of Oslo highlighted the significance of the judgement, “It's the first authoritative judgement we have from a supranational court that directly links human rights violations to insufficient or non-ambitious action on climate change.” Cordelia Bahr, the Swiss association’s lawyer stated that the court had recognised climate protection as a human right. However, the case filed by Portuguese youth claiming that rising temperatures were a threat to their right to life and forcing 32 European governments to take action towards climate change was dismissed. The court’s dismissal was on the basis that it had no territorial jurisdiction over the mentioned countries, which comprised of EU countries, Norway, Turkey, Switzerland, UK and Russia. (“Climate: ECHR judges side with Swiss group in rights ruling,” Deutsche Welle, 09 April 2024)
 
West agrees on IOC’s decision to allow Russian athletes to compete in Paris Games
On 09 April, according to Deutsche Welle, the UK, France, Germany and the US accepted the plan by the International Olympic Committee to allow Russian and Belarusian athletes to compete in the Paris Games, which is scheduled to take place in July and August. The committee’s decision entailed that athletes could compete as neutrals if they did not publicly support the invasion of Ukraine and if they were not linked to the military. Earlier British had maintained that allowing Russians and Belarusians to participate in Paris was “not credible.” Russians would be represented as neutrals, without representing their flags, national anthems or uniforms. Ukraine’s stance of boycotting the Paris Games, if the Russians participate has now been subdued. The guidelines issued by the International Olympic Committee stated that Ukrainian and Russian athletes should not shake hands or stand next to each other. (Mark Meadows, “IOC wins as top Western nations agree to Russians in Paris,” Deutsche Welle, 09 April 2024)
 
China and Russia to boost ties and Eurasian Security
On 09 April, Sergei Lavrov Russian Foreign Minister and his Chinese counterpart Wang Yi held bilateral talks to “strengthen strategic cooperation” between their countries. According to the RIA Novosti news agency, both countries would “provide each other with strong support.” The meeting was held in China as Lavrov arrived for a two-day visit. They also focus on boosting their Eurasian security to counter US and Western influence and hope to include “other like-minded countries” in this dialogue. Wang stated that NATO should not limit its activities to the Asia Pacific and stated that Russia and China should “oppose hegemonism and power politics, oppose the monopoly of international affairs by a few countries.” Wang also expressed his praise for Vladimir Putin, the Russian President by stating that “China will support Russia's stable development under the leadership of Putin.” China and Russia have been following a “no-limits” partnership since Russia invaded Ukraine in 2022. ( “China and Russia agree to boost ties in opposition to West,” Deutsche Welle, 09 April 2024)

By Alka Bala and Rosemary Kurian

FRANCE
French assembly approves bill to reduce wastage from fast-fashion
On 08 April, according to Deutsche Welle, the French National Assembly, the lower house of Parliament, approved the fast-fashion bill unanimously, especially targeting fast-fashion enterprises like Shein and the online platform Temu, both Chinese manufacturers. Major companies with a certain per day production are required to indicate the environmental impact of their products and urge recycling among customers on their websites, else face a fine up to EUR 15,000. The government is planning to ban publicity for fast-fashion by 2025 with a penalty of up to EUR 100,000. The bill will become law only after approval from the French Senate. Several experts on sustainable fashion welcomed the bill as the victory of a “cultural battle” that addressed “an environmental, social and cultural disaster”. However, others argue that those who can’t afford fashion could be adversely affected, stating that the thresholds shouldn’t be too low. The implications of the bill depends on the threshold set by the government. (Lisa Louis, “Fast fashion: France seeks to slow down wasteful industry,” Deutsche Welle, 08 April 2024)
 
French company ramps up production to meet demand of military drone radar
On 08 April, according to Politico, the French defence equipment manufacturer Thales, which Emmanuel Macron, France’s President, listed as one having significantly ramped up manufacturing, is planning to further expand production. Thales manufactures the high-demand radar system, which is capable of detecting air threats and identifying fighter jets, helicopters and missiles. Located in Limours, the company’s radar can differentiate drones from birds and its GM400 Alpha can detect aircrafts 500 kilometres away. The company is jointly controlled by the French state and fighter jet manufacturer Dassault Aviation, and is the leading radar manufacturer in Europe. The beginning of the war in Ukraine has prompted the French government to urge increased manufacture of defence equipment that is cheaper and faster. Thales is expected to double its production of its radars but faces logistical challenges. (Laura Kayali, “France has a military drone radar everyone’s desperate to get,” Politico, 08 April 2024)
 
GEORGIA
Protestors take to streets against controversial “foreign agent” bill
On 08 April, according to Politico, several demonstrators gathered in the streets of Tbilisi, Georgia’s capital, after the passing of the first stage of the controversial bill that brands civil society groups as “foreign agents”. Several groups have termed the law akin to Putin’s Russia, which aims to crack down on freedom of speech and funding for civil society groups. A version of the bill was dropped in March 2023 after a public outcry and international condemnation, which was brought back on agenda by the ruling Georgian Dream party, without changes made to the text. Under the law, organisations that receive more than 20 per cent of their funding from abroad will be labelled as those with foreign influence, leading to considerable administrative rules and substantial fines. Humanitarian organisations could also face the risk of being slapped with the label. The proposal has created strained relations with the EU, with Josep Borrell, High Representative of the EU for Foreign Affairs, noting that its “chilling effect” will have “negative consequences for the many Georgians benefiting from their (civil society) work”. He added that the law was “incompatible with EU values and standards”. (Gabriel Gavin, “Protests begin in Georgia against ‘Russian law’,” Politico, 08 April 2024)
 
GREECE
Government declares “high risk” alert amid early wildfires
On 07 April, according to Deutsche Welle, the wildfire season in Greece started earlier than usual after a record warm winter, after at least 70 forest fires were reported. Several regions have been declared as “high-risk,” the second-highest kind, as the level of wildfire alert. Most of the fires except for the one on the island of Crete were brought under control. Strong winds up to 60 kph are expected till 09 April especially in Athens, the Cyclades islands and Crete, which could make “the situation extremely dangerous for the outbreak of fires,” according to Greece’s Civil Protection Ministry. The wildfire could be a result of five weeks of no rain in Greece, leading to dry conditions favourable to forest fires. Several experts have stated that the wildfire season in Greece, set to begin in May will instead begin progressively earlier due to the human-led phenomenon of climate change. (“Greece raises wildfire alert amid early blazes,” Deutsche Welle, 07 April 2024)
 
LITHUANIA
Germany sends the first soldiers part of its permanent Lithuania force
On 08 April, according to Deutsche Welle, Germany sent the first group of soldiers who will be part of its permanent military base in Lithuania with 5000 troops by 2027, in an effort to prevent further attacks from Russia. An advance staff of 20 members is planned to set up the base, with the brigade named as Panzerbrigade 45. Boris Pistorius, the German Defence Minister marked the first time they have “permanently stationed such a unit outside Germany.” Dmitry Peskov, Kremlin spokesperson, stated that the move could only escalate tensions. (“Germany sends first soldiers for permanent Lithuania force,” Deutsche Welle, 08 April 2024)

THE UK
Separate UK and EU systems for carbon-heavy import worry Northern Ireland
On 07 April, Northern Ireland is in another post-Brexit row, as the EU and the UK decided to develop separate systems to tax carbon-heavy imports. According to experts for Northern Ireland, this would disrupt trade, increase business costs and could even lead to job losses. The Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), is the import tax to be levied on carbon-intensive products from high-carbon emitting industries such as steel and cement. EU’s CBAM is presently in its transitional phase and will be fully implemented by 2026, whereas the UK government plans to introduce its CBAM only in 2027. Currently, the carbon price rates for the EU stand at 56 GBP, for the UK it stands at 40 GBP. EU fears that unless the UK implements its own CBAM aligning the prices with the EU, post-2026, Northern Ireland could become the point of entry for high-carbon goods to enter the EU bloc by paying a lower carbon tax, or no tax at all. EU might aim to extend and apply its carbon tax to the rest of the UK and Northern Ireland, which means that the latter would have to face compliance costs in its trade of carbon goods with the Republic of Ireland. (Abby Wallace and Jon Stone, “Revealed — the next Brexit headache on the Irish border,” Politico, 07 April 2024)
 
SWITZERLAND
Bern and Zurich pledge to reinforce integration of migrants
On 08 April, according to Swissinfo, Swiss cities such as Bern, Zurich and Geneva are taking welcoming measures to integrate migrants and refugees into the cities. Zurich offered to accommodate more refugees than what was allocated to them by the federal and cantonal governments. Bern announced itself as a “safe harbour” for refugees, whereas in 2017 and 2018, Geneva provided permits for undocumented migrants. International cities have launched a Call to Local Action, supported by the International Organisation for Migration (IOM) and the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR) to implement the Global Compact for Migration and the Global Compact on Refugees. Zurich has also joined this initiative and aims to improve municipal public services for irregular migrants. It has already been successful in guaranteeing healthcare to all, even to non-health insurance holders. Zurich aims to launch the Züri City Card in 2026, which would allow all residents to open a bank account or purchase a mobile subscription. (Annegret Mathari, “What cities like Geneva are doing to welcome migrants and refugees,”  Swissinfo.ch, 08 April 2024)
 
REGIONAL 
Russian threats on Finland’s NATO accession appear unsuccessful
On 08 April, according to Politico, Russian threats over Finland’s NATO accession and subsequent stationing of Russian troops on Finland’s border as attempts for intimidation are likely to be unsuccessful. Russia would require a large number of troops, which it does not currently have at its disposal if it aims to avenge Finland’s NATO accession. According to Major General Pekka Tovery, former Finnish Military Intelligence Chief and Finnish Parliament member, “The Russians won’t have the resources to build infrastructure, produce new heavy weaponry and recruit considerable numbers of forces to our border before the 2030s.” He also indicated how Finland’s operation environment requires special training and equipment which Russia lacks. Russia also struggles with mobilising recruits to fight in Ukraine and has ordered to increase in its armed forces to a total of 1.32 million by 2026 from the present 1.15 million. Given Russia’s struggle with its armed forces, a threat over Finland’s NATO accession does not hold real consequences, at least in the short run. (Elizabeth Braw, “Putin miscalculated on Finland’s border,” Politico, 08 April 2024)

INTERNATIONAL
Germany’s supply of weapons to Israel accused of breaching UN genocide convention
On 09 April, the BBC reported on Nicaragua’s appeal to halt the sale of German weapons to Israel as Germany also faces accusations of breaching the UN genocide convention and ending the funding of the UN’s aid agency. Germany rejects the accusation and is set to present its defence in the International Court of Justice on Tuesday. Nicaragua stated that Germany’s arms sales, mostly comprising of air defence systems and communication equipment to Israel increased tenfold in 2023 compared to 2022, amounting to USD 326.5 million. Germany had also ceased funding the UN's Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA), over allegations that some of its staff were involved in the attacks on Israel on 07 October. Along with a halt in weapons supply to Israel, Nicaragua also wants Germany to resume its funding of the aid agency. Wolfgang Buechner, a German government spokesperson dismissing these claims stated, “We note Nicaragua's lawsuit and we deny the allegations as unjustified.” (Matt Murphy, “Germany faces genocide case over Israel weapon sales,” BBC, 09 April 2024)
 
US and EU put pressure on China to contribute funds for climate change
On 08 April, according to Politico, western governments increasingly mount pressure on China to commit funding for poorer countries to adapt to climate change. Beijing is not subjected to pay under the 1992 UN Climate Treaty. The Chinese taxpayers, exempted from paying for climate causes have grown wealthier over the last three decades whereas China has become the third largest contributor to climate change after the US and the EU. John Kerry, US climate envoy stated that the upcoming COP would focus largely on finance and would deal with the expansion of the donor base. The EU signalled that they are expecting “much greater transparency” from China regarding its funding to poorer nations. Although China had made a voluntary pledge of USD three billion to a China South-South Climate Cooperation Fund, however, the exact amount disbursed is still unclear. In March, foreign ministers from all EU countries stated that “all countries should contribute to the new climate finance goal according to their financial capabilities, including emerging economies.” According to the Western nations, along with China, they also expect wealthy Gulf countries to contribute to the climate causes. (Karl Mathiesen, “EU and US push China to help them write big new climate check,” Politico, 08 April 2024)

By Alka Bala and Rosemary Kurian

SLOVAKIA
Pro-Russian Pellegrini emerge victorious in the Presidential run-off
On 06 April, according to Politico, Peter Pellegrini, the Speaker of the Parliament won the runoff Presidential elections against Ivan Korčok, a pro-West career diplomat. Pellegrini’s victory allows Prime Minister Robert Fico’s ruling coalition absolute control over the legislative and executive organs of the government. Pellegrini who won with 53 per cent of the votes, said: “...this victory is an enormous vindication for me.” The reasons behind Pellegrini's victory was due to social media campaign, pledges to increase the pension and bonus for police and firefighters. Korčok who had received 47 per cent of the votes in the runoff elections, which was five per cent more votes than Pellegrini condemned the aggressive election campaign led by the competitor. Pellegrini accused Korčok of being “a war-monger who unhesitatingly supports everything the West tells him, including dragging Slovakia into [the Russia-Ukraine] war.” The opposition held the stance in support for Kyiv, while Pellegrini favours the role of the state and accused of sending Slovakian soldiers to fight in Ukraine. In Slovakia, the power of the President is limited to appointing ambassadors, returning legislation and granting amnesties. However, Pellegrini being an ally of Fico, is observed to be benefit the Direction – Slovak Social Democracy party's pro-Russian policies and agenda to modify penal code and control of media. (Tom Nicholson, “Slovak presidency goes to PM Fico’s proxy,” Politico, 06 April 2024)

HUNGARY
Prime Minister Orban’s rival garners mass support
On 06 April, according to Deutsche Welle, tens of thousands of people rallied in Budapest to the parliament building demanding resignation of the Viktor Orban, Prime Minister. Peter Magyar, who was closely associated with Orban’s government launched a political movement against him alleging corruption and cronyism. Magyar addressed the crowd and stated how his movement would unite political opposition and the citizens unhappy with Orban’s rule for 14 years. He promised to build a new Hungary step-by-step. Magyar was closely associated with the ruling Fidesz party and was married to Judit Varga, Orban’s former Justice Minister. Earlier this year, Orban was hit with a child sex abuse scandal, which led to the resignation of former President Katalin Novak and Judit Varga’s resignation. Orban has also been accused by the EU of controlling the media, and elections and eroding the rule of law in the country. According to a study by pollster Median, Magyar’s movement has reached up to 68 per cent of voters, out of which 13 per cent of voters have indicated the intention to support him. (“Hungary: Tens of thousands rally in support of Orban rival,” Deutsche Welle, 06 April 2024)
 
NORWAY
Government plans to double its defence budget by 2036
On 05 April, according to Politico, Norway announced a proposal to increase their defence spending in the next 12 years by 600 billion kroner (EUR 51 billion). Anne Marie Aanerud, the Norwegian Deputy Defence Minister, during the Norwegian-American Defence Conference in Washington, cited the need for “major investments” in Norwegian forces. Norway aims to increase its spending to 1.6 trillion kroner by 2036 for boosting its industry to support the armed forces. A major chunk of the spending will go to the navy, which would add at least five frigates with anti-submarine helicopters, five submarines, 10 large and 18 small vessels. It will further spend in upgrading its long-range air defence systems and increase surveillance with more satellites, vessels and drones. (Laura Kayali and Paul Mcleary, “Norway pitches ‘historic boost’ in defense spending,” 05 April 2024)
 
POLAND
Voting in the local elections act as a test for Tusk
On 07 April, according to Deutsche Welle, voters cast ballots in the local elections across Poland. The elections would act as a test of support for Prime Minister Donald Tusk’s pro-European policy. The parties leading the election race include Tusk’s Civic Coalition and the conservative nationalist party of Law and Justice Party (PiS), which had governed Poland for the last eight years. According to Poland’s election commission, voter turnout at 1500 GMT stood at 39.4 per cent. The polls indicated 33.7 per cent votes for the PiS and 31.9 per cent for Civic Coalition Party. Third Way Party and the Left which make up the other governing coalition parties, gained 13.5 per cent and 6.8 per cent of votes respectively. The elections act as a test for Tusk’s liberal pro-European government, which has focused on reversing changes brought in by the PiS in the judicial system and media. Tusk had warned that winning of Civic Coalition is essential to prevent Poland from slipping back into nationalist rule. Around 190,000 candidates are contesting for positions as mayors and councillors. (“Poland votes in local elections test for Tusk,” Deutsche Welle, 07 April 2024)
 
RUSSIA
Thousands evacuated from Osrk city as floods aggravate
On 06 April, BBC reported the evacuation of more than 1100 residents in the Orsk district of Russia. The rise of water in the Ural River due to the melting of ice had called for an emergency in the entire region of Orenburg. According to officials, “10,000 residents may be in the flooding zone and up to 4,000 houses could be inundated.” Russian Emergencies Ministry stated that work on the dam rupture in Orsk was continuing. Vasily Kozupitsa, Mayor of Orsk warned about the “worsening situation” as the old town city is flooded and could be potentially cut off from the rest of the city. Orsk which has a population of 230,000 people is moving its residents to nearby schools. Regions of Orsk, Orenburg, Urals regions and parts of Kazakhstan have been suffering from floods in recent days. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Kazakh President stated the calamity to be the worst natural disaster for 80 years. (“Thousands evacuated as Orsk dam burst worsens Russia floods,” BBC, 06 April 2024)
  
SWITZERLAND
Alps witness rise in temperatures
On 07 April, according to Swissinfo, the northern side of the Alps witnessed temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius, earlier than usual. Several weather stations witnessed the warmest April this year. Basel was the warmest with 28.8 degrees Celsius in the afternoon, due to the southwest wind. The Interlaken region observed a four degree rise in temperature in the beginning of April compared to previous years. Weather forecasts expect this “heatwave” to pass by Tuesday. (“April heatwave sets Swiss temperature records,” Swissinfo, 07 April 2024)
 
THE NETHERLANDS
Dutch authorities detain Greta Thunberg at a protest against fuel subsidies 
On 06 April, according to Deutsche Welle, Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg was arrested by the Dutch authorities twice as she joined demonstrators from Extinction Rebellion to block a motorway in Hague. According to a spokesperson of Extinction Rebellion, “Thunberg had been held for several hours before being released in the evening.” The demonstration was against the Dutch fossil fuel subsidies. Dutch police announced that more than 400 people were arrested as they ignored the orders to disperse. Extinction Rebellion stated its intention to continue the protests until the government stops using public funds to subsidise the gas and oil industry. The protests come before the debate in the Dutch government on fossil fuel subsidies which is scheduled in June. (“Climate activist Greta Thunberg arrested in the Netherlands,” Deutsche Welle, 06 April 2024)
 
REGIONAL 
Apple revises rules in favour of music apps outside App Store after EU antitrust decision
On 06 April, according to Politico, Apple agreed to allow music-streaming apps within the EU to inform their users of alternatives for payment outside of the iOS App Store. Regulators of antitrust laws found that Apple’s rules prevented alternative apps like Spotify from informing iOS users of alternative modes of subscriptions, often cheaper, available outside the App Store, which the EU termed as “anti-steering provisions”. EU regulators called Apple’s regulations “abusive”, fining it with more than EUR 1.8 billion in March for potentially increasing subscription prices. While Apple earlier decided to appeal the EU's decision citing lack of “credible evidence of consumer harm”, it later updated its guidelines to allow music apps to inform users of their subscription/music purchase options. In the new rules for App Store, Apple has however included a 27 per cent “commission” if the music purchase was made within seven days of accessing the link provided by the company. The EU is “currently assessing” Apple’s level of compliance to its decision. (Tommaso Lecca, “Apple allows music apps to offer payments outside App Store in the EU,” Politico, 06 April 2024)
 
Von der Leyen appoints senior officials to lead her campaign
On 05 April, according to Politico, Ursula von der Leyen, the President of the European Commission, picked Björn Seibert, her head of Cabinet, to lead her campaign in the bid for a second term in the position. Alexander Winterstein, a senior civil servant at the communications directorate-general of the Commission, was announced as her campaign spokesperson. Winterstein’s promotion to his current position was announced during the European People’s Party’s gathering in Romania to endorse von der Leyen, raising questions from journalists. Eric Mamer, the Commission’s spokesperson, called the promotion “totally normal”. Seibert and Winterstein will be taking unpaid leave from their current positions until the elections on June 6 to work on the campaign. Von der Leyen will continue in her current role while running for re-election, albeit separating her campaign appearances with her day-to-day appearances. (Eddy Wax, Pierre Ngendakumana, “Von der Leyen picks campaign team for run at second term as EU Commission chief,” 05 April 2024)
 
EU’s measure to ease Ukrainian truckers’ access sparks furore
On 02 April, according to Politico, the EU plans on extending the access for Ukrainian and Moldovan truckers into the bloc, causing anger among EU truckers. The earlier measure that allowed Ukrainian shippers to transport cargo into the EU didn’t allow Ukrainian truckers to transport these goods within the EU. Truckers from Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania had earlier blocked road crossings connecting Ukraine with their countries as a mark of protests against EU policy. They suggested that Ukrainian truckers failed to follow the rules, and instead of the policy helping Ukraine’s economy during the war, “Ukrainian trucking companies have gone into cross-trading and cabotage services, undermining EU companies” by providing services at cheaper rates, according to Jan Buczek, President of the Polish Association for International Road Carriers. The EU took some concerns into account, suggesting to suspend the agreement given a national road transport market faces major disturbances, as a safeguard. (Jeremy van der Haegen and Wojciech Kosc, “There’s a fight looming over EU plans to extend access to the bloc for Ukrainian truckers,” Politico, 02 April 2024)

By Alka Bala

FRANCE
Macron acknowledges French failure to stop Rwanda Genocide on its 30th anniversary
On 05 April, Politico reported that on the 30th anniversary of the Rwanda genocide, French President Emmanuel Macron acknowledged France’s failure to stop the Rwanda genocide. Macron in a video message stated that “France, which could have stopped the genocide with its Western and African allies, did not have the will to do so.” The Rwandan genocide resulted in the ethnic cleansing of members of the Tutsi minority by Hutu militants between April and July 1994, killing 800,000 people. Macron was invited to Rwanda to commemorate the anniversary, however, was instead represented by Stéphane Séjourné, French Foreign Affairs Minister and Rwandan- born Hervé Berville, Secretary of State for the Sea. Earlier in 2021, Macron had visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial honouring victims in Rwanda, and had acknowledged France’s “responsibilities” but had also stated that the country “was not an accomplice” to the violence. (Seb Starcevic, “Macron to acknowledge France’s failure to stop Rwanda genocide, Politico, 5 April 2024)
 
GERMANY
Intelligence chief warns about rising far-right extremists with licenced arms
On 05 April, according to Deutsche Welle, a large number of far-right extremists and supporters of the Reichbürger group, still have permission to own weapons. Reichbürger group refers to a far-right radical movement that rejects the legality of the Federal State of Germany. According to the Interior Ministry, in 2023 about 1561 extremists and some 500 Reichsbürger possessed arms licenses. Martina Renner, a parliamentarian from the Left Party stated that “It is not announcements that are needed but concrete action by the authorities against Nazis and Reichsbürger.” She urged the government to pursue measures regarding weapons law. Nancy Faeser, Germany’s Interior Minister has announced regarding strengthening of laws around weapons licenses. However, amid discussions to develop new legal reforms, the Free Democrats Party voice for rigorous implementation of existing reform. (“Germany: Many far-right extremists licensed to own arms,” Deutsche Welle, 05 April 2024)
 
Germany launches “war-ready” military reforms with emphasis on cyber-warfare
On 04 April, Deutsche Welle reported that Boris Pistorius, German Defense Minister plans to introduce military reforms and restructure the command structure. Reforms include, the establishment of a new branch focusing exclusively on cyber-warfare and will work in coordination with the army, air force and the navy. The new Cyber and Information Domann Service would focus on preventing and working against cyberattacks, protecting electronic infrastructure, and preventing disinformation and other hybrid threats. The change in the structure includes the oversight of all four branches under a new central command, which would be the unified point of contact for NATO. Pistorious stated that the German military, Bundeswehr would require an additional EUR 6.5 million in its budget for 2025 to implement these reforms. (“Germany launches military reform with new command structure,” Deutsche Welle, 05 April 2024)
 
KOSOVO
Kosovo Statistics Agency began its first census in ten years; Serb parties call for boycott
On 05 April, according to Deutsche Welle, Kosovo began its first nationwide census in the last ten years. The census would also include a survey of the ethnic Serb minority residing in the north. Albin Kurti, Kosovo’s Prime Minister had earlier urged the Serb minority to participate in the census. The census has been opposed by four Serb parties, including the Srpska Lista. Kosovo is dominated by the majority Albanian population, however, in the northern municipalities, Serbs are in the majority. The last population census in Kosovo was held in 2011 by the Kosovo Statistics Agency (ASK) and ended with a population count of 1.8 million people. The census would allow the government to tally the number of people, their households, education and employment to make plans for policies. ASK aims to conduct the census in six weeks, between 5 April and 17 May. The cost of carrying out the census is estimated to be 13 million dollars and has been funded by Eurostat, the World Bank and UN organisations. (“Kosovo begins first census in over 10 years,” Deutsche Welle, 05 April 2024)
 
THE UK
Government justifies quitting EU’s Erasmus+ student exchange scheme
On 03 April, according to Politico, the UK quit the EU’s Erasmus+ student exchange scheme as the membership was too expensive to justify, owing to Brit’s poor foreign language skills. Nick Leake, a diplomat at the UK mission stated that lesser participation by the UK students in the scheme owing to language learning had forced the UK to pay EUR 300 million more each year into the program, than what it receives back. Although youth organisations have pushed the UK to rejoin the scheme, Leake’s statement at the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) meeting in Brussels stated “The interests of the U.K. taxpayer is why we decided not to participate in Erasmus+.” Maurizio Cuttin, British Youth Council's ambassador to the European Youth Forum expressed the decision as a “devastating loss of exchange and educational opportunities for young people on both sides of the Channel.” Turing, UK’s study abroad scheme, was indicated to not have achieved its target of reaching 35,000 students but only reached 20,000 students. 80 per cent of universities also complained about the difficulties in the application process. (Jon Stone, “UK quit Erasmus because of Brits’ poor language skills,” Politico, 03 April 2024)
 
Bidding begins for government funds for zero-emission international shipping routes
On 05 April, Lord Davies UK’s Maritime Minister began the bidding process to reach the 1.5 million GBP required to develop zero-emission international shipping routes from the UK. The project is aimed at providing cleaner journeys for passengers and goods, generating employment and economic growth. The latest round of the Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition aims at the creation of ‘green corridors’, the development of infrastructure and requirements such as green fuel and charging systems. The project would connect the shipping routes between the UK and Netherlands, Norway, Denmark and Ireland. Clean Maritime Demonstration Competition was first announced in 2023 during London International Shipping Week. Ireland and the Netherlands will provide funding for their organisations to run the project, whereas Denmark and Norway will contribute through access to information and facilitate collaboration. (“New green international shipping routes backed by government funding,” Government of UK, 05 April 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL
Slovak Prime Minister seeks to improve ties with Vietnam
On 05 April, according to Deutsche Welle, Robert Fico, Slovakia’s Prime Minister seeks to reshape his foreign policy and plans to improve ties with Communist states like Vietnam. Although the countries were historically close, relations deteriorated after the abduction of Trịnh Xuan Thanh, a Vietnamese fugitive in Berlin whom Vietnamese secret service agents abducted. This was followed by the expulsion of Vietnamese diplomats from Germany. Slovak who got re-elected in October, is in his third term and is set to follow a “sovereign Slovak foreign policy.” In January, Fico met with Pham Minh Chinh, the Vietnamese Prime Minister at the World Economic Forum. He also met Lubos Blaha, the deputy speaker of the Slovak National Council and Nguyen Tuan, the Vietnamese Ambassador. Fico’s foreign policy has drifted away from the West, received criticism from the EU as the country vowed not to arm Ukraine, and has called for a negotiated peace between Russia and Ukraine. (David Hutt, “Vietnam-Slovakia ties to improve, thanks to new Slovak PM,” Deutsche Welle, 05 April 2024)
 
EU and US pledge 290 million USD for Armenia’s “resilience and growth”
On 05 April, according to Deutsche Welle, the EU and the US pledged to send a financial grant package of 290 million USD to Armenia over the next four years to boost “resilience and growth.” The EU chief, Ursula von der Leyen, Antony Blinken, the US Secretary of State and Nikol Pashinyan, the Armenian Prime Minister met in Brussels on Friday for the meeting. Von der Leyen stated that “Europe and Armenia share a long and common history and the time has come to write now a new chapter.” Blinken promised that the US would provide Armenia with 65 million USD this year to boost economic support, and it would “continue to support the 100,000 ethnic Armenians displaced from the Nagorno-Karabakh region.” Armenia used to observe Russia as its closest ally and has now shifted towards the West, post Moscow’s failure to intervene in the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict. Russia criticised the meeting, whereas Turkey which backs Azerbaijan stated that “the neutral approach that should be the basis for the solution of the complex problems of the region.” (“EU and US pledge fresh financial support for Armenia,” Deutsche Welle, 05 April 2024)

Europe In Brief
By Padmashree Anandhan

RUSSIA
Putin calls for countering illegal immigration
On 02 April, Vladimir Putin, Russia’s President demanded the law enforcement agencies to counter illegal immigration and organised crime. He pointed to the increasing unauthorised migration leading to extremism and criminality especially operating in the borders. He said: “I ask you to pay special attention to such priorities as ensuring public order, combating extremism, and suppressing illegal migration.” Since the attack in the Crocus concert hall, Russia’s security agency has been tasked to trace the responsible parties behind the attack. (“Putin orders crackdown on illegal immigration,” RT, 02 April 2024)

SLOVAKIA
Environment Ministry proposes law to shoot brown bear within 500 metres
On 03 April, Environment Ministry of Slovakia announced on a draft constitutional law to be soon presented in the parliament to allow shooting of bears which pose danger. The law will grant permit for hunters to shoot down bears nearing the human settlements. Under the current rules, bears can be killed only if “driven away” from the area or into the forest, but as per new norm, it can be shot within 500 metres of the village. This comes after a woman was killed in March after being chased by a bear. Tomáš Taraba, Environment Minister from the far-right Slovak National Party pushed forth the draft at the national and regional levels to reduce the protection status of the brown bear. (Louise Guillot And Karl Mathiesen, “Slovakia proposes law allowing bears to be shot near villages,” Politico, 03 April 2024)

THE UK
Supreme Court justices call ban on weapon sale to Israel
On 04 April, the BBC reported on three former Supreme Court justices move to join with 600 legal experts to demand the UK government to end the sale of weapons to Israel. According to the report, the UK sales is lower compared to Germany, Italy and the US but the justices argue that a ban would add diplomatic and political pressure on Israel. This is mainly due to the conflict in Gaza is under international scrutiny. Since 2008, the UK has licenced arms to Israel for GBP 574 million but such export licences cannot be granted if the weapons were used in violation of international humanitarian law. (Emily Atkinson & Adam Durbin, “Arms sales to Israel: Top judges urge UK to halt weapons trade,” BBC, 04 April 2024)

REGIONAL
NATO Secretary General proposed a EUR 100 billion military aid to Ukraine
On 03 April, in the meeting with the NATO foreign ministers, Jens Stoltenberg, NATO Secretary General proposed for a new approach toward aiding Ukraine. He pitched an idea of funding EUR 100 billion as military aid to Ukraine over five year period to shift more responsibility on NATO to gather support. He said: “We must ensure reliable and predictable security assistance to Ukraine for the long haul…so that we rely less on voluntary contributions and more on NATO commitments. Less on short-term offers and more on multi-year pledges.” The statement comes as the US delays over the USD 60 billion military aid to Ukraine and Stoltenberg mentioned the delay in decision to result in consequences on the ground. On the same, ministers from Poland and Germany expressed support to the long-term support and the proposal. (Stuart Lau And Aitor Hernández-Morales, “NATO ministers’ doubts, fears and eye-rolls over €100B Ukraine plan,” Politico, 03 April 2024) 

European Commission to investigate solar panel manufactures of China in Romania
On 03 April, the European Commission launched an investigation into China’s solar panel manufacturers who are suspected of “undercutting local suppliers.” A 110-megawatt solar farm in Romania called Enevo Group which comes under the EU modernization fund is on suspect of receiving subsidies from China, breaching EU’s policy of fair competition. According to Thierry Breton, EUs Internal Market Commissioner, the investigation aims to secure Europe’s economic security and competitiveness by making companies follow the single market regulations in a competitive and fair manner. Along with the Romanian farm, Longi Green Energy Technology owned by China and subsidised by Germany has also come under enquiry. In the investigation, the Commission will examine the economic operators to find if there was any benefit drawn to attain the public contracts in the EU. The market regulations of the EU mandate the companies to notify the Commission if their tender value goes up more than EUR 250 million and had also received foreign contribution close to EUR four million in last three years. (“EU investigates Chinese solar firms over unfair subsidies,” Deutsche Welle, 04 March 2024)

Eurozone inflation rates increase slower than expected
On 03 April, the annual rate of inflation of countries using Euro decreased in faster rate than predicted in March. According to the report in Deutsche Welle the Eurozone consumer prices increased by only 2.4 per cent less than 2.6 per cent in February. Germany recorded an annual rate of inflation in March of 2.2 per cent reduced from 2.7 per cent in February. Experts from the European Central Bank stated that despite the fluctuations in the inflation rate, they do not expect the interest rate to fall. However, increasing the interest can slow down the economic growth which makes the government to expect the ECB to declare the win over inflation soon. (“Eurozone inflation drops faster than predicted in March,” Deutsche Welle, 03 April 2024)

INTERNATIONAL
China invested company raises security concerns in Poland’s port
On 03 April, Politico reported on increased security concerns over a Hong Kong based company in Poland’s Gdynia port. The concerns come as its located close to a dock which was earlier involved in loading and unloading the US and NATO military aid for Ukraine. According to the Polish authorities, the Gdynia Container Terminal (GCT) has been under surveillance while it faces pressure to declare it as critical infrastructure. The GCT known for full-service and heavy-lift handling expands to 20 hectares with 600 metres in the Baltic Sea port. Therefore, the concerns are not only limited to proximity of NATO but also Polish military assets. Marek Biernacki, an MP with the Third Way party said: “The committee has prepared an opinion to the prime minister indicating that there is a lack of a legal environment for large investments that should be protected as part of critical infrastructure.” If declared so, the Chinese investment company would have to report to the government on its security operations. (Jeremy Van Der Haegen And Wojciech Kość, “Chinese presence in a Polish port triggers security fears,” Politico, 03 April 2024)

By Alka Bala

CYPRUS
New wave of migrants enter through southeastern coast
On 01 April, Xinhua reported on the problem faced by Cyprus over the wave if immigrants from Syria. In the last 24 hours, close to seven small boats were reportedly transported 500 Syrian immigrants crossing into Cyprus’s southeastern coast. Rescue operations were triggered amid the concern of overcrowded vessels. The migrants are expected to originate from Lebanon which is 200 kilometres from Cyprus and becomes the second occurrence since 13 January. Konstantinos Ioannou, Cyprus Interior Minister highlighted the increasing concern over influx of Syrian due to high number of hostilities in Gaza. He urged the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, the Frontex to intervene to help control the migrant boat entry. (“Fresh surge of Syrian immigrants hits Cyprus,” Xinhua, 02 April 2024)

GERMANY 
Government moves ahead to legalise recreational cannabis
On 01 April, according to Times Malta, Germany became the largest EU country to legalise recreational cannabis, allowing adults, over 18 to carry up to 25 grams of dried cannabis and grow up to three marijuana plants at home. The law became effective on 01 April, and from 01 July, it would be allowed for people to legally purchase weed through “cannabis clubs” in the country. Although the government believes that the new law would help curb and contain the black market for cannabis, the decision has drawn flak from health specialists. Cannabis use among young adults, who are more susceptible to health risks, also increases the risks of damage to the central nervous system, and risks of developing psychosis and schizophrenia. Karl Lauterbach, German Health Minister indicated that cannabis consumption could be “dangerous”, especially for young people. The government had stated that cannabis would be banned within 100 meters of schools, kindergartens and playgrounds. Friedrich Merz, Conservative opposition leader stated his intention to “immediately” repeal the law if his party won the elections in 2025. (“Germany gives controversial green light to cannabis,” Times Malta, 01 April 2024)
 
German soccer federation recalls jerseys numbered 44, over Nazi symbolism
On 01 April, according to Le Monde, the German soccer federation and Addidas recall the sale of jerseys numbered 44 due to its resemblance with the Nazi Party’s SS paramilitary unit’s logo. The federation expressed that “None of the parties involved saw any proximity to Nazi symbolism in the development process of the jersey design,” and it is now working with its partner 11teamsports to develop an alternative design for the number four. Nazi Party’s Schutzstaffel group, which used the symbol SS was involved in carrying out mass killings in the concentration camps during World War II. Oliver Brüggen, Addidas spokesperson stated that the company stood for “…diversity and inclusion, and as a company, we actively campaign against xenophobia, antisemitism, violence and hatred in all forms.” Germany is scheduled to host the European Championship from 14 June to July 14. (“Germany recalls soccer jerseys with number 44 due to associations with Nazi symbols, Le Monde, 01 April 2024)
 
IRELAND
Restoring duty on fuel would push more ‘fuel tourism’ in Northern Ireland
On 01 April, the BBC reported that according to the Irish Road Haulage Association (IRHA), the restoration of excise duty on fuel would push for greater movement to Northern Ireland to purchase petrol and diesel. On Monday, the price of petrol and diesel increased by four per cent per litre and three per cent per litre respectively. Ger Hyland, President of IRHA stated that “fuel tourism” would have an impact on the Irish economy. He indicated the rise in fuel prices would prove difficult for Irish industries to compete with other companies in mainland Europe. He also stated that since hauliers operated in a “low margin” industry, there would be a rise in price for the consumers. The decision to restore excise duty was made in October 2022. (“'Fuel tourism' to NI could follow Irish duty move, BBC, 01 April 2024)
 
LATVIA
Eurostat reveals Latvia among the lowest hourly labour costs 
On 31 March, Eng.lsm.lv reported on the 2023 data revealed by Eurostat which indicated hourly labour costs in the EU at EUR 31.8 and EUR 35.6 in the euro area. However, despite such high numbers, hourly labour costs in Bulgaria and Latvia range from EUR 9.3 to EUR 13.5 respectively. In Luxembourg, the hourly wages were reported to be as high as 53.9 per cent. These varying figures reflect the income gaps within the EU member states. (“Latvia's labor costs lowest among Baltic states,” Eng.lsm.lv, 31 March 2024)
 
TURKEY
Opposition Mayor Imamgolu secures elections in Istanbul and Ankara
On 01 April, according to Deutsche Welle, Mayor Ekrem Imamgolu of the Republican People’s Party (CHP) won the Municipal elections against President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of the Justice and Development Party (AKP). According to Anadolu, the state news agency, CHP secured victory in the capital city of Ankara and other major cities such as Izmir and Antalya. According to Berk Esen, a political scientist at Sabanci University remarked this election was “The biggest election defeat of Erdogan's career.” According to the preliminary election results, the CHP was reported to be ahead of its rival AKP in 36 provinces out of 81. CHP accumulated 37.32 per cent of the votes whereas AKP had 35.78 per cent. Post elections defeat, Erdogan remarked: “We will honestly assess the results of the elections ... and courageously exercise self-criticism.” Earlier, 70-year-old Erdogan had stated that this election would be his last. Erdogan has been the Prime Minister since 2003 and held the Presidential post in 2014. (“Turkish opposition surges in local polls blow to Erdogan,” Deutsche Welle, 01 April 2024)

By Alka Bala

FRANCE
Attal introduces reform to the unemployment insurance system
On 29 March, according to Le Monde, Gabriel Attal, the Prime Minister of France, introduced reforms to the unemployment insurance system. The announcement marks reforms in the system for the third time in the last three years. The newest reforms focus on three aspects; firstly, reducing the period of unemployment benefits, which is currently 18 months. Secondly, revising the duration taken for compensation to claimants, and thirdly decreasing the level of benefits. Although the first two aspects have been welcomed, they have been criticised by labour unions since the implementation of the reforms comes during a tumultuous economic climate. The unions believe that the new measures would have negative implications for the unemployed. The government’s arguments for quick re-employment of the workers have been met with unions’ efforts, which focus on giving protection to the unemployed and interests of the companies they represent. Efforts for reform in the unemployment system have been initiated since 2017, however, the government should gauge the impact of the previous reforms before urgently implementing the new reforms. (“The heavy toll imposed on France's unemployed,” Le Monde, 29 March 2024)
 
SWITZERLAND
FSO reports women continue being under-represented in Swiss academia 
On 28 March, Swissinfo.ch reported an increase in the number of female teaching staff comprising professors and other teachers, however, this progress has been slow. According to data from the Federal Statistics Office (FSO), the number of female staff increased from  24.3 per cent in 2012 to 30.1 per cent in 2022. In Switzerland, women account for only 24 per cent of the top professorships in 12 universities, however, this remains lower than the EU average which is 26 per cent. Within academia, there remains severe underrepresentation in STEM fields (science, technology, engineering and maths), whereas women are reported to be over-represented in the field of life sciences. Switzerland’s structural social issues such as the limited provision of childcare services, force women to leave their careers for familial responsibilities Based on a report by Andrea Zimmermann, a gender expert from the University of Basel, structural barriers and gender bias in recruitment, funding and promotion limit women from further climbing up the ladder in academia. (Simon Bradley, “Progress towards gender equality in Swiss academia remains slow,” Swissinfo.ch, 28 March 2024)

Orlando Bassi company takes over global wig markets
On 30 March, according to Swissinfo.ch, a wig-producing company based in Bali, led by a Swiss national Orlando Bassi, takes over the global market for wigs. His creations are demanded by Hollywood and Broadway productions, for judges and barristers in the United Kingdom and Australia. Manufacturing of wigs is based in Bali Indonesia, however it's shipped via Buchs in Switzerland. The mark of ‘Made in Switzerland’, adds the promise of quality worldwide. The pandemic forced Bassi to shift production for the entertainment industry to the production of “street-style wigs”, which are used as fashion accessories. Post-pandemic, the focus has shifted back to the film industry. ( Janine Gloor, “How Swiss-designed wigs make their way from Bali to the big screen,” Swissinfo.ch, 30 March 2024)
 
TURKEY
Election showdown begins between President Erdoğan and Istanbul mayor Imamoğlu
On 31 March, Euractiv reported on the nationwide municipal elections, where President Tayyip Erdoğan of the Justice and Development Party (AK) party has claimed to regain control from his rival Istanbul Mayor Ekrem Imamoğlu of the opposition People’s Republican Party. The voting took place on Sunday, indicating chances for an Imamoğlu win as the voters expect a political change due to the inefficient government performance and economic inflation. Erdoğan aims to win Istanbul and the capital Ankara. The collapse of the opposition alliance last year, increased Erdoğan’s chances for victory. However, the increased support for the Islamist New Welfare Party, for its stance against Israel and the disgruntled sentiments over the AK Party’s Islamic-rooted handling of the economy also works against Erdoğan. Earlier in the 2019 elections, Erdoğan was defeated by Imamoğlu. (“Turkey local election: Erdoğan battles key rival,” Euractiv, 31 March 2024)
 
THE UK
Polling indicates less than 100 seats for Conservatives in 2024 elections
On 31 March, Politico reported the results of polling which indicated less than 100 seats, approximately 98 seats for the Conservative Party led by Prime Minister Rishi Sunak. According to the Sunday Times report, the Labour Party led by Keir Starmer is predicted to have a landslide victory and gain 468 seats. According to the report, Nigel Farage’s ring-wing populist party, Reform UK is predicted to win seven seats, with 8.5 per cent, and Liberal Democrats Party would win 22 seats. In Wales and Scotland, it was revealed that the Conservative Party would win zero seats. The poll was conducted by the Survation agency, on behalf of the Best for Britain campaign considering a sample of 15,000 voters. (“UK Conservatives polling below 100 seats, survey shows,” Politico, 31 March 2024)
 
REGIONAL
Belarus and Russia develop action plan to implement scientific and technological development
On 29 March, according to BelTA, Belarus and Russia are developing an action plan for scientific and technological development. Valery Falkov, Russian Minister of Science and Higher Education stated the intention to continue “systemic integration work for the sake of forming the common educational space and the unified scientific and technological space of the Union State of Belarus and Russia” while acknowledging the significant role played by the Kurchatov Institute and other academic institutes in both the countries. He also highlighted the major areas of focus such as genome research, biotechnologies, nuclear medicine, resource-saving power engineering, and high-tech agribusiness. As approved on 29 January 2024, in a session of the Supreme State Council of the Union State of Belarus and Russia in St.Petersburg, this strategy will be continued till 2035. (“Action plan in pipeline to implement Belarus-Russia R&D development strategy,” BelTA, 29 March 2024)
 
Venice Commission makes recommendations to Hungary’s 2023 Protection of National Sovereignty Act
On 26 March, according to Hungary Today, the Venice Commission's analysis of Hungary’s Act stated the existing legislation is not focused on recognising the concept of national sovereignty but rather aims at combating only certain hybrid political threats. The recommendations recognised the necessity of protecting electoral processes not only from foreign interference but also from increasing efforts by national governments to deal with hybrid threats. Venice Commission recognised the increasing role played by lobbyist groups and private sponsors in manipulating the political process under the veil of campaigns geared for “strengthening democracies” or “free speech.” These also distort democratic values comparatively more than external autocratic government interference. The Commission’s fears over the Office for the Protection of Sovereignty encroaching on constitutional bodies were met with arguments that the Office only carries monitoring and advisory powers. The Venice Commission also indicated their fears of possible politicisation of the Office and the broad scope of the law, which is not just limited to “electoral context.” The Commission also highlighted how the Office would be able to interfere with the privacy without any review mechanism. (Dániel Deme, “The Venice Commission is ill-equipped to recognise the current hybrid political threats,” Hungary Today, 26 March 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL 
EU and the US to continue cooperation over AI risks and mitigation
On 29 March, according to Euractiv, the EU and the US would continue cooperation on AI risks and mitigation and indicated a potential partnership on generative AI. A joint meeting is to be held to discuss the same would be held on 4 and 5 April. According to a draft joint statement of the EU-US Trade and Technology Council (TTC), the European Commission's AI Office and the US AI Safety Institute would “continue having regular discussions.” The draft statement also indicated that the counterparts have “briefed each other on their approaches and mandates,” and the possibility of developing a framework for evaluating generative AI. (Eliza Gkritsi, “EU and US continue to cooperate on AI, including genAI,” Euractiv, 29 March 2024)

By Rosemary Kurian

ARMENIA
Despite a sanctions regime; Armenia’s trade with Russia increases
On 28 March, according to Euractiv, Armenia’s exports to Russia tripled in 2022 and doubled in the initial months of 2023 despite the Western sanctions regime, increasing concerns over its relations with Russia. While the political relations between Armenia and Russia have deteriorated, their trade has flourished, especially since the former joined the Russia-led Eurasian Economic Union in 2014, making Russia its largest trading partner. According to 2023 data, Russian trade accounted for 35 per cent of Armenia’s foreign trade compared to the EU’s 13 per cent share. Such dependency risks the implementation of any sanctions without guaranteed economic downfall in Armenia. (Anna Pambukhchyan, “Armenia’s exports to Russia raise concerns over sanctions circumvention,” Euractiv, 28 March)
 
FRANCE 
French lower house approves bill banning hair discrimination
On 29 March, according to Deutsche Welle, the French National Assembly approved a bill outlawing any discrimination based on hair and hairstyle with 44 votes in favour and two against. The bill was drafted by Olivier Serva, a Black MP from Guadeloupe, stating that the bill would help the victims of such suffering, especially for Black women who have been observed to be ruled out for jobs because of their hairstyles. The bill also includes redheads, blondes and bald men. After the National Assembly approval, the bill will go to the Senate for approval, but a majority of conservatives in the upper house means that a favourable outcome is less certain. The opponents of the bill call it unnecessary and merely “symbolic” since any discrimination based on looks is already banned by law. Laws to prevent hair discrimination already exist in 20 US states and as guidelines in Britain to prevent such discrimination in schools. (“French National Assembly votes to outlaw hair discrimination.” Deutsche Welle, 29 March 2024)
 
France set to connect Flamanville nuclear reactor to the grid by mid-2024
On 28 March, according to Deutsche Welle, EDF, the French state-owned energy company, announced that it received approval from the nuclear supervisory authority to put a new nuclear reactor in the grid. The reactor, located in Flamanville on the English Channel, is set to be loaded with fuel in the coming weeks. It will be connected to the grid in mid-2024, late by 12 years per initial plans, the construction for which began in 2007. The plant is excessively over budget, with initial planned costs at EUR 3.3 billion and current estimates as high as EUR 12 billion. France is the second largest producer of nuclear energy after the US, and a shift to nuclear energy comes as concerns over global warming increase. France is set to extend the operating life of 32 of its 56 reactors if safety concerns are met. Germany, on the contrary, is phasing down its nuclear power and focusing on renewable sources like wind energy. (“France set to commission new nuclear plant,” Deutsche Welle, 28 March 2024)
 
France condemns the 1961 Algerian massacre in Paris
On 28 March, according to Le Monde, the French Assemblée Nationale approved a resolution condemning a brutal police crackdown on protests supporting the Algerian independence in 1961, calling it “bloody and murderous repression”. The bill was introduced by Sabrina Sebaihi, a Green lawmaker and Julie Delpech, a Renaissance party MP, which was voted in favour by 67 lawmakers and 11 against. Emmanuel Macron, the French President, after years of coverup by the French, condemned the act as “inexcusable” in 2021. The text calls for official commemoration of the massacre, which was undertaken “under the authority of police prefect Maurice Papon”, a Nazi collaborator in the 1980s. Sebaihi described the act as “the first step” towards “recognition of this colonial crime”. (“French lawmakers condemn 1961 Paris massacre of Algerians,” Le Monde, 28 March 2024)
 
France set to provide EUR 30 million to UNRWA
On 28 March, according to Le Monde, France will provide EUR 30 million to the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA) conditional on the agency’s neutrality, according to the French foreign ministry. Christopher Lemoine, the foreign ministry spokesperson, stated the importance of the aid agency in Gaza, urging that “it must imperatively be able to continue its work”. No timeline for the payments have been given so far. France had funded the agency with EUR 60 million in 2022. The employees of the UNRWA had earlier been accused of their alleged involvement with Hamas’ attacks by Israel leading to a UN investigation into the matter and firing of accused employees. (“France set to provide €30 million to UNRWA Palestine aid agency,” Le Monde, 28 March 2024)
 
THE UK 
Illegal immigrants increase in Britain, putting pressure on Sunak’s government
On 28 March, according to Euractiv, the pressure on the government of Rishi Sunak, the UK’s Prime Minister, increased as 4,644 people were detected arriving illegally via the dangerous English Channel in small boats, a record total in the first three months of 2024. The numbers increased from 3,770 in 2023 and 4,162 in 2022, the credit for which was claimed by Sunak amid concerns over immigration which could determine the election results in favour of the Labour Party. Sunak believed that his scheme to deport illegal immigrants to Rwanda will deter people from crossing into the UK, and the plan is due in parliament next month. (“Migrant crossings to UK hit new record, heaping pressure on Sunak,” Euractiv, 28 March 2024)
 
TURKEY 
Istanbul elections to determine the fate of Turkey ahead of 2028 presidential elections
On 28 March, according to the BBC, several Turk voters voted on Sunday to decide the fate of Istanbul and thereby the national elections in 2028. Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the Turkish President born in Istanbul, had lost it to the opposition in 2019 to popular mayor Ekrem Imamoglu, which the former intends to claim back. Istanbul’s results can be observed as a crucial test for what happens in the 2028 presidential elections and if the opposition can pose a threat to Erdogan’s AK Party. After Erdogan won for a third term in 2023, his main opposition, the secular CHP, aims to claim major cities including Istanbul, Ankara and Antalya. Seda Demiralf, a professor of political science at Isik University, stated that “there is still a strong link between winning Istanbul and winning Turkey”. (Cagil Kasapoglu, “Turkish vote: Battle to run Istanbul becomes key to country's future,” BBC, 28 March 2024)

By Alka Bala and Rosemary Kurian

FRANCE
Macron visits Brazil to boost business
On 25 March, according to Politico, Emmanuel Macron, the French President, travelled to Brazil to convince Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, the Brazilian President, to strengthen ties between both countries through increased investments. An official in Elysée noted that Macron wanted to make up for a “four-year eclipse and a virtual freeze in political relations” during the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro, in his first official visit to South America. To boost investments in Brazil, especially to promote the green sector, Macron is joined by around 120 French business representatives. He will meet Lula in the tropical metropolis of Belém, which Lula aims to transform into the capital of green transition and host the COP 30 climate conference there. Macron had earlier criticised Brazilian beef exports and a trade deal between the EU and the Mercosur bloc of which Brazil is the largest member, to appease French farmers. Lula had responded by criticising Macron’s protectionist policy. The controversy is set to remain the “elephant in the room” during the bilateral visit. Macron and Lula have differing views on the war in Ukraine, with the former a staunch supporter of Ukraine and the latter continuing his “neutral” position. However, Macron is expected to find common ground, including the reform of the IMF and World Bank where Brazil is underrepresented, as well as taxing the richest, in an attempt to take steps “towards each other.” (Giorgio Leali, “Macron bets on investments and fraternité to charm Lula in first visit to Brazil,” Politico, 25 March 2024)

GERMANY
Government closes seven coal-powered plants after waning energy crisis
On 26 March, according to Euractiv, Germany will shut down seven of its lignite-fired power plants by the end of the month, after their decommissioning was earlier postponed in view of the energy crisis faced in 2022. The Federal Network Agency (BNetzA) has however ensured that the energy security of Germany would not be impacted. After limited supply of Russian gas and faltering of French nuclear energy supply, Germany postponed its decision by another winter in October 2023. COP28 in December urged countries to phase down the use of coal, the most polluting means to generate electricity. Germany has powered down the use of coal to generate electricity, from 33 per cent in 2022 to 26 per cent in 2023. Western Germany claims that it is prepared to achieve its carbon goals in 2030, but experts claim that lack of funding for accessing additional gas for power plants could cause difficulty in achieving the goal. (Nikolaus J Kurmayer, “Germany shutters seven coal power plants as energy crises eases,” Euractiv, 26 March 2024)

ITALY
Officials report increasing security alert level post-Moscow terror attacks
On 25 March, according to Deutsche Welle, Italy follows France in increasing its security alert level through surveillance and checks ahead of the Easter holidays. As discussed in the National Security Council meeting in Rome, increased security is planned owing to the events planned for Easter at the Vatican. The increased security efforts are following the deadly terror attacks carried out by ISIS-K at a concert hall in Moscow. Matteo Piantedosi, Italian Interior Minister stated “Both surveillance and checks will be increased, paying the most attention to the places of greatest aggregation and transit of people, as well as sensitive targets.” (“Moscow attack: Italy joins France in raising security level,”  Deutsche Welle, 25 March 2024)

SLOVAKIA
Subsidy payments to Slovak farmers delayed by state
On 26 March, according to Euractiv, the Slovak Paying Agency (PPA) delayed the payments of EU farm subsidies as direct payments to eligible farmers, with the EU claiming that the situation is out of its hands. Slovakia has paid less than one-third of a total of EUR 336 million received under EU agricultural subsidies to farmers that applied. The PPA is responsible “to pay 100 per cent of direct payments until 30 June 2024”, according to Olof Gill, the European Commission spokesperson. Gill explained that while the system is set up by the EU, the member countries “are responsible for setting up a management and control system for payments that comply with EU regulations”. Several farmers are facing debt with no salaries, forced to sell off their assets due to the delay in accessing subsidies, a situation described as “catastrophic” by Emil Macho, president of the Slovak Chamber of Agriculture and Food (SPPK). The SPPK earlier blamed the EU’s “green fanaticism” for the farmers’ plight, but now expresses its discontent for the Slovak government. (Maroš Koreň and Natália Silenská, “Slovakia delays payments to farmers, EU can’t intervene,” Euractiv, 26 March 2024)

SWITZERLAND
FSO data reveals the highest life satisfaction for Swiss citizens
On 26 March, Swissinfo reported on data revealed by Switzerland’s Federal Statistics Office (FSO) indicating Swiss citizens enjoy the highest level of life satisfaction in the entire Europe in 2022. According to the data, Switzerland reached the highest life satisfaction score of 8 out of 10, compared to other European countries, Austria (7.9), Italy (7.2), France (7) and Germany (6.5). Despite the high general satisfaction level in Switzerland, one in ten people face financial difficulty and one-fourth of the deprived people expressed that they are depressed or discouraged. The poverty rate in Switzerland was 8.2 per cent which accounts for 702,000 people and comprises mostly foreign nationals, single-parent households, and households with no education and employment. Whereas the poverty rate among the working population was 3.8 per cent accounting for 144,000 people. (“Swiss life satisfaction ‘the highest in Europe,” Swissinfo.ch, Deutsche Welle
 
REGIONAL 
EU directs big techs to secure the EU elections through new tech law
On 26 March, according to Politico, the European Union ordered major tech firms including Facebook, X, YouTube and TikTok to aid it in securing its elections in June amid concerns over disinformation and online threats. The EU introduced the Digital Services Act (DSA), their new content moderation law, to help the bloc in fighting disinformation. New guidelines were introduced to prevent the circulation of false content, Russian bot campaigns and deepfakes, with firms failing to comply facing up to six per cent of their annual global revenue. Thierry Breton, the Internal Market Commissioner, stated that the EU expected “hybrid attacks or foreign interferences” which need more than “half-baked measures.” Big Tech firms have been asked to label AI deepfakes and political advertisements, with specialised teams asked to monitor potential threats in the 27 member countries. The online platforms are also expected to have algorithms that entertain diverse content without excessive polarisation, as was the case witnessed during Finland’s elections. (Clothilde Goujard, “Europe wields new tech law to protect EU election,” Politico, 26 March 2024)
  
INTERNATIONAL
Germany’s top diplomat arrives in Egypt to ease humanitarian situation in Gaza
On 25 March, Deutsche Welle reported on Annalena Baerbock, the German Foreign Minister’s meeting with Sameh Shoukry, the Egyptian Foreign Minister to discuss the deteriorating humanitarian scenario in Gaza. She urged Israel and Hamas to undertake concessions in the negotiations in Qatar. Baerbock gave the following statement before her visit, “Only an immediate humanitarian cease-fire that leads to a permanent cease-fire will keep the hope for peace alive — for Palestinians and Israelis alike.” She is scheduled for her sixth visit to Israel to meet Israel Katz, Israeli Foreign Minister. Expressing concerns about Israel’s offensive into Rafah, the southernmost city in Gaza, she highlighted the actions of the Israeli military and their consequences on the civilians. (“Germany's Baerbock in Egypt for Gaza crisis talks,” Deutsche Welle, 25 March 2024)
 
US and UK accuse Chinese hacking group of “malicious” cyber campaigns
On 26 March, according to Deutsche Welle, US and UK officials accused the Chinese hacking group APT31 which stands for - “advanced persistent threat” for their involvement in malicious cyber campaigns. Oliver Dowden, UK’s Deputy Prime Minister stated that attacks by the hacking group had been compromised by the electoral commission and UK parliamentary accounts however email accounts of UK lawmakers were not compromised. GCHQ, the UK’s intelligence agency confirmed involvement of the group in compromising UK Electoral Commission systems between 2021 and 2022. US Treasury Department reported sanctioning Wuhan Xiaoruizhi Science and Technology Company Ltd accusing their involvement in “multiple malicious cyber operations,” targeting US sectors such as defence, aerospace and energy. Dowden stated the UK’s sanctions on an entity affiliated with APT31. Lisa Monaco, US Deputy Attorney General stated that these hackers aimed to “repress critics of the Chinese regime, compromise government institutions, and steal trade secrets.” ( “US, UK accuse China-linked hackers of spy campaign,” Deutsche Welle, 26 March 2024)

UK High Court delays ruling on Julian Assange’s extradition to the US
On 26 March, Deutsche Welle reported on the delayed ruling by UK High Court judges on Julian Assange’s extradition to the US and requested assurance that he would not be subjected to the death penalty in the US if extradited. Assange, the WikiLeaks founder, and whistleblower leaked some of the most classified documents regarding operations in Iraq and Afghanistan and NATO presence in these countries. The US government believes that his actions were beyond journalism and had risked innocent lives by publishing classified information. Out of nine issues appealed, the judges only recognised three issues; freedom of speech, concern regarding the disadvantages as he is not a US Citizen and the risk of the death penalty. Assange faces 17 espionage charges, one charge regarding computer misuse and would be sentenced to a jail term of up to 175 years if convicted. Australian politicians have appealed for Assange, who is an Australian citizen to be returned there. UK High Court judges Victoria Sharp and Jeremy Johnson have adjourned the case until May 20. (“Julian Assange can appeal extradition, UK High Court rules,” Deutsche Welle, 26 March 2024)

Violent farmers protest in Brussels
On 26 March, according to Politico, a farmers’ protest with 250 tractors in Brussels turned violent with protestors using firebombs and throwing debris at law enforcement officials. Several tractors encircled the Place du Luxembourg outside the European Parliament, demonstrating their dissatisfaction with the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) that they claim was destroying their business. Others halted the traffic along one of the busiest routes in Brussels– Rue de la Roi– and set piles of hay and tires on fire in addition to throwing eggs and burnt debris at police officers. Leonardo van den Berg, a board member of European Coordination Via Campesina (ECVC), noted that the “farmers are desperate”. Police employed the use of tear gas and water cannons to disperse the crowds. One person was arrested for throwing molotov cocktails at law enforcement and two police officers were reported injured. Annelies Verlinden, the Belgian Interior Minister, condemned the protests, calling “violence, arson and destruction” “unacceptable”. (Claudia Chiappa, Bartosz Brzezinski, Paula Andrés, Denis Leven and Ali Walker, “Farmers’ protest: Police use tear gas and water cannons to quell violent Brussels demo, Politico, 26 March 2024)

By Alka Bala

ESTONIA
State observes 75th anniversary of March deportations
On 25 March, according to ERR News, Estonia held commemorative ceremonies on Monday to observe the 75th anniversary of the March deportations. In March 1949, 22,000 people from Estonia and more than a total of 90,000 people from the Baltic states were deported to Siberia. Hanno Pevkur, Minister of Defense laid a wreath at the Victims of Communism Memorial, to remember the victims of the deportations. Traditions included lighting candles on Freedom Square in Tallinn and hoisting of mourning flags. The Estonian Memory Institute plans to establish informative plaques in multiple languages whereas a red light installation is to be projected on the seaward-facing side of the Patarei Sea Fortress. The Estonian National Museum in its permanent exhibition “Encounters” included items that deported people carried to Siberia (“Estonia marks 75th anniversary of March deportations,” ERR News, 25 March 2024)
 
FRANCE
Government increases security patrols post Moscow terror attacks
On 25 March, according to Deutsche Welle, France was reported to have increased its armed patrols in public places after the Moscow terrorist attacks which killed 137 people and injured 140. "Islamic State Khorasan Province" (IS-K) group claimed responsibility for the Moscow attacks. Afghanistan-based IS-K is one of the dangerous branches of the Islamic- State group responsible for the death of thousands in Afghanistan and Pakistan. Gabriel Attal, French Prime Minister stated on French security “We have decided to raise the Vigipirate state to its highest level: attack emergency.” France had been on high alert already as it awaits the Paris Olympics and Paralympics this year. (“France raises terror alert after Moscow theater attack,” Deutsche Welle, 25 March 2024)
 
LATVIA
Measures fo Russian citizens and supporters in Latvia 
On 26 March, Eng.lsm.lv reported on the number of Russian citizens in Latvia who supported Putin in the Presidential elections. “De facto,” broadcast by Latvian Television aimed to shed light on steps taken to reduce Kremlin and war supporters in Latvia. The residency permit to stay in Latvia of the eligible voters was checked, and four people were ordered to be deported as their permits had expired. State language tests are also conducted for Russian citizens to prove their Latvian language skills. Russian citizens are also required to submit documents stating their views on Russia’s occupation of Ukraine. Some 100 Russian citizens who did not complete these forms were banned from their stay in Latvia. Russian citizens reported lying on the forms and questionnaires regarding Crimea and Donbas receiving their pensions. Since the beginning of the war, Latvia has blacklisted 79 Russian citizens and has banned them from entering Latvia. State Security Service of Latvia has indicated cases of Russian propaganda and misinformation regarding Latvia’s public authorities. (“What to do about Kremlin supporters in Latvia?,” Eng.lsm.lv, 25 March 2024)
 
THE UK
Thousands of nurses quit to work abroad
On 25 March, The Guardian reported on the large number of UK-registered foreign nurses leaving the UK to work abroad. The number of nurses moving abroad in 2022-23 reached a record 12,400, where most of them move to the US, New Zealand or Australia which provide higher wages for nurses. UK’s National Health Service is already understaffed and has around 40,000 vacancies which are usually filled by foreign nurses. According to the Royal College of Nursing (RNC), the increasing migration of nurses abroad is due to the decline in pay for nurses since 2010. Prof Pat Cullen, RCN’s chief executive and general secretary expressed his worries about the patient needs being unmet, poor pay and working conditions and stated that “UK’s healthcare services unable to compete on the world stage.. It’s no joke that nurse pay in the UK is joint bottom of 35 OECD countries.” Elaine Kelly, assistant director at Health Foundation’s research centre stated the costly nature of this brain rain, as “it cost the NHS about £10,000 to replace each foreign recruit who then moved elsewhere.” ( Dennis Campbell, “Thousands of foreign nurses a year leave UK to work abroad,” The Guardian, 25 March 2024)
 
REGIONAL
EU initiates investigations into tech giants Apple, Google, Meta
On 25 March, according to Deutsche Welle, the EU began a probe into the tech giants Apple, Google, and Meta based on their “non-compliance” with its Digital Markets Act. The law ensures that big tech companies provide consumers with more choices by practising fairer digital market rules. Thierry Breton EU's internal market commissioner expressed that solutions adopted by Alphabet (Google's parent company), Meta and Apple are not enough and should “respect their obligations for a fairer and more open digital space for European citizens and businesses.” These companies are liable to pay 10 per cent of their global turnover if found guilty in the investigation. The investigations have garnered criticism from the tech lobby as the Computer and Communications Industry Association (CCIA) called it a “worrying signal,” and that the EU was rushing into investigations.  Oliver Bethell, Google’s director of competition remarked, “We will continue to defend our approach in the coming months.” (“EU probes Apple, Google, Meta under new digital law,” Deutsche Welle, 25 March 2024)
 
Data reveals France lagging behind the EU in accepting Ukrainian refugees
On 25 March, Politico reported on the data indicating the relocation of 4.3 million Ukrainian refugees to different countries of the European Union. EU’s “temporary protection” status allows refugees to live, work and study within EU borders. As of January, 64,720 Ukrainian refugees were present in France, whereas other countries like Germany and Poland had 1.2 million and one million refugees respectively. Data reveals that countries such as the Baltics, Czech Republic, Slovakia and Bulgaria are hosting 25 refugees per 1000 citizens, far more than France hosting fewer than 1 per 1000 citizens. French language, geographical proximity to Ukraine, refugee financial support, and community networks are factors that determine refugee relocation and France seems to lag behind these aspects for Ukrainians. French paperwork and long bureaucratic processes also act as hindrances for refugees. ( Hanne Cokelaere and Clea Caulcutt, “Why Ukraine’s refugees aren’t going to France,” Politico, 25 March 2024)
 
Spain, Ireland, Slovenia, and Malta voice their “readiness to recognise Palestine”
On 22 March, according to Euronews, leaders of Spain, Ireland, Slovenia and Malta discussed their “readiness to recognise Palestine”, and released a joint statement expressing “that the only way to achieve lasting peace and stability in the region is through implementation of a two-state solution.” Robert Golob, Slovenian Prime Minister stated that the political backing for Palestine could be strengthened in the United Nations in the next week. On 21 March, the EU unanimously called for a ceasefire in Gaza. Pedro Sánchez, Spanish Prime Minister expressed that recognition of statehood for Palestine is one of his main priorities in his foreign policy. He also stated how these four countries represented multiple sides of the political spectrum, as Spain and Malta have centre-left parties Slovenia is governed by a liberal party, and Ireland has a centre-right party. (Mared Gwyn Jones, “Spain, Ireland, Slovenia, Malta say they are ready to recognise the State of Palestine,” Euronews, 25 March 2024)
 
EU’s nature restoration bill collapses as eight member states withdrew support
On 25 March, according to The Guardian, the EU’s nature restoration law on reversing the damage to terrestrial and aquatic wildlife was shelved as the eight member states withdrew their support. Virginijus Sinkevičius, European environment commissioner stated that shelving the bill would destroy the EU’s global reputation and most importantly highlighted that the EU would  “ risk going to Cop16 absolutely empty-handed.” Teresa Ribera, Spanish Environment Minister stated that the EU “cannot afford” to abandon its green goals and it would be irresponsible to do so. The bill which had been in the making for two years, lost its momentum as Sweden, the Netherlands, Italy and Hungary opposed it and Austria, Belgium, Finland and Poland decided to abstain. Opposing countries believe the nature restoration law would burden the farmers who are already protesting throughout Europe against the EU’s green policies and trading practices. ( Lisa O’Carroll, “EU nature restoration laws face collapse as member states withdraw support,” The Guardian, 25 March 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL
Blinken meets NATO’s “close Baltic allies”
On 25 March, Eng.lsm.lv reported on the meeting between Anthony Blinken US Secretary of State and the Foreign Ministers of the three Baltic states Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. Blinken stated the budgetary contributions by the Baltic countries to NATO and also added that their support for Ukraine has been “absolutely vital.” Krišjānis Kariņš, Latvia’s Foreign Minister expressed  “We're deeply united in our basic values – freedom, democracy, the rule of law.” Referring to Russia’s war in Ukraine, he underscored that combined efforts of the Baltic states and NATO will prevent evil from spreading. (“Blinken: Baltic states are "leading the way in NATO,” Eng.lsm.lv, 25 March 2024)

This Week In History: 25 years since NATO’s air bombing of Yugoslavia
On 24 March marked the 25 years of NATOs air campaign on Serbian forces in Kosovo in an attempt to end the ethnic cleansing of Albanians. In Kosovo, one of its provinces, known as Yugoslavia, witnessed the first humanitarian intervention pushed by the US. The intervention began after Serbian strongman Slobodan Milosevic denial to sign to agree on an interim autonomy for Kosovo due to concerns over deployment of international forces in Yugoslavia. While the UN Security Council called it as violation of international law, the refusal sparked NATO’s intervention of 78 days till 10 June 1999. During this period, 14,000 bombs were dropped and 2,000 missiles fired, killing 2500 people and injury of 12,500. According to the statement from the Russian Foreign Ministry on 24 March, the interventions caused damage to many civilian infrastructures such as residential, hospitals, schools, mass transit vehicles and refugee groups. The intention of the air campaign was to force Milosevic to agree on ending the campaign against the Kosovo. By 10 June 1999, NATO’s air campaign ended with signing of the Kumanovo Agreement and the adoption of UN Security Council Resolution 1244. This resulted in ousting of Milosevic, withdrawal of all Yugoslav military forces and deployment of international peacekeepers. (“Far-Right Activists In Serbia Mark 25th Anniversary Of NATO Bombing,” rferl, 25 March 2024; “Foreign Ministry statement in connection with the 25th anniversary of NATO aggression against Yugoslavia,” The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, 24 March 2024; Keida Kostreci “25 Years After NATO's Intervention, Serbia, Kosovo and the War in Ukraine,” Voanews, 23 March 2024; Maja Zivanovic and Serbeze Haxhiaj, “78 Days of Fear: Remembering NATO’s Bombing of Yugoslavia,” Balkan Insight, 22 March 2019)

GERMANY
Cannabis possession and home cultivation to be decriminalised from 01 April 
On 22 March, Politico reported on the law decriminalising cannabis possession and home cultivation, passed in Bundesrat, the German chamber of federal states. According to the law, Adults over 18 years are allowed to possess up to 25 grams of cannabis and grow up to three plants at home. It also allows “cannabis clubs” to supply up to 500 members with a maximum monthly quantity of 50 grams per member. Cannabis clubs would also be subjected to regular inspections instead of annual inspections. Karl Lauterbach, German Health Minister remarked this law marks “the beginning of the end for the black market,” and asked to use the “new option responsibly.” Law garnered criticism stating the permitted amount of cannabis possession to be high and the lack of prohibition zones around schools and kindergartens. The decriminalisation law will be followed by the setting up of state-controlled cannabis sold in licensed shops, after the setting up of municipal five-year pilot programmes. (Peter Wilke, “Cannabis will be legal in Germany within days,” Politico, 22 March 2024)
 
IRELAND
Simon Harris to become Ireland’s youngest Prime Minister
On 24 March, according to Le Monde, Simon Harris is set to become Ireland’s youngest prime minister at 37 after he acquired the leadership of the Fine Gael party after receiving a series of endorsements from the party members. Simon Coveney, deputy leader of the Fine Gael party stated, “I think he's done a really good job in securing the leadership in as comprehensive a way as he has.” Harris, Ireland’s Further and Higher Education Minister, would be replacing Leo Varadkar as Prime Minister who resigned the previous week. Harris stated his commitment to the government programme agreed upon by the coalition of Fianna Fail and the Green Party. (“Simon Harris set to become Ireland's youngest prime minister,” Le Monde, 24 March 2024)
 
PORTUGAL
Luis Montenegro appointed as Prime Minister; Aims to form a minority government
On 21 March, according to Le Monde Luis Montenegro, the leader of the centre-right Democratic Alliance (AD) was appointed as Portugal’s Prime Minister. AD won 79 seats in the 230-seat parliament followed by Socialist Party (PS) which won 77 seats. Montenegro would replace Antonio Costa from the Socialist Party as the prime minister. Although the Democratic Alliance has garnered the support of the Liberal Initiative party, it would still need to form a coalition with the anti-immigration party Chega to form a majority government. However, Montenegro aims to form a minority government, thus ruling out the coalition. Andre Ventura, leader of Chega has cautioned against rejecting the coalition as it would result in political instability. (“Luis Montenegro appointed Portugal's prime minister,” Le Monde, 21 March 2024)
 
RUSSIA
Soyuz rocket successfully launched to the International Space Station
On 23 March, Le Monde reported the successful launch of Soyuz, a Russian rocket carrying NASA astronaut Tracy Dyson, Roscosmos cosmonaut Oleg Novitskiy and the first Belarus astronaut Marina Vasilevskaya. The Soyuz rocket was scheduled to launch on 21 March from Kazakhstan but was aborted due to last minute voltage drop in a power source, as stated by Yuri Borisov, head of Roscomos, Russian space agency. Due to the delayed launch, the space capsule would now take a two-day 34-orbit journey, compared to the 2-orbit journey. The space capsule is expected to dock at the International Space Station at 1510 GMT on Monday. (“Russian Soyuz rocket successfully blasts off to ISS,” Le Monde, 23 March 2024)
 
SLOVAKIA
Pro-EU candidate Ivan Korčok wins first round in Presidential elections
On 23 March, according to Politico Pro-EU candidate Ivan Korčok won the first round in Slovakia’s Presidential elections with  42 per cent support from 99 districts. Peter Pellegrini, came in second with 37 per cent. The runoff ballot is scheduled to take place on 6 April. Korčok has previously held the portfolio of foreign minister from 2020-2023, permanent representative to the EU, and ambassador to Germany and the US. Peter Pellegrini has previously served as Slovak prime minister in 2018 and the speaker of the parliament since September’s general election. Pellegrini has agreed to hold multiple rounds of debates before the second round of elections.
 
SWITZERLAND
FSO reveals a rise in salaries while living costs remain higher
On 20 March, according to Swissinfo, the Federal Statistics Office (FSO) reported an increase in the median monthly pre-tax salary at 6,788 CHF in 2022, an increase of 123 CHF compared to 2020. The income gaps between different categories of earners, low, middle and top have been “relatively stable” while the report also indicated the gender pay gaps slowly narrowing. The gender pay gap was reduced to 9.5 per cent in 2022, compared to 11.5 per cent in 2018. Even as the salaries in Switzerland remain one of the highest in the world, the cost of living in Swiss cities such as Zurich and Geneva which rank as “most expensive cities” render such high incomes inadequate to meet living expenses. The tax and pension deductions, costly average rents (1,412 CHF per apartment in 2022), and rising health insurance and transportation costs make a dent in one’s salary. The report indicated that 14.5 per cent of the Swiss population is “at risk of poverty.” (Domhnall O’Sullivan, “Swiss salaries: high, stable, yet not enough for many, Swissinfo.ch, 20 March 2024) 

THE UK
Wapsi group demands compensation over government’s failure to inform of changes in state pension age
On 21 March, the BBC reported on the report by the Parliamentary and Health Service Ombudsman (PHSO) which stated the government’s failure to inform women of the impact of changes to the state pension Act. Women Against State Pension Inequality (Waspi) group, demands compensation for 2.6 million women affected by the 2011 Pensions Act. The 2011 Pensions Act increased the qualifying age of women for the state pension to 65 years from the earlier 60 years. Waspi group believes that the changes were not adequately communicated to women, which resulted in longer work life for them. The act mostly affected the 300,000 women born between December 1953 and October 1954, who had to wait for an extra 18 months to reach their State pension age. Wapsi thus demands payment for those women who have attained the state retirement age and for women who await their state pension. This would amount to up to 36 billion pounds for the government. PHSO although cannot enforce compensation, it is responsible for investigating women’s complaints against the government. PHSO has asked for parliamentary intervention on the same. ( Jennifer Clarke, “Who are the Waspi women, and will they get compensation over state pension changes?” BBC, 21 March 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL
French Senate rejects CETA deal
On 21 March, according to Euractiv, the French Senate rejected CETA, the trade deal between the EU and Canada owing to its potential impact on French livestock farming. The bill was rejected by the majority of the Senate with 211 votes to 255. Although the commercial part of the deal has been implemented since 2017, the EU needs the approval of its 27 member states to fully ratify CETA. Franck Riester, French Minister Delegate for Foreign Trade insisted that the deal was “good for our economy, our businesses, our agriculture and our strategic relationship with Canada” quoting the 33 per cent increase in French exports to Canada in the last 6 years. However this claim was met with the criticism by Senator Laurent Duplomb of Les Républicains that the increase in exports was not in volume, but in value due to the inflation. The Veblen Institute highlighted that the trade between France and Canada had increased only 0.7 per cent in terms of volume between 2017 and 2022. The bill awaits debate and voting in the National Assembly which would determine if it gets ratified. Currently, 17 EU member states have ratified CETA, whereas Cyprus rejected the ratification. ( Hugo Struna, “French Senate rejects EU-Canada free trade deal,” Euractiv, 21 March 2024)

By Alka Bala and Rosemary Kurian

Europe In Brief
By Rosemary Kurian

By Padmashree Anandhan

By Rosemary Kurian

ICELAND
Volcano eruption occurs for fourth time
On 17 March, Deutsche Welle reported on the volcano eruption on the Reykjanes Peninsula in Iceland, for the fourth time in three months. Iceland’s Meteorological Office noted that the eruption caused the creation of a fissure almost three kilometres long wedged between Stóra-Skógfell and Hagafell mountains. The eruption was expected by authorities after witnessing signs of accumulating magma, and hundreds of people were evacuated from the Blue Lagoon thermal spa, a key tourist location. No flight disruptions in the airspace were reported. Iceland sits on a volcanic hotspot, located between the Eurasian and North American tectonic plates. The country has 30 active volcanoes, being a popular country for volcano tourism, and therefore is experienced with management of volcanic eruptions. (“Iceland: Volcano erupts for fourth time in 3 months,” Deutsche Welle, 17 March 2024)
 
SLOVAKIA
Demonstrations spark over government’s plan to control brodcasting
On 16 March, Deutsche Welle reported on the protests by thousands of Slovaks against the government of Robert Fico, Slovakia’s Prime Minister, for planning to control the Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS), the country’s public broadcaster, which could threaten press freedom in the country. The demonstrations were planned by Progressive Slovakia (PS) and Freedom and Solidarity (SaS), the two liberal oppositions to the government. Martina Simkovicova, the country’s Culture Minister, drafted the plan to disband the RTVS and transform it into Slovak Television and Radio (STaR). A seven-member council that would be nominated by the government and the parliament would select the director of STaR, who could be dismissed any time without an explanation. The plan was criticised by the European Broadcasting Union (EBU) which owns the RTVS. Demonstrations took place in Bratislava and Košice, Slovakia’s largest cities. Fico’s earlier plan to change the justice system also sparked fears among the public over a threat to the rule of law. (“Slovakia: Thousands protest public broadcaster revamp plan,” Deutsche Welle, 16 March 2024)
 
SPAIN
Farmers continue to protest demanding ease of CAP rules
On 17 March, Deutsche Welle reported on the demonstration by thousands of Spanish farmers with tractors in Madrid, against the EU’s agricultural policies that they claim are a financial burden. Organised by the Union of Unions, the march took place from the Ministry of Ecological Transition to the Ministry of Agriculture after the EU’s proposal to ease the rules of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), which they believe are not enough, their products more expensive that non-EU imports. Luis Cortes, a member of the trade union, warned the government to focus on environmental regulations rather than agricultural limitations, expressing frustration over European bureaucracy. (“Spanish farmers protest in Madrid despite EU concessions,” Deutsche Welle, 17 March 2024)
 
REGIONAL
EU signs EUR 7.4 billion multi-sector deal to ease economic and energy dependency
On 17 March, according to Deutsche Welle, the European Commission announced a financial package worth EUR 7.4 billion to Egypt, to aid in stabilising its economy and reduce dependence on Russian gas. It also includes a grant to address the flow of migrants to Europe from the region. The EUR 7.4 billion was given in EUR five billion in macro-financial, EUR 1.8 billion in investments and EUR 600 million in grants from 2024-2027, to support Egypt’s declining economy. The EU-Egypt deal has boosted their relationship into a “strategic partnership” with aims to increase cooperation in energy, trade and security. The Egyptian economy has been hit due to massive infrastructure projects, the conflict in Gaza as well as its implications on tourism and shipping through the Suez Canal, a key income earner for Egypt. The IMF agreed to offer it a USD 8 billion loan package. Further, the risk of economic instability in Egypt has prompted increased migration into Europe. The EU delegation’s visit in Cairo headed by Ursula von der Leyen, the President of the European Commission, also included Giorgia Meloni, the Italian Prime Minister, and Kyriakos Mitsotakis, the Greek Prime Minister, who have been receiving the majority of migrants to Europe. Human Rights Watch, a US-based NGO, stated that the deal “strengthens authoritarian rulers while betraying human rights defenders.” (“EU to provide Egypt €7.4 billion funding package,” Deutsche Welle, 17 March 2024)

EU demands firms to adhere to regulations to prevent environmental damage and forced labour
On 16 March, according to the BBC, many of the EU countries backed a legislation that requires companies to ensure that their supply chains does not cause environmental damage or employ forced labour. The Corporate Sustainability Due Diligence Directive (CSDDD) was backed by 17 out of 27 members without any votes against it. The directive aims at requiring European companies to adhere to environmental and human rights regulations and prevent any potential harm. Over several rounds of negotiations, a compromise was reached with only larger businesses with more than 1000 employees and a net turnover of at least EUR 450 million being affected. The original draft was meant to affect firms with more than 500 employees and a minimal revenue of EUR 150 million. Key objections were raised by Germany and Italy with multiple small and medium businesses, who feared that their economies would be hit with the legislation. The draft must be passed by the European Parliament to become law. (Kathryn Armstrong, “EU backs law against forced labour in supply chains,” BBC, 16 March 2024)

Climate activists protest against exploration of fuel deposits in the North Sea
On 16 March, The Guardian reported on the action by climate activists across Europe to block access to the North Sea oil infrastructure in the form of a pan-Europe civil disobedience protest. Activists from Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and Sweden have blocked refineries, ports and gas terminals in their respective countries, to show their disapproval of the exploitation of the fuel deposits in the North Sea. Activists in Scotland staged banner drops in areas considered as of “strategic importance.” and actions are expected in Denmark. Activists began their protests after a report found that no giant fossil fuel producing country was planning to stop drilling into their facilities soon to meet the temperature targets set at 1.5 Celsius by the Paris Agreement. The UK, Germany, Netherlands, Norway and Denmark failed to align their energy policies with their climate promises, with Norway and the UK farthest away from the promises made in the Paris Agreement, according to the report. (Damien Gayle, “Climate activists across Europe block access to North Sea oil infrastructure,” The Guardian, 16 March 2024)

By Rosemary Kurian

GERMANY
Report finds shortage in military in aircraft, tanks and ammunition
On 12 March, Deutsche Welle reported that Eva Högl, the Bundestag’s Commissioner for the armed forces, presented a report stating that the Bundeswehr, the German military, “had too little of everything.” Despite having earmarked a special modernisation fund worth EUR 100 billion for the Bundeswehr two years back, Högl noted the need for improvements in infrastructure, equipment and personnel. The military faces shortages of aircrafts, ships, tanks, spare parts, radio devices and other ammunition. Högl however has noted that the Bundestag approved defence contracts amounting to EUR 47.7 billion in 2023, also planning for the use of two-thirds of the special defence fund. According to the report, German soldiers are “aging and shrinking,” suggesting an increase in troop numbers from 181,000 to 203,000 in the next seven years. (“Germany's military is aging and shrinking, says report,” Deutsche Welle, 12 March 2024)
 
SWEDEN
Greta Thunberg moved from entrance from protesting in the entrance of the parliament
On 12 March, Deutsche Welle reported that Greta Thunberg, the Swedish climate activist was removed from the entrance of the Swedish parliament along with other climate activists for obstructing the entrance to the parliament. The climate campaign reached its second day where activists demonstrated a sit-down protest against the effects of climate change outside of the Parliament. According to Stockholm police, activists had the right to protest outside the parliament but not to block the entrance which led to actions against five to ten individuals. Thunberg became a significant figure in the global fight against climate change among the youth due to her sit-downs outside parliament since 2018. She was earlier removed by the German police during a protest against a coal mine in western Germany. (“Greta Thunberg removed from blocking Swedish parliament,” Deutsche Welle, 12 March 2024)
 
THE UK
Giant trees thrive better than in California due to higher carbon absorption
On 13 March, the BBC reported that the giant redwoods, world’s largest trees native to the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, are flourishing in the UK, better than in California. The UK has around 500,000 of these trees compared to 80,000 in California, which are, however, shorter than their Californian counterparts. The latter can reach 90 metres in height compared to the former, the tallest being 54.87 metres. They could catch up with their 2000-years life span. Scientists have observed that the redwoods can absorb a considerable amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which could aid in tackling climate change. The trees in the UK, with a 45 metre height, have about 10 to 15 tonnes of carbon stored in them. The trees particularly grow in cool and wet climates, conducive in the UK. But with the effects of climate change causing a dry climate in California, the redwoods are under threat, which could be replicated in the UK too. (Rebecca Morelle and Alison Francis, “Giant redwoods: World’s largest trees 'thriving in UK',” BBC, 13 March 2024)
 
NORWAY
Trial begins for the 2022 gay bar shooting in Oslo
On 13 March, Deutsche Welle reported that Norway began its trial against Zaniar Matapour, a man accused of shooting at a popular gay bar in Oslo, killing two and injuring nine in 2022. Mantapour fired 10 rounds with a machine gun and eight rounds with a handgun, according to Sturla Henriksbo, the prosecutor, in the “London Pub” the night before Oslo’s pride parade, which got cancelled following the incident. Matapour claimed himself to have sworn allegiance to the Islamic State according to prosecutors, in a case that has been claimed by officials as an “act of Islamic terrorism” with Norway raising its threat assessment to the highest level. Matapour refused to speak to investigators in the case that could sentence him to 30 years in prison. He questioned the judge on the trial overlapping with the Muslim holy month of Ramadan, which the judge perceived as a non-conflict. (“Norway: Oslo terrorism trial for LGBTQ bar shooting begins,” Deutsche Welle, 13 March 2024)
 
REGIONAL
Romanian President joins the race for NATO's next secretary general
On 12 March, Politico reported on the joining of Klaus Iohannis, the Romanian President, against Mark Rutte, the Dutch Prime Minister, in the race to become NATO's next Secretary General. Iohannis announced his candidacy citing the lack of an Eastern European presence in NATO’s decision making, becoming the first potential NATO chief from the former Soviet bloc. The Secretary General is chosen based on consensus from all 32 NATO Allies, and Rutte has failed to convince all 32, with significant opposition from Hungary due to Rutte’s earlier comment on Hungarian democratic backsliding. Romania, Turkey, and the Baltic countries haven’t yet expressed their support for him. The big four in NATO– the US, Britain, France and Germany– have supported Rutte’s candidacy, due to his skills as a consensus-builder, a much required skill provided the NATO sceptic Donald Trump returns to American presidency. Iohannis has claimed to be the harbinger of change in NATO, including mandatory defence spending of two per cent of the GDP, working with partners in the Indo-Pacific, and pitching NATO’s digital transformation and increased investment in technology. (Stuart Lau, “Romania’s president launches bid for NATO top job against Mark Rutte,” Politico, 12 March 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL
First aid ship to Gaza sent from Cyprus
On 13 March, the BBC reported that ‘The Open Arms,’ a Spanish ship, with 200 tonnes of essential food supplies for Palestinians in Gaza, has begun from Cyprus. Gaza has no functioning port, which prompted World Central Kitchen, a US charity, to initiate the building of a jetty to receive aid. The success of the Spanish ship will prompt several European and Emirati efforts to get the much needed aid into Gaza, which would otherwise go into a state of famine. While the quickest way to take aid is via road, Israeli restrictions prevent it. Israel has stated that a maritime corridor facilitating aid into Gaza is welcomed. (David Gritten, “Gaza war: First aid ship sets off from Cyprus,” BBC, 13 March 2024)

By Padmashree Anandhan

HUNGARY
Orban says Trump would not “give a penny” to Ukraine
On 11 March, Victor Orban, Hungary’s Prime Minister following his meeting with Donald Trump, former US President stated that the Trump would not “give a penny” for war in Ukraine. He disclosed his full support to Trump for the 2024 elections. Tagging to Trump’s statement Orban stated that without the US and Europe support, the war will come to an end. He also added that Trump had clear plans on ending the war in Ukraine. The meeting with Trump has gained criticism from the EU leaders once again on Orban. (“Trump will not give a penny to Ukraine - Hungary PM Orban,” The BBC, 11 March 2024)

RUSSIA
South Korean national arrested under suspect of espionage
On 12 March, Russia’s news agency TASS reported on arresting of a South Korean under suspicion of espionage. According to the South Korean media, the suspect had supported North Korean laborers in Russia’s far east. Under Russian law, 20 years would be the minimum jail term for espionage. In contrast, South Korea’s Foreign Ministry claimed on the person being assisted by the consulate since the announcement. It stated on conducting investigation but denied to give further report. (“Russia arrests South Korean over alleged spying,” Deutsche Welle, 12 March 2024)

Putin signs two laws on fishery and use of digital financial assets
On 11 March, Vladimir Putin, Russia’s President signed a law withdrawing the 1956 agreement which allowed the UK sailors to fish in Russia’s sea zone of Barents Sea. In line with UK’s decision on 15 March 2022 to end bilateral trade with Russia, the decision was taken. In 1956, the USSR and the UK signed an agreement as a step to build diplomatic relations and the Barents Sea forms part of Russia’s Exclusive Economic Zone fostered economic cooperation. On the same day, Putin also signed law approving use of digital financial assets and digital utility rights to include into international payments. (“Putin Signs Law Ending 1956 Fishing Treaty With UK in Russia's Barents Sea Zone,” Sputnik, 11 March 2024; “Putin Signs Law Allowing Use of Digital Financial Assets in International Payments,” Sputnik, 11 March 2024)

REGIONAL
EEA warns climate extremities due to rise in temperature twice the global rate
On 11 March, the European Environmental Agency (EEA) warned over “catastrophic” consequences of climate change if no urgent action taken. EEA published it’s first Europe-wide analysis listing 36 threats relating to climate in Europe. Out of this, 21 were marked under immediate action and eight as “particularly urgent.” These include “fires, water shortages and its impact on agricultural production.” Apart from this the coastal areas were warned of experiencing “flooding, erosion and saltwater intrusion.” Europe as a fast-warming continent is currently reported to be heating up double the global rate which is a major concern however northern Europe is excluded from the extremity. (“Climate risks could be 'catastrophic' in Europe, EU warns,” Deutsche Welle, 11 March 2024)

European Council to begin accession talks soon for Bosnia and Herzegovina
On 12 March, Ursula Von Der Leyen, European Commission President is expected to recommend the European Council to begin the accession talks with Bosnia and Herzegovina. The country is one among the six which is held in between towards EU accession stages. Von Der Leyen said: “Bosnia is now fully aligned with our foreign and security policy, which is crucial in these times of geopolitical turmoil.” Although Bosnia applied to join the EU in 2016 the talks are yet to start to progress approval from rest of the EU member states. (“EU to recommend membership talks with Bosnia: von der Leyen,” Deutsche Welle, 12 March 2024)

EU considers setting regulation to include Uber workers as employees
On 11 March, the EU member states labour and social ministers agreed on regulations to classify worker in Uber and Deliveroo as employees. This means, the Platform Work Directive would mention workers under the “gig-economy” as employees in particular cases. Workers can qualify when they are assessed electronically which mediates payment and working hours. Pierre-Yves Dermagne, Belgian labour minister said: “This is the first-ever piece of EU legislation to regulate algorithmic management in the workplace and to set EU minimum standards to improve working conditions for millions of platform workers across the EU.” On approval of the regulation, algorithms engaging in human resources will be made to be open along with granting workers right to “contest automated decisions.” Although the regulation is yet to be passed in the European Parliament, Uber was reported to be lobbied against the original draft where the Commission would set the threshold to qualify a worker as employee. (Richard Connor, “EU states agree to regulate Deliveroo, Uber workers' rights,” Deutsche Welle, 11 March 2024)

Europe In Brief
By Padmashree Anandhan

Europe In Brief
By Padmashree Anandhan

GERMANY
DLR on alert over impact of space debris on earth’s surface
On 08 March, Deutsche Welle reported on Germany’s latest concerns over increasing space junk and debris from International Space Station (ISS). According to the report, debris including battery pack from the ISS three years before weighing 2.6 tonnes is reported to settle down over North American atmosphere. Found by the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the debris is expected to burn when reaching the earth surface with high possibility to merge into ocean. Although the risk is marked “unlikely” for Germany, the German Economic Affairs and Climate Ministry (BMWK) is reported to closely monitor the effect of the debris to implement crisis measures. (“ISS space junk: Germany on alert for debris, risk minimal,” Deutsche Welle, 08 March 2024)

Rail and airline staff stage dual strike for hike in pay
On 07 March, Germany witnessed dual strike of worker staff from Deutsche Bahn and Lufthansa demanding increase in wages. The strike is expected to impact rail and air traffic till 09 March with only 10-20 per cent to operate on schedule. One of the operator spokesperson said: “The completely unnecessary GDL strike affects the plans of millions of travelers.” Apart from the wages, the staff also demand for reduction in working hours from 38 to 35 with no change in payment. Whereas those from Lufthansa, the Verdi union demanded for 12.5 per cent raise of EUR 500 more per month along with an inflation compensation bonus of EUR 3000. Earlier, the airline company announced doubling of profits and recovery from the Pandemic. (“Germany: Dual rail and air strikes affect 'millions',” Deutsche Welle, 07 March 2024)

POLAND
Government in dilemma between raging farmers and ending trade with Ukraine
On 07 March, an opinion in Deutsche Welle explores the pressure on Poland’s government from the farmer protests and how EU can intervene. Poland has witnessed massive protests in Warsaw resulting in block of roads for several hours. Gathered by NSZZ Solidarnosc union linked to the opposition Law and Justice (PiS) party, has further challenged the latest government led by Donald Tusk. Farmers along with livestock breeders, foresters, beekeepers, transport employees and miner raged against EU’s green deal, reforms against climate neutral 2050 and mainly close of border with Ukraine. In response, Tusk has approached the EU to impose a full ban on grain imports from Russia and Belarus and also to bring back tariffs on Ukraine. To address the issue, the EU is ready to grant concessions on Poland’s demand but Poland stands on thin ice situation as closing of border with Ukraine or tariff imposition would mean end of trade surplus with Ukraine which accounts for EUR seven billion as of 2023. (“Clashes in Poland as farmers' protests get more political,” Deutsche Welle, 07 March 2024)

PORTUGAL
Election campaign ends with polls showing PSD on lead
On 08 March, marked the last day of campaigning for Portugal’s legislative elections. The far-right Chega (Enough) party was under spotlight as it could be a major players in domestic affairs with third largest majority in parliament. André Ventura, who heads the party was elected in 2019 in the parliament proved to be a performer in policy shifts in popularising the Chega. The BBC reported on his campaign topics which focused on “chemical castration” for rapists, promises better pay for police officers and vouches reform in education, health and higher pensions. The snap elections being scheduled for 10 March, polls ahead show PSD-dominated Democratic Alliance (AD) to be on narrow lead ahead of Socialist Party (PS) while Chega’s support increased to 16 per cent from seven per cent in 2022 elections. (Alison Roberts, “Portugal elections: André Ventura, ex-football pundit, shakes up vote,” BBC, 08 March 2024

INTERNATIONAL
Biden speech starts steady on Ukraine but lacks assurance
On 08 March, Politico reported on Joe Biden, the US President State of the Union speech and how it shows tough stance on Ukraine. In his speech, he began with Russia’s war in Ukraine, criticised Vladimir Putin, Russia’s President and urged the Congress to approve military aid for Ukraine. Praising the NATO and inclusion of Sweden, showed sternness in addressing Ukraine’s issue. Although this showed relief for Europe, Biden highlighted the World War II and expressed sharing of the European concerns in war in Ukraine. Although Ukraine was a good theme to start the speech, according to the report it was “a clear-cut case of good vs. evil.” (Nahal Toosi, “Biden’s Speech Thrills Ukraine Watchers. Others, Not So Much,” The Politico, 08 March 2024)

Europe In Brief
By Padmashree Anandhan

FRANCE
Macron insists on including abortion rights into EU ‘s Charter
On 08 March, Emmanuel Macron, France’s President following the vote for abortion rights in France vouched for extending the same into EU’s basic law. Indicating how the societal norms are no longer etched in stone, called for guaranteeing of freedom to allow abortion and inclusion in EU’s Charter of Fundamental Rights. The statements come as France imprinted the amendment into its 1958 constitution in a special public ceremony. (“Macron says he wants abortion added to EU rights charter,” Le Monde, 08 March 2024)

IRELAND
Double referendum to be held to make amendments to family and care
On 08 March, Government of Ireland started the voting process for a double referendum for making amendments to the constitution on “make-up of a family” and “Women’s life within the home.” All political parties are expected to vote in favour. The two proposals will change the “family amendment and care amendment” to the Article 41 of Ireland’s Constitution created in 1937. First amendment mandates the citizens to widen the definition of family from “those found on marriage” to add “durable relationships.” Whereas the second one proposed for replacement of traditional langue on “mother’s duties” at home with including the care given by other family members. The significance of the vote is to ware away the influence of catholic voters. (“Ireland holds referendums to update Constitution on women, family,” Le Monde, 08 March 2024)

SWEDEN
Receives accession invite from NATO
On 07 March, the White House and Sweden government confirmed the membership into NATO
as the 32nd member. Ulf Kristersson, Sweden’s Prime Minister stated the invite received from the NATO for accession on acceptance from NATO member states. Joe Biden, US President said: “Nato stands more united, determined, and dynamic.” Jens Stoltenberg, NATO Secretary-General added on the benefit of Sweden joining: “Capable armed forces and a first-class defence industry.” Sweden’s membership journey towards NATO breaking from neutrality began under prime ministership of Magdalena Andersson in 2022. 29 NATO member approved Sweden while Turkey and Hungary placed the roadblocks against few conditions. One being Sweden home to the Kurdistan Worker’s party (PKK) and Hungary demand for Swedish fighter jets deal, both overcome by Sweden gained the vote approval to accede into NATO after two years. Meanwhile, NATO in no time laid its agenda in utilising Sweden once the membership procedure was complete. First being the military training exercise part of the Nordic Response involving 20,000 soldiers of Sweden and Finland. (Miranda Bryant, “Sweden finally joins Nato after nearly two-year wait,” The Guardian, 07 March 2024)

REGIONAL
European Commission warns of future conflict due to water scarcity
On 06 March, Politico reported on the EU warning over risk of water conflict as temperature increase. The European Commission has issued a warning to pace up to tackle climate change. The warning comes as it found water shortages at critical with high risk to key aspects of life from food, drinking water, infrastructure for power and transport, economic activity and human health. According to the draft issued by the Commission: “These risks can manifest in multiple forms, some of which include … increased competition over water resources across sectors and uses, including potential risk of conflicts…” This can be understood from the earlier examples of Spain and France which experienced severe drought and clash over water reservoir. The Commission warns that extreme water conditions such as floods and droughts are only one category of risk while 36 more remain with catastrophic levels for Europe. (Zia Weise, “Brussels warns of water conflict danger in EU,” Politico, 06 March 2024)

Commission President announces maritime corridor to supply aid to Gaza
On 08 March, Ursula Von Der Leyen, European Commission President announced the possibility of starting a maritime corridor to Gaza. The move comes after the US announcement on setting a temporary port. On the same, the UN called for aid as it found quarter of Gaza population to be on the edge of famine. Israel appreciated the maritime corridor initiative and stressed on other countries to join. In a press conference in Cyprus, Von Der Leyen stated that at the situation of “humanitarian catastrophe,” a maritime corridor was pertinent to deliver aid in mass. Joe Biden, the US President commented that aid to Gaza would make “massive difference” for humanitarian worker. He added: “Humanitarian assistance cannot be a secondary consideration or a bargaining chip.” (Tom Spender, “Maritime corridor to Gaza to begin at weekend - Von der Leyen,” BBC, 08 March 2024)

In Brief 
By Padmashree Anandhan

FRANCE
Parliament constitutionalises abortion rights of women
On 04 March, France’s parliament approved the bill with three-fifth majority to constitutionalise women’s abortions rights. Through the approval, Article 34 will be amended to include the conditions to put freedom of women under practise for an abortion. Emmanuel Macron, France’s President called it a “universal message” across the globe to defend abortion rights. The decision echoes back to the US Supreme Court decision which reversed women’s constitutional rights to abortion. France will be the first country to establish the right to terminate a pregnancy while many countries across Europe stand divided. First legalised in 1975 in France, the law allowed abortion up to 10th week and later extended to 14th week by 2022. Across Europe the divide can be viewed between the catholic countries, right-wing governments and eastern Europe. In the catholic countries like Spain, Malta, and Hungary doctors, healthcare providers refuse to give the abortion services under religious and moral basis. Whereas in the case of right-wing parties and eastern European countries unless there is threat to life or under situations of rape, incest imposes strict policies and ban on abortion. (“Why France enshrined abortion rights in its constitution,” Deutsche Welle, 04 March 2024)

SWITZERLAND
Jans calls for joint effort to strengthen the EU border management
On 04 March, Beat Jans, Swiss federal councillor and minister of the interior issued a statement to solve the country’s migrations and international crime problem. On his visit to the EU, he highlighted the need for protection in the Schengen external border against migrations. He assured Switzerland to play a vital role in Frontex (Europe’s border management) if human rights were taken into account. In countering international crime, Switzerland can adopt measures from the EU especially in data exchange, however negotiations are expected to kick start. (“Swiss minister seeks EU collaboration on migration and crime,” Swissinfo, 04 March 2024)

THE UK
Calais Group and France to partner to track down small boat material shipment
On 04 March, the UK along with the Calais Group of northern European countries announced a partnership with France to prevent supply of “small boats” into France. Such boats encourage migrants to cross the English Channel and under the deal, the countries customs will share information on those shipping materials for small boat. The group comprise of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands apart from the UK and France aims to cooperation to counter illegal migration. This partnership will also explore ways to engage with social media companies and people smuggling agencies to track their activity. (“UK announces customs partnership with France to fight illegal Channel crossings,” Le Monde, 05 March 2024)

Department of economy propose to raise student fee to the UK level
On 05 March, the BBC reported on the Northern Ireland official from economic department decision to increase student fees to the UK level. According to the report, raising would generate GBP 98 million but the draft is under consultation. Conor Murphy, Economy Minister contradicts this saying it might lead to reduction of student intake in universities. At present the tuition fee for an undergraduate level stand at GBP 4,710 per year while in the UK it is GBP 9,250. For the country to prevent cuts in other sectors reduction of funding to higher education is considered the way without generating additional income. For the draft to be approved assembly and executive approval would be required before 2026-27 year to notify students. (John Campbell, “Raising Northern Ireland tuition fees could generate £98m,” BBC, 05 March 2024)

REGIONAL
EU fines Apple over breach of antitrust laws
On 04 March, Deutsche Welle reported on the EU fine of EUR 1.8 billion on Apple over breach of antitrust regulations. According to the European Commission, it found Apple to have exercised restrictions on “app developers” not allowing them to notify iOS users on alternative or cheaper music subscriptions. It said: “This is illegal under EU antitrust rules." Apple was also reported to be charging 30 per cent of fee for sales done though the apps in its system and restricting other apps within to give links to external pages. In response, the Apple confirmed to appeal against the decision and criticised saying the move would benefit Spotify which hold 56 per cent share in Europe’s streaming market. (“EU fines Apple $1.8 billion over music streaming competition,” Deutsche Welle, 04 March 2024)

EU strikes deal banning use of single-use plastics
On 04 March, the EU signed a deal banning the use of single-plastic for fresh fruit and vegetables. This means mini hotel and fast-food restaurants will not be barred from using and switch to more sustainable packaging practice. Under the new legislation, the EU aims to bring down the piling plastic which was 188.7 kilograms as of 2021 which is considered the biggest rise in 10 years. The larger effort is to make the packaging market of the EU to be recyclable by 2030 and mandate customers to bring own containers to buy drink or ready-made foods. According to Delara Burkhardt, a German MEP: “I think what we achieved is a good compromise. It's more ambitious than what the Parliament has put on the table, it gives more clarity in some aspects.” A similar ban was attempted by the EU in 2023, where it banned all single-use packaging which imposed ban on beer brewers, winemakers, cosmetic businesses and paper producers but now with focus on single-use plastics few industries will get to ease. (Leonie Cater, “EU to ban single-use plastic in deal on new green packaging rules,” Politico, 04 March 2024) 

FRANCE
Parliament to vote to constitutionalise abortion rights
On 04 March, Politico reported France constitutionalising abortion rights following efforts of Emmanuel Macron, France’s President. According to the report, this is expected to send a message across the Europe and transatlantic on support to reproductive rights at same time on how to gain political points as Europe witness rise of right. This amendment will be included in the constitution if upper and lower house approve with three-fifth in favour. While abortion rights are supported across France without any debate earlier, constitutionalising was opposed given the existing guarantees for women. Under the doubt of the rights coming under question in future the current government has pushed for including in the constitution. (“France moves to make abortion a constitutional right amid rollbacks in US and Europe,” Politico, 04 March 2024)

GERMANY
Ifo finds work from home culture becoming a norm in service industry
On 04 March, Deutsche Welle reported on a study released by the Ifo, a German economic research institute on work from home culture. According to the report, service sector had shifted towards working from home permanently post pandemic. The study found that 24.1 per cent of workers in Germany did their work from home in February, which was quarter of employees in Germany. Jean-Victor Alipour, Ifo expert said: “The proportion has been almost constant for two years.” This was a contrasting scenario in small and medium sized companies as the proportion was less with 20.5 per cent working from home. The highest share came from large companies and mostly among service employees compared to trade and construction industries. (“Germany: Working from home is here to stay, says study,” Deutsche Welle, 04 March 2024)

SERBIA
Elections to be conducted again in Belgrade
On 02 March, Serbia’s officials announced a repeat of Belgrade elections under fraud allegations. The move comes after a meeting with the ruling government Serbian Progressive Party (SNS). Although Aleksandar Sapic, Belgrade’s acting Mayor denied the allegations, he called it as lifting “the bar (legitimacy).” In response to the decision, the opposition Serbia Against Violence (SPN) called it as “victory.” The elections held earlier in 2023 were accused of alleged violations by many opposition and civil society groups. This included OSCE's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR) and European leaders who raised concerns over the elections process. (“Serbia to rerun Belgrade election amid controversy,” Deutsche Welle, 02 March 2024)

SWITZERLAND
Government approves increased payment for retirees
On 03 March, Switzerland government approved a referendum to increase retirement pension by adding 13^th month payment. In the held vote 58 per cent voted in favour while 42 per cent were against. The vote comes under the proposal for “Better living in retirement” which was kept forward by trade unions against the rise in cost of living. Currently the pension amounts to EUR 2,550 per month for individuals but the country tops as the most expensive. Although the vote has been passed the government stands differed as it estimates the scheme to cost CHF four billion which might lead to increase in taxes. It also argued against saying the payment would go to many retirees who might not need it. (“Swiss vote to boost pension payments,” Deutsche Welle, 03 March 2024)

THE UK
Seven-year girl reported dead in attempt to cross English Channel
On 03 March, the BBC reported death of a seven-year girl after an attempt to cross the English Channel in a boat. According to the report, 16 migrants were carried and the boat sank in the coast of Dunkirk. According to a local official, the boat was not capable of carrying many people and following the event those who travelled along were hospitalised. This comes after three migrants died on 29 February in a similar attempt to cross. According to Home Office, more than 2,000 migrants have entered the UK as of 2024. (“English Channel: Girl, 7, dies after boat capsizes near Dunkirk in France,” BBC, 03 March 2024)

EM in Brief
By Alka Bala

FRANCE
Birthplace citizenship withdrawn on the French Island of Mayotte
On 15 February, Gérald Darmanin, France’s Interior Minister announced that people on Mayotte, a French Island in the Indian Ocean will no longer enjoy the automatic right to citizenship by birth. The island which has been a county of the French Republic since 1841 has been experiencing mass immigration. Asylum requests in Mayotte reached a record high of 142,500 in 2023. Mayotte’s proximity to the African islands of Comoros has sparked the “small boat” problem, with hundreds of migrants arriving every week to seek asylum in the French Island nation. However, there have been criticisms from the political left as they believe it breaches the “Republican principle of universality,” and consider droit du sol- (right of the soil) birthplace citizenship as an essential French value. People of Mayotte have opposed the influx of migrants by setting up roadblocks by "citizens' committees." They called for measures to stop this immigration. Estelle Youssouffa, a Mayotte Member of the Parliament said: “If not, we will be perpetually the prisoners of our geography.” Darmanin believes that abolishing birthplace citizenship would reduce the lure of migrants. (Hugh Schofield, “French citizenship row engulfs Indian Ocean island of Mayotte,” BBC, 15 February 2024)
 
ITALY 
Danilo Calvani becomes the face of radical farmers’ movement
On 14 February, Politico reported on Danilo Calvani, a 61-year-old farmer who has camped outside the capital along with his union, Betrayed Farmers C.R.A plan to hold protest against the government by occupying Circus Maximus. There has been a shift among the farmers’ unions in the current movements. large farmers’ unions have been sidelined by the smaller ones that use radical methods and messaging and are currently representing the protesting farmers in Italy. Calvani accused Coldiretti of being the “most corrupt agricultural union, that serves only their interests and aligns with multinationals.” Whereas members of Betrayed Farmers C.R.A. have resorted to Coldiretti flags. Calvani also expressed his disapproval of the government conducting dialogue with unions like Coldiretti instead of talking to the farmers. Matteo Salvini, leader of the right-wing Lega (League) party visited the farmers and reiterated League’s commitment to Italian farmers against the politicians of Brussels. (Alessandro Ford, “The furious farmer taking on Italy’s agri giants,” Politico, 14 February 2024)
 
GERMANY
Foreign Minister Baerbock visits Israel to push for a ceasefire
On 14 February, The Times of Israel reported the arrival of Annalena Baerbock, German Foreign Minister in Israel, for her meeting with Benjamin Netanyahu, Israeli Prime Minister, Isaac Herzog Israeli President and Foreign Minister Israel Katz. Her fifth visit to Israel since 07 October comes with the agenda to push for a ceasefire, as Israel plans to continue with its operations in Rafah. Earlier on X, Baerbock wrote about the 1.3 million people in Rafah seeking protection and stated that an Israeli offensive “on Rafah would be a humanitarian catastrophe.” She indicated the need for a pause in fighting and would talk about the hostage release and humanitarian situation in Gaza with the Israeli counterparts. (Lazer Berman, “German FM arrives in Israel, expected to push Israeli officials for a ceasefire,” The Times of Israel,  14 February 2024)
 
Microsoft: EUR 3.3 billion investment in AI and data centre infrastructure 
On 16 February, Deutsche Welle reported on the largest EUR 3.3 billion investment by tech giant Microsoft in Germany highlighting the latter’s commitments to an open economy. The investment would double the existing capacity of Microsoft’s “AI and data centre infrastructure” in Germany and boost its cloud computing applications. Brad Smith, Microsoft Vice Chair mentioned the lack of AI skills in Germany, and that the investment would allow for training of 1.2 million people with new AI capabilities. Olaf Scholz, German Chancellor dubbed this investment as a “commitment to progress, to growth, to modernity,” and hoped it would revive the German economy. (“Germany: Microsoft to invest €3.3 billion in AI capacities,” Deutsche Welle, 15 February 2024)
 
GREECE
Bill on same-sex marriage and adoption of children gets Parliament approval
On 16 February, according to Deutsche Welle, the Greece parliament voted in favour of the bill on same-sex marriage becoming the first orthodox Christian country to legalise the civil marriage of same-sex couples. The bill was approved with a cross-party majority vote of 176- 124. Kyriakos Mitsotakis, the Greek Prime Minister remarked on the bill's approval as “a milestone for human rights.” The bill also guaranteed the adoption rights for same-sex couples. However, the law does not allow for surrogacy parenthood for male couples, for allows it for women who cannot have children due to health issues. The bill received cross-party support from the centre-right New Democracy party, four left-wing parties, including the opposition party Syriza. However, Archbishop Ieronymos, head of the Orthodox Church of Greece, condemned the law as a “new reality that seeks only to corrupt the homeland's social cohesion.” (“Greece legalizes same-sex marriage,” Deutsche Welle, 16 February 2024)
 
THE UK
Economy in recession, data shows slowdown in all major sectors
On 15 February, the BBC reported the UK economy falling into recession as data from 2023, indicated an economic slump over the last two quarters with a decline of 0.3 per cent between October and December. In the previous quarter between July to September, the economy shrank by 0.1 per cent. Overall growth for the UK economy in 2023 was only 0.1 per cent. According to the Office for National Statistics, major sectors were affected, such as retail, healthcare, education, manufacturing and construction. Jeremy Hunt, Chancellor of the Exchequer is exploring means to reduce public spending to allow for tax cuts in the Budget for 06 March. However, Ruth Gregory, Deputy chief economist at Capital Economics remarked that "this recession is as mild as they come." This sets as a drawback to the pledges made by Rishi Sunak, UK’s Prime Minister who assured for growth, cutting down small boats and NHS waiting list. (Dearbail Jordan & Faisal Islam, “UK economy fell into recession after people cut spending,” BBC, 15 February 2024, James Fitzgerald, “Rishi Sunak’s five pledges in tatters as UK slides into recession,” Politico,15 February 2024)
 
REGIONAL
EU shelves water resilience plan against droughts and floods
On 15 February, Politico reported on the European Commission plan to present a "climate resistance" proposal on 12 March. This has been delayed as a large part of southern Europe, including Sardinia, Catalonia, and Sicily, is suffering from drought. According to the European Drought Observatory, about 17 per cent of the EU territory has been experiencing drought conditions since late January. On January 24, Virginijus Sinkevičius, the Environment Commissioner, wrote on X, “Gearing up our work for the essential upcoming Water Resilience initiative. It will be of [utmost] importance for the future of Spain as the country is heavily affected by droughts.” Clair Baffert, Senior Water Policy Officer at WWF’s European Office expressed her disappointment at the “irresponsible” decision by the Commission as floods and droughts are already affecting parts of Europe, at the “cost to communities, farmers, our food supply and nature.” (Leonie Cater and Zia Wiese, “EU puts water resilience plan on hold as drought grips Spain, Italy,” Politico, 15 February 2024)
 
EU member states demand for an extra decade to reach air pollution targets
On 15 February, Politico reported on the demand by European Union member states for a delay of ten years in meeting their air pollution targets. European Parliament has been pushing for speeding up of efforts by the nations to reach the 2050 zero pollution target and address the issue of 253,000 premature deaths in 2021 across the bloc. The negotiations on new targets are scheduled to take place on 20 February, and EU countries although agreeing on strict targets also request a 10-year extension to conform with the rules, allowing them for time till 2040, instead of 2030, to implement their strict air quality regulations. Countries believe that the European Parliament’s new targets are “not realistic.” The reason behind European Commission to push for the air pollution target was due to 59 infringement cases against member states for not reaching their air pollution targets, the top being Poland, Italy, Bulgaria, Romania and Portugal. Parliament intends to finalise the legislation on pollution targets before the elections in June and next set of discussion is scheduled for 20 February. (Louise Guillot, “EU countries demand 10 extra years to meet air pollution targets,” Politico, 15 February 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL
Germany becomes third-largest economy as recession drags Japan down
On 15 February, according to Deutsche Welle, Germany overtook Japan as the world’s third-largest economy as the latter fell into a technical recession. In 2023, Germany’s gross domestic product (GDP) accounted for USD 4.5 trillion, whereas Japan’s GDP stood at USD 4.2 trillion. The yen had a seven per cent depreciation in 2023 and had an 18 per cent slump compared to the dollar in 2022 and 2023, according to the Bank of Japan. India with its 1.4 billion population comprising of a youth majority and higher growth rates is projected the overtake both nations as they face issues of labour shortages, aging populations and falling birth rates. According to Takuji Aida, chief economist at Credit Agricole, the Japanese economy could shrink further in the fourth quarter due to slowed global growth, weak domestic demand, and the effects of the New Year's earthquake, and the Bank of Japan would downgrade its upcoming GDP forecasts. (“Recession in Japan makes Germany third largest economy,” Deutsche Welle, 15 February 2024)

EM in Brief
By Alka Bala

CZECH REPUBLIC
Government to abstain from the voting on the EU migration and asylum pact
On 08 February, as reported by Radio Prague International, the Czech Republic is not ready to vote on the EU migration and Asylum pact, scheduled for March. The pact aims to build effective controls regarding migrants and the secure and faster return of failed asylum seekers. It also aims to bring in “compulsory solidarity” where all member states would have to take in a certain quota of migrants or financially aid the overburdened countries. Although earlier Prague supported the draft legislation, however in the recent cabinet session Martin Kupka, Minister of Transport, highlighted reasons to not support the pact in its current form. He stated that after the changes made to the draft post “negotiations with the European Parliament, the possibility of preventing illegal migration at EU’s external borders” was limited. He reiterated that the Czech Republic was not obliged to accept migrants even if the EU immigration and asylum pact gets approved by the majority. (“Czechia not ready to support new draft of EU migration and asylum pact,” Radio Prague International, 08 February 2024)

IRELAND
Use of facial recognition technology debate continues due to warning over social harm 
On 13 February, The Irish Times reported concerns about the use of facial recognition technology (FTR) by An Garda Síochána, Ireland’s National Police and Security Service. An Garda Síochána aims to use FTR to improve investigative procedures in crimes such as murder, child sexual abuse and abductions. It believes that facial recognition technology would help in analysing hours of footage at a faster pace than humans. However, academicians raise the “chilling effects” as they believe the use of this technology would have private life implications and social harm. Senator Robbie Gallagher of Fianna Fáil is concerned that the draft Garda Síochána (Recording Devices) (Amendment) Bill is going forward despite the concerns raised by bodies such as the Data Protection Commission, the Irish Council for Civil Liberties (ICCL), and Digital Rights Ireland (DRI). The need for making this legislation airtight was highlighted. Currently, an Oireachtas committee hearing is occurring where experts are providing insights on the use of technology and legal challenges regarding the current draft legislation. (Mark Hilliard, “Academics warn of facial recognition technology’s ‘chilling effects’ and potential social harm,” The Irish Times, 13 February 2024)
 
POLAND
Catholic church opposes government plans to reduce religious classes
On 14 February, Notes from Poland reported the opposition of Poland’s Catholic church against the government's plans to reduce the number of hours of religious classes, and called it an “infringement of human rights.” The government plans were to not include the grade from religion in school certificate and the grade average. Barbara Nowacka, Poland’s education minister argued that two hours of religious classes a very “is excessive” and introduced government plans to reduce it to one hour per week as students also have other subjects. The Committee for Catholic Education of the Polish Bishops’ Conference (KEP) opposed this decision and argued that religious classes are part of pupil’s right to religious freedom and right to education and also included “parents’ rights to teach and raise their children according to their religious convictions.” KEP also expressed the impact of this decision on the loss of livelihood for “thousands of religious teachers.” Religious classes in Poland are optional for pupils, and recently a decline in attendance has been witnessed. In Warsaw, only 29 per cent of high school students opted for these classes in 2022, whereas two cities Wrocław and Częstochowa have expressed to stop funding the subject. (“Catholic church in Poland opposes reducing number of religion classes in schools,” Notes from Poland, 14 February 2024)
 
Citing insufficient solutions Poland opposes the EU migration pact
On 09 February, according to Notes from Poland, Poland expressed opposition to the EU’s migration pact, although it received support from the majority of EU members. The government of Poland cited that solutions provided in the migration and asylum pact were insufficient as it did not adequately address the “situation of countries bordering Belarus and Russia” as they face “strong pressure within artificially generated migration routes.” The government also raised concerns about to prospect of future disputes within EU institutions as the “pact does not strike an appropriate balance between responsibility and solidarity.” Donald Tusk, Poland’s Prime Minister has opposed receiving any relocated asylum seekers under the pact. (“Poland opposes EU migration pact but majority of member states approve measures,” Notes from Poland, 09 February 2024)
 
PORTUGAL
Council of Ministers approve 26.65 million euros for recovery as Algrave drought eases
On 14 February, according to The Portugal News, based on data from the Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA), the districts of Beja and Faro and southern parts of the district of Setúbal remained in the moderate drought class, however, the intensity had come down from 38 per cent to 20 per cent between December and 31 January. Data from IPMA also highlighted that January was the hottest month in the last 58 years, in air temperature and rainfall. The Council of Ministers approved a budget of EUR 26.65 million to respond to the drought situation and adopt measures for increasing water availability and supply. Out of the allotted amount, money would also be aimed at other methods to increase efficiency such as EUR 10 million to increase tourism, EUR 2.9 million for management, and 350 thousand euros for agriculture. (“Algarve drought eases,” The Portugal News, 14 February 2024; “€26.6 million to help ease Algarve drought,”, The Portugal News, 09 February 2024)
 
Agriculture Ministry guarantees additional payment for farmers
On 13 February, according to The Portugal News, Maria do Céu Antunes, Minister of Agriculture guaranteed that farmers would receive 90 per cent support for organic farming and integrated production whereas the remaining 10 per cent would be paid in June. Without approval from the European Union, the Portugal government currently only has the financial availability to make a payment of 25 per cent. Armando Lopes, one of the farmers’ representatives, remarked that some of their demands were met. Farmers had also raised demands for the inclusion of agricultural diesel as a production factor and for VAT exemption, however, the government responded that this fell outside its purview of review. The demonstrations for reinforcement of irrigation and water efficiency plan were currently being stopped but would resume if “the promises are not met.” (“Payments for farmers guaranteed,” The Portugal News, 13 February 2024)
 
ROMANIA
Ruling parties disagree over the electoral calendar
On 14 February, Romania-Insider reported the disagreement between the ruling parties Social Democratic Party (PSD) and the Liberal Party (PNL) as they failed to finalise the electoral calendar. Liberals wish to hold local elections during the same time as European elections on 09 June, as an effort to maintain the party’s relevance in the European Parliament whereas Social Democrats want the general elections coinciding with the first round of presidential elections and voice demands for a joint Social Democrat presidential candidate. This friction between the ruling coalition has resulted in pursing of different election strategies, where the best step for Liberals could be to sacrifice the European Elections and run its candidate for the Presidential elections. The decision-making for the electoral calendar has been pushed for three days. (“Political deadlock over electoral calendar in Romania,” Romania-Insider, 14 February 2024)
 
REGIONAL
Repatriated Albanians use illegal means to return to Britain
On 14 February, BalkanInsight reported the use of illegal means by repatriated Albanians, to materialise their dream of moving to Britain. In 2022, around 12,000 Albanians used small boats to travel across the English Channel and enter Britain, since then the number of illegal migrants has come down. However, the aspirations and efforts of the repatriated Albanians have been sustained over time. The high cost incurred in these travelling attempts has made these youngsters “the victims of debt bondage,” according to Jahir Cahani, a local activist in Northern Albania. Youngsters sell their property and cattle in their hometowns in Albania and take up loans, to make their travel to Britain using relatively less guarded airports such as Vienna, Barcelona and Ireland with the help of smugglers and fake passports. The youngsters who end up reaching Britain join in illegal activities such as labour-intensive cannabis production.  The migration has caused around 176 schools in Albania to close and raises dangerous concerns as students leave their studies unfinished to join organised crime networks. (Bashkim Shala, “Repatriated Albanians Find New Routes Back to Britain,” BalkanInsight, 14 February 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL
Serbia and UAE sign MoU on development and cooperation of AI
On 14 February, BalkanInsight reported the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding between Serbia and UAE by Ana Brnabic, Serbian Prime Minister and Mihailo Jovanovic, Serbian Minister of Information and Telecommunications and Faisal Al Bannai, Secretary General of the UAE’s Advanced Technology Research Council at the World Government Summit held in Dubai. The MoU will focus on “closer cooperation between Serbia and the UAE in the field of development and application of AI,” as stated by Brnabic. The language model developed by UAE is equivalent to US-based ChatGPT, and under the MoU, Serbian institutes would be able to use UAE’s model. Earlier, Serbia had signed MoUs with G42 Cloud, UAE- based AI and cloud computing company, and China’s BGI Genomics. (Katarina Baletic, “Serbia, UAE, Sign MoU Closening Cooperation on Artificial Intelligence,” BalkanInsight, 14 February 2024)
 
Danish Armed Forces to participate in the largest NATO exercise
On 12 February, according to Danish Defence, the Danish Armed Forces would participate in Steadfast Defender 24, the largest NATO exercise conducted in decades, in collaboration with 31 allied nations and approximately a total of 90,000 soldiers. The NATO plan will take place in two parts, where in the first part Danish Armed Forces will be part of British-led maritime exercises and Norweigian-led exercises in the Arctic region. Denmark would provide support as the host nation and 1,200 Danish soldiers would take part across the services, such as the Navy, Air Force and Special Operations Command. Steadfast Defender 24 aims to reinforce the NATO alliance and the plans were adopted at the NATO summit in Vilnius, Lithuania in 2023. (“​​The Danish Armed Forces to Participate in Major NATO Spring Exercise,” Danish Defence, 12 February 2024)

In Brief
By Padmashree Anandhan

GERMANY
German Chancellor and Poland Prime Minister aim for joint defence support to boost Europe’s security
On 12 February, Olaf Scholz German Chancellor criticised Donald Trump former US President for his claim on “withholding security” from NATO alliance for not spending sufficient budget on defence. Scholz said: “Let me clearly say due to recent developments that any relativizing of NATO's collective defense guarantee is irresponsible and dangerous and is only in Russia's interests.” Trump’s statement also triggered shock for Poland, prompting Donald Tusk, Poland’s Prime Minister to call for joint defence support with Germany to boost Europe’s security. Tusk said: “There is no reason for the EU to be weaker than Russia.” As per NATO’s spending guideline of meeting two per cent of GDP, many NATO members have not met, whereas Germany is expected to meet the limit by 2024 by spending out of the main budget. (“Scholz says Trump NATO remarks 'irresponsible and dangerous',” Deutsche Welle, 12 February 2024)

HUNGARY
Farmers association organise protest against EU rules
On 12 February, Hungary Today reported on the protests held by Hungarian farmers’ association MAGOSZ and the Hungarian Chamber of Agriculture (NAK) combined with farmer with tractors, harvesters and trucks. This resulted in blocking of passenger and freight traffic. The protestors carried banner and Hungarian flags for five kilometres blaming the European Commission and in support of Hungarian agriculture. István Jakab, president of MAGOSZ on behalf of the farmers called for the application of the EU rules to other European countries that are applied to Hungary especially denoting to Ukraine. (“Hungarian Farmers Protest against the Extension of Unlimited Ukrainian Imports,” Hungary Today, 12 February 2024)

THE UK
Inflation rate maintains at four per cent
On 14 February, Euronews reported on continuing stable rate of UKs inflation till January. According to the report, UK’s inflation rate stayed to four per cent following reduction in prices of furniture, household goods, food and non-alcoholic beverages. Earlier, experts had predicted a slight increase of 0.2 per cent but the inflation maintained due to reduction of prices of certain goods. Danni Hewson, head of financial analysis at AJ Bell said: “But the best news for all households came from falling food inflation, with prices actually coming down on a month-by-month basis for the first time in more than two years, a factor which helped offset other cost pressures.” (James Thomas, “UK inflation remains steady at 4% as food prices fall, beating expectations,” Euronews, 14 February 2024)

TURKEY
Nine trapped underground after landslide in a gold mine
On 13 February, after a landslide nine workers were trapped in a gold mine in eastern Turkey near Erzincan province. According to Ali Yerlikaya, Turkey’s Interior Minister there was no further report on the state of the workers but confirmed the ongoing rescue operation. He said: “We installed our [rescue] vehicles, our generators, and our night lighting equipment.” The difficulty in rescue operation arose due to the presence of mass amount of cyanide-laced soil in the mine. On the same the mining company Anagold Mining issued a statement: “…most important priority in this difficult process … is the health and safety of our employees and contractors.” (“Turkey: Several trapped after landslide hits gold mine,” Deutsche Welle, 13 February 2024)

REGIONAL
European Parliament approves uniform payment system across the EU
On 14 February, the European Parliament approved a draft of EU regulations on payment services. This means cheaper transactions with safety and uniform across the EU. The regulation aims to inform user on the cash machine fees and ensure social media companies handle impersonation scams. Marek Belka, a MEP in the European Parliament said that the objective was to make the system more “user friendly.” Belka added: “If the Facebooks of the world make money on posting ads ... they should take responsibility if those ad accounts are fraudulent.” The plan was approved with 39 votes in favour and one against, it also allows EUR 100 cashback as an offer without registering as payment provider. (Jack Schickler, “EU Policy. MEPs approve measures to tackle impersonation scams,” Euronews, 14 February 2024)

Spain and Ireland urge for review of the EU-Israel agreement  
On 14 February, Pedro Sánchez, Spain’s Prime Minister and Leo Varadkar, Ireland’s Prime Minister jointly called the European Commission to review the EU-Israel agreement on emergency basis following the worsening humanitarian crisis. In a joint letter they raised concerns over Israel’s military campaign and violation of human rights and internation law. They highlighted their findings on Israel actions to be in violation of the Genocide Convention. In Europe, Spain, Ireland, and Belgium considered the most critical against Israel. In the joint statement they said: “We ask that the Commission undertake an urgent review of whether Israel is complying with its obligations, including under the EU-Israel Association Agreement, which makes respect for human rights and democratic principles an essential element of the relationship.” (Jorge Liboreiro, “Spain and Ireland call for 'urgent review' of EU-Israel agreement over war in Gaza,” Euronews, 14 February 2024)

In Brief
By Alka Bala and Padmashree Anandhan

FINLAND
Stubb wins Presidential elections
On 11 February, according to Deutsche Welle, centre-right presidential candidate Alexander Stubb won the run-off elections by a margin of four per cent. Alexander Stubb, Finland’s former Prime Minister garnered 52.3 per cent of the votes compared to 47.9 per cent of votes by his rival Pekka Haavisto from Green Party. Stubb had earlier voiced strong support for Ukraine and had urged the European Union to do more in the situation. His approach towards defence contrasted with his rival’s, where he believed in the permanent deployment of troops in Finland using the nation as a transit for nuclear weapons. Whereas he does not support the permanent storage of nuclear weapons in the country. Stubb has called for an anti-Moscow approach until the war in Ukraine is stopped. (“Finland: Alexander Stubb claims win in presidential runoff,” Deutsche Welle, 11 February 2024)
 
NETHERLANDS’
Appeals Court halts export of F-35 fighter jets to Israel
On 12 February, according to Deutsche Welle, the Appeals Court in The Hague called for a halt in the export of parts of F-35 fighter jets to Israel. Israel is using them in “serious violations of international humanitarian law," the ruling by Judge Bas Boele stated. According to the ruling, the government has to comply with it within seven days after judgement. The case was petitioned by three human rights organisations, Oxfam's Dutch affiliate, PAX and The Rights Forum, and argued that delivery of these weapon parts would make Netherlands complicit in the war crimes committed by Israel. The lawyers of the Dutch government raised the argument that the weapons in Dutch warehouses are US-owned and made, and questioned the jurisdiction of authorities to intervene as it is a US-run operation. (“Dutch court bans export of F-35 fighter jet parts to Israel,” Deutsche Welle, 11 February 2024)

SPAIN
Eight arrested after killing of two police officers in Barbate
On 12 February, the BBC reported on the arrest of eight including drug dealers and money launderers following the killing of two officers Miguel Angel Gomez Gonzalez and David Perez Carracedo. This comes after the officers were injured in a boat chase in southern port of Barbate under suspicion of drug trafficking. According to the report in El Pais, Miguel Moline, Barbate’s Mayor had earlier requested for assistance after “narco-boats” were spotted. The incident sparked shock across the local community insisting on giving more powers to police and in a statement, the Spanish Guardia Civil officers' association (AUGC) said: “Long demanded a "real plan" to provide officers with better means and resources to fight drug traffickers.” They also called for resignation of Spain’s Interior Minister. (Laura Gozzi, “Spain: Eight arrests after two officers die in 'narco-boat' chase,” BBC, 12 February 2024)
 
REGIONAL
Work piles on European Commission as it investigates 50 deals
On 07 February, Politico reported on the increase in work by European Union regulators as they investigate deals based on the new rules aimed at non-EU companies that are supplied with State support, especially from China. The rules entered into force in October and require EU officials to investigate whether the state-funded businesses increase unfair competition for European companies. Currently, the European Commission has 50 deals under review for unfair advantages for foreign subsidies. The Commission had only expected to review 30 in a year; however, it has cleared 12 in four months. Lawyers also raised concerns about the Commission not being adequately equipped to handle the increased number of filings. (Varg Folkman, “EU team combating Chinese subsidies struggles with a flood of deals,” Politico,11 February 2024)
  
EU scraps promoting lab-grown meat from climate proposal
On 09 February, Politico reported on the European Commission scrapping its initiative from its climate agenda for promoting “lab-grown and plant-based meats” following the request from Janusz Wojciechowski, Agriculture Commissioner. Earlier, the EU released its climate goal for 2040 on 06 February including the concessions to farming sector. The previous draft included conditions on producing healthier diets through right incentives, but in the final version the “diversified protein intake” was removed. Lab-grown meats, plant-based alternatives and novel protein were considered as key products to reduce environmental impact. Especially Beef is viewed the largest source of greenhouse gases, although full ban on lab-grown produce has not initiated yet, few governments like Italy have proposed laws. (“EU dumped lab meats from climate plans on farm chief’s demand,” Politico, 09 February)

In Brief
By Alka Bala

FRANCE
Sociologist and political-scientist Alfred Grosser dies at 99
On 08 February, Deutsche Welle reported on the death of Alfred Grosser, a Jewish-origin intellectual and German-French writer in Paris. Grosser’s contribution towards Franco-German relations is significant in restoring bilateral ties between the two nations post-Second World War. Completing his studies at Sciences Po College in Paris, he has authored more than 30 books and publications explaining the mindset of the French and the Germans, while providing internal and external perspectives. He was also a recipient of awards from both countries for his work, and had even received the highest honour of France-  Grand Cross of France's Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor (Légion d'Honneur). His unconventional opinions on Israel provoking a war with Iran in 2007  had garnered him criticism as an antisemite, however, he highlighted that people should be able to criticise Israel without being tagged as an antisemite. (Sarah Judith Hofmann, “German-French sociologist Alfred Grosser dies at 99,” Deutsche Welle, 08 February 2024)
 
Farmers' protest and EU response, a recede for green goals
On 07 February, Politico reported French farmers’ protest against EU environmental standards and import of grains from Ukraine, comprising only 1.5 per cent of the population had forced Emmanuel Macron, French President Emmanuel Macron and Ursula von der Leyen, European Commission President to reverse the green farming rules. It also restricted the massive food imports from Ukraine and scraped the plans to eliminate pesticide use. The upcoming European elections have forced Paris and Brussels to double back on environmental commitments, garnering the strongest political consequences from France, even as the rest of Europe faces farmer’s protests such as in Germany, Poland, Italy and Belgium. Macron’s disapproval of the EU’s Free Trade Agreement with the Latin American Mercosur bloc has sparked criticism from other EU nations. Jordi Cañas, European Parliament’s delegation for Mercosur views this move as an attempt to “divert the attention of farmers.” Whereas Macron believes that if Brussels does not take actions to simply rule in support of the farmers, it would lead to a win for the far-right in European elections. (Giorgio Leali and Victor Goury-Laffont, “The French farmer on a tractor is back — running the EU,” Politico, 07 February 2024)
 
RUSSIA
Boris Nadezhdin, a pro-peace candidate against Putin banned from election
On 08 February, Deutsche Welle reported the ban on anti-war candidate Boris Nadezhdin by Russia’s Central Election Commission from standing in the upcoming presidential elections. Nadezhdin was the opposition’s best hope against Vladimir Putin, the current Russian President who would now run against three namesake opposition candidates, backed by the Kremlin. The ban on Nadezhdin was justified by citing the incorrect signatures obtained from the supporters, where out of a random sample of 60,000 signatures, 9,147 signatures were declared invalid. However, Nadezhdin plans to challenge this decision in the Supreme Court, believing “sooner or later, I will be the President of the Russian Federation.” Nadezhdin during his election rally had campaigned against Russia’s war in Ukraine. (“Boris Nadezhdin: Russia bans antiwar candidate from election,” Deutsche Welle, 08 February 2024)
 
REGIONAL 
EU unable to agree on a consent-based definition of rape
On 07 February, Deutsche Welle reported on the inability of the European Union to agree to a standard consent-based legal definition for rape. Frances Fitzgerald an Irish Member of the European Parliament who was in charge of formulating common guidelines for violence against women in the EU, remarked her displeasure on “disturbing insights into the attitudes to rape” by certain member states and over the inability to get the definition into the directive. Different EU member states have different regulations on rape and its definition; 14 member states follow an “only yes means yes” approach, which specifies clear consent for sexual activity. Whereas Germany and Austria follow the “no means no” principle which means the victims would have to prove their verbal refusal, while the other 11 member nations, including France and East Europe countries, consider resistance to violence or threatening situations as elements of rape. However, the EU’s proposal for a uniform law on rape and violence has been met with opposition from Germany, France and Hungary as they believe the “only yes means yes” principle lacks a “legal basis for provision in European primary law.” (Lucia Schulten, “EU fails to agree on legal definition of rape,” Deutsche Welle, 07 February 2024)
 
Commission launches infringement procedure on Hungary
On 08 February, About Hungary reported on the European Commission’s formal letter to Hungary indicating the launch of an infringement procedure over Hungary’s Sovereignty Protection Act. The Act, which has been in force since December 2023, has powers to investigate activities carried out by foreign bodies, states or individuals that might violate Hungary’s sovereignty or influence the outcome of elections and voter’s will. The law restricts candidates and parties from using foreign funds and allows for punishment under criminal law for doing so. EC found the law as volatile of the “democratic values of the Union; the principle of democracy and the electoral rights of EU citizens” and other rights regarding privacy and protection of personal data and freedom of expression and association. Hungary can take two months to reply to the formal letter. Zoltán Kovács, Hungary’s State Secretary for International Communications and Relations remarked that Brussels and the “dollar left” are attacking the new law as it limits foreign influence and that “the main supporter of the dollar left was George Soros” in the 2022 campaign. He reiterated that according to the law, “accepting campaign funds from abroad is a criminal offense.” (“Zoltán Kovács: The sovereignty protection law is being attacked because its aim is to prevent foreign influence,” About Hungary, 7 February 2024 and “EC to launch infringement procedure over Hungary's Sovereignty Protection Act,” About Hungary, 08 February 2024)

European Parliament calls for a global moratorium after Norway’s clearance for deep-sea mining
On 07 February, the Environmental Justice Foundation reported on the European Parliament’s response to the call for a global moratorium on the industry as a response to Norway’s decision to allow deep-sea mining in the Arctic, earlier in January. Anne-Sophie Roux, Deep Sea Mining Europe Lead, remarked that currently there is a lack of scientific knowledge and “Any mining activity would therefore contradict Norway’s commitment to the precautionary approach, sustainable management, and international climate and nature obligations.” The resolution by the Parliament also raised concerns about the impact of Norway’s deep-sea mining on the EU fisheries, food security marine biodiversity and other impacts on its neighbours. Reports claim that deep-sea mining will provide financial benefits only to a limited few. (“European Parliament responds to Norway’s decision to open the Arctic to deep-sea mining by calling for a global moratorium on the industry,” Environmental Justice Foundation, 07 February 2024 )
 
INTERNATIONAL
Historical tales of caution highlight Carlson as the latest in the trend to support tyrants
On 08 February, Politico reported on Tucker Carlson and his support for Russia as he set to interview Vladimir Putin, the Russian President in Moscow. His support for Putin and Russia was earlier made evident when he had argued for Washington’s support to Russia in the Ukraine war and had labelled Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Ukraine’s President as a Volodymyr Zelenskyy. He is also in tune with Putin’s call for traditional values, against LGBTQ+ rights. Politico draws similar parallels in the past regarding Walter Duranty, bureau chief of the New York Times in Moscow from 1922 to 1936 where he interviewed Joseph Stalin and falsely reported on the millions of deaths in a deadly Ukrainian famine. He won a Pulitzer Prize for his coverage of the Soviet Union however, the New York Times had discredited it. Insights of other supporters of Nazi Germany and Adolf Hitler were William Joyce and Unity Mitford who amplified the Nazi propaganda. (Jamie Dettmer, “Tucker Carlson joins long line of ‘useful idiot’ journalists helping tyrants,” Politico, 08 February 2024)

In Brief
By Alka Bala

FRANCE
Macron addresses a ceremony for French victims of October attacks
On 07 February, the BBC reported on the ceremony held in remembrance of the French victims of Hamas attacks in Israel. Emmanuel Macron, France’s President paid tribute to 42 French who were killed, six injured and three were believed to be taken hostage by Hamas. Macron called the 07 October attacks as “the largest antisemitic attack of our century,” and drew parallels between the 2015-2018 jihadist attacks in Paris, Nice and Strasbourg and the former. The presence of deputies of the far-left France Unbowed (LFI) at the ceremony drew criticism from the victims as the former has not labelled Hamas as a “terrorist” group and instead refers to it as “an armed offensive of Palestinian forces.” France has the largest Jewish community in Europe with almost 500,000 people. (Laura Gozzi, “Macron leads ceremony for French victims of Hamas attacks,” BBC, 07 February 2024)
 
RUSSIA
Yandex, ‘Russia’s Google’ pulls out of the country at a loss
On 06 February, the BBC reported Yandex, selling its operations in Russia for RUB 475 billion, to Russia. The handover of the Dutch-based parent company took place in a USD 5.2 billion deal, which was far less than its estimated value of USD 30 billion in 2021. Yandex, often known as ‘Russia’s Google’ is now a fully owned Russian entity, and was termed as “an asset to the entire Russian society,” by Anton Gorelkin, deputy head of the Russian parliament's committee on information policy. Arkady Volozh, co-founder of Yandex had Publicly spoken out against Russia’s Ukraine invasion, however had to face sanctions from the EU as Yandex faced allegations of “promoting state media and narratives, and removing of critical content against Kremlin.” Earlier in 2022, Yandex had sold some of its online resources to state-controlled media VK, to comply with government demands. (Mariko Oi, “Yandex: Owner of 'Russia's Google' pulls out of home country,” BBC, 06 February 2024)
 
SWEDEN
Government drops probe over Nord Strem explosions, cites lack of jurisdiction
On 07 February, according to Deutsche Welle, Sweden dropped its investigation against the explosions on Nord Stream 1 and 2 gas pipelines. The unexplained explosions took place in the Baltic Sea in 2022 on the gas pipelines that transport natural gas from Russia to Germany. Mats Ljungqvist, Sweden’s Public Prosecutor’s investigation reported that since Swedish interests and its citizens were not targeted hence Sweden lacks the jurisdiction to undertake the investigation. Sweden would be handing over its evidence to Denmark and Germany as they are still examining the blasts. Dmitry Peskov, Press Secretary for Russia President Vladimir Putin remarked on the dropping of the investigation as a “remarkable decision.” (“Sweden drops Nord Stream explosions investigation,” Deutsche Welle, 07 February 2024)
 
REGIONAL
French right-wing joins Italian and Polish conservative groups in EU Parliament
On 07 February, Politico reported on Marion Maréchal, leader of a right-wing fringe party, who announced that Nicholas Bay, its member of the EU Parliament will now join the Euroskeptics, joining forces with Italy’s Brothers of Italy and Polish Nationalist Law and Justice. Maréchal remarked that joining the European Conservatives and Reformists (ECR) groups would allow them to “reduce the centrist influence in the European Parliament.” The move of one MEP also may seem not highly significant, but it is indicative of the larger shift towards the right wing within the EU parliament as the June elections approach. ECR is currently composed of far-right parties from Spain’s Vox and Finlands, The Finns and also of moderate conservatives, Flemish nationalists NVA, and the Czech Civic Democratic party. (Eddy Wax, “France’s right-wing star joins forces with Italy’s Giorgia Meloni in EU Parliament,” Politico, 07 February 2024)
 
Michel highlights increased investments in economy and defence at EIB Forum
On 07 February, Charles Michel, President of the European Council congratulated Nadia Calvino, the newly appointed Head of the European Investment Bank (EIB) at the EIB Group Forum in Luxembourg. In his keynote address, Michel emphasised the importance of improving the European economic base through investment, innovation and technology and focus on security and defence. He highlighted the significance of the EU single market. The importance of data sharing between nations was also considered as vital as it will lead to the provision of better care. Most importantly, Michel highlighted the joint orders and cooperation in military arms production. While mentioning the eight per cent increase in defence budgets of the European allies, he called for an investment of EUR 600 billion in the next ten years. Ultimately he also outlined the necessity for greater job creation and making the economies innovative and competitive. (“Keynote speech by President Charles Michel at the European Investment Bank Group Forum 2024,” Council of the European Union, 07 February 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL 
900 civil servants from the US, UK and EU dissent over Israel Policy
On 07 February 2024, Deutsche Welle reported on the anonymous letter with 900 signatories consisting of civil servants from the US, UK and the EU expressing their discontent with the actions taken by their respective national governments. EU and the US have not backed the idea of a ceasefire, even as deaths in Gaza crossed 27,500. The US continues to provide financial military support to Israel, whereas the EU has called for “humanitarian doors and pauses,” in Gaza. These civil servants highlighted the “silencing culture” in the government, and have asked the governments to rethink their Israel policy that supports the nation “without real conditions and accountability.” Israeli officials have rejected the accusations carried out in the letter and referred to such an act as an attempt to ruin Israel’s good relations with other countries. German Foreign Ministry mentioned that it “takes note” of the letter, whereas the European Commission said that it was “looking into” the statement. ( Rosie Birchard and Ella Joyner, “Gaza war exposes dissent on EU Israel policy,” Deutsche Welle, 07 February 2024)
 
Germany and Mongolia upgrades relations to a strategic partnership
On 07 February, according to a German press release, Mongolia and the Federal Republic of Germany upgraded their bilateral ties and cooperation to the level of a Strategic Partnership after the Mongolian visit by Frank-Walter Steinmeier, the German President from 07 to 08 February. Based on the partnership, Mongolia has promised to support Germany’s permanent seat at the UN Security Council and engage in collaborations in the UN peacekeeping operations. Commitments to the expansion of trade, economic collaborations, and greater investments as part of Mongolia’s Vision 2050 were made, whereas cooperation in education, health, science, culture, sports and gender-inclusive healthcare were highlighted. A joint agreement on cooperation in archaeology and mining would ensure collaboration in natural resources, industry and technology. The countries plan to combat the climate crisis through the deployment of green hydrogen technology and renewable energy. Germany also supported the national Billion Trees movement initiated by Ukhnaa Khurelsukh, Mongolian President. (“Joint Declaration regarding the Strategic Partnership between Mongolia and the Federal Republic of Germany,” Federal Foreign Office, 07 February 2024)
 
Framing of Swiss-Chinese relations during geopolitical uncertainties 
On 06 February, Swissinfor.ch reported on the framing of Swiss-Chinese relations as the Swiss Foreign Ministry formulates a new strategy for China relations for 2025. China is Switzerland’s third-largest trading partner and Swiss authorities had been cautious to not jeopardise its economic ties, even as the EU, US, UK and Canada imposed sanctions on China in 2021, for its human rights violations against the Uighurs. Swiss welcomed the Chinese Premier Li Qiang in January 2024, resulting in the updating of the existing Free Trade Agreement between them. However, this does not cover the export of all Swiss goods, and exporters will still have to pay around USD 200 as Chinese customs duty. Switzerland hopes to restart its dialogue with China on human rights and ensure more transparency this time. However Swiss policy on China would remain pragmatic and neutral even as other countries and the EU are focusing on “de-risking,” and reducing its dependencies on China. (Geraldine Wong Sak Hoi, “How Swiss-Chinese relations are weathering geopolitical storms,” Swissinfor.ch, 06 February 2024)

In Brief
By Padmashree Anandhan

GREECE
Divide among the political parties over same-sex marriage and adoption
On 07 February, Politico reported on Kyriakos Mitsotakis Greece Prime Minister’s attempt in the parliament to pass a bill legalising same sex marriage. The vote being scheduled for 15 February, has not gained much support among his party members, making Mitsotakis rely on leftist opposition group to pass the bill. This has led to the metropolitan bishops to organise protests and warned: “..those who vote for it cannot remain members of the church.” The bill recognises the “right of same-sex couples to adopt,” According to the report, his push behind the bill is viewed to attract the international to repair the earlier reputation damages. In terms of support, both the right and left-wing Syriza party is observed to be divided over gay marriage and adoptions, whereas the stance of centre-left remains unclear. As per the survey by Pew Research Center, many in Greece along with Poland, and Hungary remains to be against same-sex marriage. (Nektaria Stamouli, “Greece’s Mitsotakis makes progressive pivot with same-sex marriage bill,” Politico, 07 February 2024)
 
RUSSIA
Nikolay says no withdrawal from the Arctic Council despite low activity
On 06 February, Nikolay Korchunov, Russia’s Foreign Ministry Ambassador issued statement on the Russia’s decision to not withdraw from the Arctic Council. He highlighted on Russia keeping its “options for foreign policy” open even in case of the council activities not meeting its interest. He said that the council was operation at “its lowest capacity,” and Norway’s failure to restart since it lacks support from other members. The Arctic Council established in 1996 is a high-level intergovernmental forum to promote cooperation and protection. Western countries have suspended their activities since Russia’s invasion into Ukraine. (“Russia Not Ruling Out Withdrawal From Arctic Council if Necessary,” Sputnik, 06 January 2024)
 
SPAIN
Farmers protest over the EU regulations
On 06 February, adding to the farmer protests across the EU, farmer in Spain staged protests demanding for flexibility over the controls imposed by the EU on products of non-EU countries. They blocked the road using tractors, horns and showing placards causing disruption and intend to stage a larger protest in late February. The protest was observed in north-eastern Catalonia, southern Andalusia, and Extremadura in the west. Similar to the farmers in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Italy, they criticised the regulations of EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), high fuel and energy cost to be challenging. (Guy Hedgecoe, “Spanish farmers join wave of protests,” BBC, 06 January 2024)
 
THE UK
Sinn Fein First Minister considered a historic point for the Northern Ireland
On 06 February, in an editorial, Le Monde reported on the latest history point in the Northern Ireland following the formation of new government with Michelle O’Neill as First Minister. It is historic since the Sinn Fein party, a political section of the Irish Republican Army in the civil war between 1968-1998 and took the wheels since 1921 creation post partition of Ireland. It is known for its support for a united Ireland, with O’Neill leading the government alongside Emma Little-Pengelly from the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) sets a new stage to implement the Good Friday Peace Agreement (1998). This deal ended the three decades of fighting between the Catholic republicans and protestant unionists. The agreement instructs for a referendum for reunification, a shift is not in the radar. Although the success is perceived as way forward to pushback the moment in the North. (“A historic turning point for Northern Ireland,” Le Monde, 06 February 2024)
 
REGIONAL
Commission proposes two targets to set the climate goals right
On 06 February, the European Commission proposed two recommendations to meet the EU climate goals. One, it vouched for a 90 per cent cut in the greenhouse gas emissions by 2040. This target is set to help the EU on track to achieve the net zero emission by 2050. In 2022, the emission was reduced by 33 per cent and the commission stressed on more focus for citizens to enjoy the benefit from climate transition. Two, it proposed a document with plans to “capture and store” millions of tons of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission by 2050. The proposal comes a juncture where the EU witness mass farmer protests and a tight climate target to meet. Key reasons behind the proposal are to target climate neutrality and increased CO2 reductions. (“European Commission pushes to slash emissions by 2040,” Deutsche Welle, 06 February 2024)
 
Ursula relaxes the chemical pesticide use
On 06 February, Ursula Von Der Leyen, European Commission President proposed withdrawal of a plan to cut the pesticide use in agriculture as a negotiation against the farmer protests. She indicated that the earlier announced green transition as “symbol of polarization,” and the initial target to half down the chemical pesticide use in the EU had paused in the discussions in the European Parliament. On the farmers, she added: “Many of them feel pushed into a corner…our farmers deserve to be listened to,” but she also insisted on turning the European agriculture into a sustainable form of production. The pesticide problem is only one out of the grievances stated the farmers on protest across Europe where the larger environmental regulation remains debated. (“EU's von der Leyen backtracks on cutting pesticide use,” Le Monde, 06 February 2024)
 
Hungary's vote to Sweden's accession prolongs
On 06 February, in the session held by Hungary’s opposition to vote for Sweden’s accession only 51 MPs participated out of 199 prolonging the decision. While one of the MPs from the left liberal opposition party criticised Victor Orban, Hungary’s Prime Minister for the delay, the conservative Jobbik party and far-right Mi Hazánk party found the vote against its interest. Following this David Pressman who was the attendees in the parliament said: “Sweden's accession to NATO is an issue that directly affects the national security of the United States and also the security of the entire alliance.” (Niklas Zimmermann, “Continue waiting for a yes from Budapest,” Frankfurt Allgemeine, 06 February 2024)

In Brief
By Alka Bala

FRANCE 
Attal survives his first no-confidence motion, calls to “break partisan lines”
On 05 February, Euractiv reported on Gabriel Attal, France’s Prime Minister surviving his first no-confidence motion filed by all left-wing parties, Greens, the Communists, the far-left La France Insoumise (LFI) and the Socialists (PS). The motion only received 124 votes out of the required 289, as the far-right and conservatives did not support the motion. The conservative party, Les Républicains (LR) abstained from voting as it found itself divided between both sides. Manuel Bompard, an LFI lawmaker accused Attal of supporting unfair competition among farmers and food imports affecting domestic food sovereignty. Attal accused the left of “blocking” legislative work and expressed his commitment to “break partisan lines” work with all. (Théo Bourgery-Gonse, “French PM Attal survives first vote of no confidence,” Euractiv, 05 February 2024)
 
GERMANY
Over 150,000 people protest against AfD’s plans for “remigration”
On 03 February, according to Deutsche Welle, around 150,000 people attended a demonstration against the far-right ideologies marking their dissent against the plans for the “remigration” of immigrants, referring to their mass deportations. The protests emerged after the report by Corrective, an investigative network on the far-right meetings attended by political parties Alternative for Democracy (AfD) and Christian Democratic Union of Germany (CDU) and neo-Nazis aiming at “remigration.” The protestors and 1300 associations gathered in front of the German Parliament, the Reichstag building. Politicians from the Social Democrats Party extended support to the protests, where Olaf Scholz, German Chancellor stated on X that these protests are ​​a “strong signal for democracy and our constitution.” (“Germany: Tens of thousands in Berlin protest far right,” Deutsche Welle, 03 February 2024)
 
SPAIN
Unemployment increases by 2.2 per cent, indicates low productivity
On 02 February, Euronews reported on Spain’s struggle with employment as it increased by 2.2 per cent in January, raising the number of unemployed people to 2.77 million. The recent rise in unemployment was attributed to majorly service sector and agriculture sector. Spain’s struggle with unemployment is due to its tight labour market regulations evident in the housing and healthcare sectors, creating a dual labour market system. In Spain, semi-skilled and unskilled people, and immigrants are mostly employed temporarily in seasonal sectors, thus leading to seasonal unemployment during the off-peak times. Spain’s economy is also witnessing low productivity as it grapples with talent and capital issues. However, Spain’s government has assured that it will continue with its cost-of-living measures as Spain’s headline inflation rose to 3.4 per cent in January. (Indrabati Lahiri, “Why is Spain struggling with increasing unemployment?,” Euronews, 02 February 2024)
 
THE UK
Sunak visits the newly appointed First Minister O’Neill, who calls for increased allocations
On 05 February, according to Deutsche Welle, Rishi Sunak, the UK Prime Minister visited the newly appointed administration of Northern Ireland in Belfast. In the meeting, First Minister Michelle O'Neill and Deputy First Minister Emma Little-Pengelly pressed on demands for British to boost its budget offered for the region. Sunak remarked the meeting with the executives was “very constructive” and that the GBP 3.3 billion offered as an incentive was “significant and generous." (“Northern Ireland presses visiting Sunak on budget,” Deutsche Welle, 05 February 2024)
 
REGIONAL
EU approves AI rules after two years of negotiations
On 02 February, Deutsche Welle reported the EU’s approval of rules governing artificial intelligence (AI) safety and use. EU’s draft legislation on AI rules was brought out in 2021, however, it received the final go-ahead from the EU’s 27 countries on 02 February. Theirry Breton, EU Commissioner for Internal Market remarked the Artificial Intelligence Act as “a historical first.” The AI act will govern rules on the use of AI in industries ranging from banking, and the military, to medicine and travel. Countries like Germany and France who opposed the legislation in December, changed their stance after being lobbied by tech companies. The European Parliament would vote on these rules in March or April. Although AI will help boost production and ease workload, its ability to produce deep fakes and spread disinformation raises concerns regarding its use. (“EU states approve landmark AI rules,” Deutsche Welle, 02 February 2024)
 
Russian hacker Akira suspected of being behind the cyber-attack on Icelandic University
On 04 February, according to Iceland Review, net safety specialists and the staff at Reykjavík University (HR) continued to restore the University system and recover files after a ransomware attack. The attack is believed to have been conducted by Akira, a Russian hacker group which usually employs ransomware to steal data and demand payments. Although the university stated that attackers only received basic information on the student body, it has recommended that students and staff be aware of “phishing and use two-factor authentication wherever available.” Classes are expected to resume from 05 February. (Andie Sophia Fontaine, “Russian Hackers Believed to be Behind Cyber Attack on Icelandic University,” Iceland Review, 04 February 2024)

Italy overtakes Germany in economic growth
On 02 February, Politico, based on official statistics reported Italy increased economic growth by 0.5 per cent whereas Germany's growth reduced by 0.2 per cent. The growth plan for the fiscal year indicates a 0.6 per cent growth, whereas Germany’s forecasts reflect a 0.4 per cent. Other positive indicators on Italy’s economy show a 15-year low for unemployment at 7.2 percent compared to the earlier 13 per cent, and the low risk of premium on Italy’s debt. Accompanied by Germany’s dependence on Russia’s cheap energy, the German economy is bearing the brunt of geopolitics due to its deep ties with China and the effects of the Chinese slowdown are reflected in Germany’s exports to China. According to the European Commission’s forecasts, Italy’s fiscal deficit will remain at four per cent above its GDP, whereas the German deficit is expected below 0.4 per cent of GDP, however, German tax hikes and subsidy withdrawals might hinder economic growth. The new expensive carbon taxes would also take longer to show positive results, according to Holger Schmieding, chief economist at Berenberg Bank. (Ben Munster, “Do not adjust your set: Italy is growing faster than Germany,” Politico, 02 February 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL
Meloni’s visit to Tokyo aims at strengthening bilateral ties
On 04 February, Nova News reported on Giorgia Meloni, the Italy’s Prime Minister’s visit to Japan from 04 February to 06 February, focusing on strengthening their bilateral relations and smooth transition of the G7 Presidency, as Japan passes the helm to Italy. The visit will allow the countries to deal with issues of focus in Japanese and Italian Presidencies of G7, which includes the development of AI technology and its governing rules, peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific and greater economic collaboration. The bilateral meeting also aims to discuss political, economic, commercial and cultural cooperation, whereas also discuss the development of the Global Combat Air Program (GCAP), a multilateral initiative between Italy, Japan and the UK aimed at developing sixth-generation stealth fighter planes. PM Meloni is set to meet Japanese business leaders, to boost industrial collaborations with a special focus on the microelectronics sector. (“Meloni flies to Japan: focus on bilateral partnership and G7,” Nova News, 04 February 2024)

In Brief
By Alka Bala

RUSSIA
Russian cosmonaut sets world record for space deployment
On 04 February, Deutsche Welle reported on Oleg Kononenko, a Russian Cosmonaut breaking the world record for space deployment as he completed 878 days in the International Space Station, as announced by Roskosmos, Russia’s space agency. Kononenko expressed his pride in Russia holding the record for “total duration of human stay in space.” Russia and the US cooperate with each other on ISS international projects, despite the continuing Russia-Ukraine war. Kononenko is expected to complete 1000 days in space on 05 June. (“Russian cosmonaut breaks record on space deployment,” Deutsche Welle, 04 January 2024)
 
SWITZERLAND
Swiss soldiers to train in Austria in 2025
On 03 February, Thomas Süssli, Swiss Army Chief announced the upcoming schedule of Swiss soldiers to receive training on urban warfare in Austria by 2025. Swiss army would be training on foreign soil after two decades, previously it had trained in Lower Austria in the mid-1990s. The military training would involve a battalion size of 1000 soldiers, and Süssli highlighted a corresponding call to troops. Süssil also stated on army’s investment of CHF13 billion in the reconstruction of Swiss defence abilities and underscored the possible construction of a training facility in a mountain valley. (“Swiss soldiers to train on foreign soil for first time in 20 years,” Swissinfo.ch, 03 February 2024)
 
Wave of farmers’ protests reaches Switzerland
On 03 February, Swissinfo.ch reported protests by around 30 Swiss farmers who drove into Geneva with their tractors, demanding remuneration for their work, whereas 30 to 40 farmers protested in the Basel regions. Led by Uniterre in Geneva, a French-speaking Swiss farmers’ union raised demands for transparency regarding profits. Farmers’ criticised the supermarkets for the low prices that they paid them. The protests grouped by more than 200 people, raised their call for protest via Instagram. (“Swiss farmers protest supermarket ‘rip-off’,” Swissinfo.ch, 03 February 2024)
  
Switzerland to achieve “closer institutionalised cooperation” with NATO
On 02 February, Swissinfo.ch reported in an opinion, on the Swiss announcement of working closely with NATO given the “deterioration in the security situation.” The government statement highlighted greater defence and security cooperation with NATO and the EU to strengthen the Swiss capabilities. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine highlighted that the Swiss neutrality policy needs restructuring. Although Swiss wants closer ties with NATO, it draws the line at membership, as joining NATO officially would cost the country its neutrality. Considering membership as a disadvantage in this regard, Lea Schaad, a researcher at ETH Zurich underscored the importance of having a neutral state said: “where meetings can be held. Geneva wouldn’t be Geneva were Switzerland in NATO.” ( Thomas Stephens, “Switzerland and NATO: just flirting or the start of a wild marriage?,” Swissinfo.ch, 02 February 2024)
 
THE UK
Nationalist leader Michelle O’Neill appointed as the First Minister in the Northern Ireland
On 03 February, Deutsche Welle reported on the appointment of Michelle O’Neill as the First Minister becoming the first nationalist leader. She will share power with Emma Little-Pengelly, the deputy First Minister, of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP). Despite O'Neill being the first minister-designate since May 2022, the DUP’s boycott of the assembly delayed the appointment and its concerns over the checks and trading rules for Northern Ireland introduced post-Brexit. DUP’s deal with the UK government agreed in the previous week on eased customs checks and other legal changes had assured the unionists. (“Northern Ireland elects first-ever nationalist leader,” Deutsche Welle, 03 February 2024)
 
TURKEY
Security arrests seven people on suspicions of information sharing with Mossad
On 03 February, the BBC reported the seven arrests by a joint raid by police and MIT, Turkey’s intelligence agency on suspicion of sharing information with Mossad, Israeli intelligence. In January, 34 arrests were made on similar suspicions of “military or political espionage” according to Yilmaz Tunc, Turkey’s Justice Minister. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Turkey’s President has warned of “serious consequences” to Israel over its target of Hamas members on Turkish soil. Turkey is a strong Palestine supporter and has termed Netanyahu’s actions undertaken in Gaza as “genocide.” (Robert Greenall, “Turkey Israel: 'Seven arrested for passing information to Mossad,” BBC, 03 February 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL
US-UK strikes on Houthis “not an escalation” says Defence Secretary Shapps
On 04 February, the BBC reported on the US and UK strikes with partners Australia, Bahrain, Denmark, Canada, the Netherlands and New Zealand against Houthi military targets in Yemen. According to the Pentagon, the strikes attacked Houthis’ weapons storage facilities, missile systems, and launchers. The attacks were followed by a statement by David Cameron, the UK’s Foreign Secretary on the “repeated warnings” given to the group and highlighted that “Houthi attacks must stop." Grant Shapps UK’s Defence Secretary justified the attacks as attempts to “preserve the freedom of navigation” and not to escalate the conflict and casualties. Houthis have warned of a “response and punishment” for the strikes. (“Houthi Red Sea attacks 'must stop,' UK says,” Deutsche Welle, 04 February 2024 and Alex Smith, “Grant Shapps says UK and US strikes on Yemen Houthis 'not an escalation',” BBC, 04 February 2024)

EU and Swiss aid Zimbabwe in building climate-smart agriculture
On 03 February, Swissinfo.ch reported on efforts by the EU and Switzerland’s investment of EUR 200 million to help Zimbabwe adopt sustainable practices and make it climate resilient. To deal with poor agricultural output due to the lack of rainfall and climate adversities, the Team Europe Initiative on Greener and Climate-Smart Agriculture supports farmers through animal husbandry. Supporting the country’s livestock sector, the focus is on rearing indigenous cross-bred goats. Out of the total EUR 207 million, Switzerland’s contribution amounts to EUR 34 million. Apart from their 20 support programmes, focused on agriculture, energy, nature conservation and livelihood, training is also provided to the locals to negotiate prices, market and increase production. However, recipients of the programme have indicated a greater need for slaughterhouses and better transportation. The Zimbabwe government’s support for cultivation of Maize, sorghum and pulses has been followed with instructions for no-till farming as it conserves soil nutrients. (Daisy Jeremani, “Switzerland helps bring about climate-resilient agriculture in Zimbabwe,” Swissinfo.ch, 03 February 2024)

In Brief
By Alka Bala

FRANCE
Farmers unions to suspend the roadblocks
On 01 February, according to Deutsche Welle, Arnuad Gaillit of Young Farmers (JA) one of the biggest farmers unions called an end to the roadblocks as the government announced financial assistance and measures to address their problems. Additionally, he also asked the farmers to “move to a new form of mobilisation.” Gabriel Attal, French Prime minister promised cash payments, ease of rules and protections against cheaper foreign goods leading to a diffusing of tensions after two weeks of protests. However, protests continued at Brussels, as grievances at the EU level, such as rules that force farmers to leave part of their land as fallow and its increased import of Ukrainian agricultural products since its invasion in 2022. (“France: Farmers unions call for end to roadblock,” Deutsche Welle, 01 February 2024)
 
GERMANY
Olaf urges for joint opposition against AfD
On 31 January, Deutsche Welle reported on Olaf Scholz German Chancellor’s statements in Bundestag general debate, where he urged for a joint opposition against the far-right Alternative for Germany (AfD) party. Scholz addressed the Friedrich Merz, leader of the opposition and stated that “we should stand together as democrats,” while also voicing his support of the protests against AfD’s discussions on “remigration.” Merz joined in denouncing AfD where he stated that AfD would cause the final downfall for Germany. Rise of support for the far-right parties become evident as latest polls indicated them as second in position at 23 per cent. (“Germany: Scholz calls for joint opposition against far-right,” Deutsche Welle, 31 January 2024)
 
NORWAY
Authorities give warnings over powerful storms since 1992 
On 31 January, ABC News reported on Norwegian meteorologists warning over the storm “Ingunn” which is expected to hit Central Norway. As per the authorities this storm might be the most powerful one since 1992, with gusts that could go up to 126 to 180 kilometres per hour. There have been reports of precautionary measures taken as ferry lines connecting Norwegian Islands temporarily stop their services. Closing of schools, tunnels and bridges indicate the seriousness of red hazard warnings. As of 31 January morning, no flights were cancelled. (“Norway prepares for biggest storm in 30 years,” ABC News, 31 January 2024)
 
SPAIN
Catalonia to face water restrictions due to drought emergency
On 01 February, Deutsche Welle reported on the announcement of a drought emergency in Catalonia as reservoirs in Mediterranean region reported a drop in reserves, 16 per cent below of capacity. Pere Aragones, head of the regional government termed this as “worst drought in the last century.” Owing to the emergency rules, residents will reduce five per cent of their domestic water consumption from 210 litres to 200 litres per day, whereas for farmers the rules require to reduce 80 per cent of their water usage. Officials are considering the option of brining water to Catalonia by ships. (“Spain: Catalonia declares drought emergency for Barcelona,” Deutsche Welle, 01 February 2024)
 
REGIONAL
Russia- Belarus plan to implement nine scientific union state programs
On 01 February, Belta reported Russia and Belarus’ plans to implement nine scientific and technical Union State programs in 2024. Aleksei Kubrin, Deputy Secretary of the Belarus-Russia Union State stated that their set goals have been met on each stage and these programmes and revised as part of regular monitoring. He also mentioned a 38 per cent increase in funding, with the amount exceeding RUB six billion, compared to RUB five billion of the last year. In 2024, plans are also in place to implement six programs of last year concerning with national security, whereas three high tech programs will be implemented this year, for the first time. (“Belarus, Russia to implement nine sci-tech Union State programs in 2024,” BelTA, 01 February 2024)
 
Eurozone inflation drops marginally by 0.1 per cent reports Eurostat Office
On 01 February, Deutsche Welle reported on the announcement of Eurostat Statistics Office regarding the slight drop-in inflation rates in Eurozone. The rates fell in January, by 0.1 per cent compared to December, from 2.9 per cent to 2.8 per cent. Although the expectations were at a drop of 2.7 per cent, nevertheless European Central Bank remains satisfied with the slight progress and its positive of reaching its target of bringing inflation down to two per cent soon. Price of food and semi-luxury goods increased by 5.6 per cent however, still less from the rise of 6.1 per cent seen in December. Additionally, drop in energy prices have been evident but slower. (“Eurozone: inflation sinks slightly to 2.8%,” Deutsche Welle, 01 February 2024)
 
The EU passes Ukraine aid overcoming Orban’s resistance
On 02 February, Deutsche Welle reported on the unanimous approval for the EUR 50 billion aid package for Ukraine after meeting with resistance from Viktor Orban, Hungary’s Prime Minister. After an hour-long meeting, the 27 EU leaders came to an agreement to pass a fund consisting of both grants and loans from the EU budget. Orban has consistently blocked EU decisions and expressed his friendly relations with Russia, leading to delayed EU policies, exasperating the EU. Donald Tusk, Poland’s Prime Minister, expressed his anger with the “Orban fatigue” across the EU. The decision to pass the aid package was previously stalled by Hungary, prompting a second dedicated summit. A point of contention among EU members is the annual “debate” over the review of the aid package, which officials say is “toothless.” Volodymyr Zelenskyy, Ukraine’s President embraced EU’s decision and stated that it “proves strong EU unity.” (Ella Joyner, “EU overcomes 'Orban fatigue,' passes €50 billion Ukraine aid,” Deutsche Welle, 02 February 2024)

In Brief
By Padmashree Anandhan

FRANCE
Farmer protests expand to Rungis market resulting in arrest
On 31 January, following Gabriel Attal, France’s Prime Minister repeated assurance to grant subsidy and tax cuts the farmer protests continued in Paris. Despite government warning to the protestors to not block major sites such as Rungis supermarket, farmers gathered outside resulting arrest of 91. The aim of the farmers was to stop the food deliveries to the supermarket against demand for better pay and lesser environmental regulation. According to one of the police chiefs, Laurent Nunez: “Cannot tolerate disturbances to public order.” (“French farmer protests: Dozens arrested at Rungis food market in Paris,” BBC, 31 January 2024)
 
Nestlé under investigation over water treatment practises
On 31 January, French authorities reported on opening an investigation against the Swiss food company Nestlé under suspicion of fraudulent practises of treating water. According to the report, the investigation comes after a government probe reported in Le Monde said: “…one in three mineral water brands in France undergoes purification treatment supposed to be used only on tap water.” Following a complaint from France's ARS health regulator, the investigation was launched to find out if the natural mineral water label was misleading or not. According to Nestlé Waters, it had passed some waters such as Perrier and Vittel for food safety purpose but had “lost track” on complying with the regulations. As per the French law under the EU directive, it bans “disinfection of water” for which has to be naturally high quality. (“French prosecutors to investigate Nestlé over mineral water treatments,” Le Monde, 31 January 2024)
 
GERMANY
Destatis reports on increase in consumer prices
On 31 January, Germany’s federal statistics agency Destatis released a report on the state of inflation in Germany for January 2024. According to the report, the consumer prices had increased by 2.9 per cent which was lesser from 3.7 per cent in December. It is considered the lowest since June 2021, whereas the energy cost was 2.8 per cent less in January compared to 2023. Overall, the inflation across Europe has restarted towards a downward trend which might not be sufficient for the European Central Bank (ECB) to lower borrowing cost in short period. Timo Wollmershäuser, ifo economic research director said: “Inflation is therefore likely to fall only slowly in the coming months.” (“German inflation drops to slowest pace since mid-2021,” Deutsche Welle, 31 January 2024)
 
Strike across 11 major airports demanding increase in hourly wages
On 01 February, Germany’s airport association ADV reported on cancellation and delay of 1000 flights affecting more than 200,000 passengers due to one-day strike across 11 airports. The strike began on 31 January at the Bonn airport with a passenger control staff not reporting for the night shift. Following this security staff stopped working at the Frankfurt, Hamburg, Bremen, Berlin, Leipzig, Düsseldorf, Cologne, Hanover, Stuttgart, Erfurt and Dresden airports after the trade union called “industrial action.” According to the report, the strike is expected cause major disruptions and flight cancellation with the main security checkpoints to remain closed. The trade union Verdi called for strike over failed negotiations with the Association of Aviation Security Companies (BDLS). They have demanded for increase in hourly wages of EUR 2.80, whereas the BDLS proposed for a four per cent rise which was not close to the demanded rate. (“Germany: Local public transit workers to strike on Friday,” Deutsche Welle, 29 January 2024)
 
SWEDEN
Dangerous object found and destroyed outside embassy in Israel
On 31 January, Swedish police officers reported on finding a “dangerous object” outside Israel embassy in Stockholm. According to the report, the object was considered as an “attempted attack” and was destroyed. The details of the object remains undisclosed but once found was alerted and assessed by the national bomb squad who decided to destroy. Ulf Kristersson, Sweden’s Prime Minister called the situation as “very serious” and confirmed on the investigation by Sweden’s Security Service. Following the incident, surveillance was furthered in the embassy. According to the reports from Swedish tabloids Expressen and Aftonbladet, the object was found to be hand grenade and Sweden’s deputy prime minister said: “Violent extremism must be stopped.” (James FitzGerald, “Swedish police destroy object outside Israeli embassy in Stockholm,” BBC, 31 January 2024)
 
THE UK
Welsh government proposes new law to conserve wildlife
On 31 January, the BBC reported on the Welsh government proposal for a new law to control the loss of wildlife and conserve nature. This includes forming of an independent watchdog to monitor organisations and hold them accountable for environmental issues such as sewage spills and air pollution. On enforcement, the public bodies in Wales will be subject to disclose nature recovery action plan. Opposition parties have voiced out stating the plan was long overdue and urged for a “crack on.” This comes after recent continued criticism against the Welsh government over the gap in environmental protection post-Brexit. Earlier, people had the option to raise concerns on the government or public bodies if found to not abide the green laws to the European Commission but it has turned around after the UK’s exit from the EU. The latest proposal would serve as new environmental principle and is expected to have eight commissioners and 12 additional staff to support the governance body. (Steffan Messenger, “Nature laws to protect wildlife in Wales,” BBC, 31 January 2024)

In Brief
By Padmashree Anandhan

FRANCE
National Assembly approves to include abortion rights in the constitution
On 30 January, France’s National Assembly voted in favour of including abortion rights into the constitution. The move comes following Emmanuel Macron, France’s President promise in 2023 to constitutionalise the abortion bill. In the lower house, 493 voted in favour while 30 voted against. For an amendment into the French constitution, either both chambers of the parliament approve through a referendum or through three-fifth of majority by a joint session, the later, being the preferred option of Macron, the next step of Senate approval is scheduled for 28 February. At the parliament not many major parties stand against the bill but centre-right members seem to oppose as they consider it not necessary to constitutionalise as access to abortion in France is not threatened. (“French lawmakers vote to enshrine abortion in constitution,” Deutsche Welle, 30 January 2024
 
RUSSIA
Putin’s contender submits bit to take part in the election
On 31 January, Boris Nadezhdin, a potential candidate to Russia’s presidential election submitted close to 100,000 signatures from supporters to register for the election. Following this the Central Election Commission will authenticate the signature and decide his candidacy. Nadezhdin is considered the only anti-war candidate and he said: “People understand that their lives and the safety of their families is threatened by what (Russian President Vladimir) Putin is doing.” On submitting the signatures, he stated on calling for protests if rejected by the commission. (“Putin challenger submits bid to run in Russian election,” Deutsche Welle, 31 January 2024)
 
SPAIN
Bill to grant amnesty to Catalans fails in the lower house
On 30 January, the controversial bill to grant amnesty to the Catalan separatists was rejected in the lower house of the parliament. The bill was pushed by Pedro Sanchez, Spain’s Prime Minister in exchange of the support received from the Catalan political group to form the coalition government in 2023. Although the law trigger domestic protests and opposition from the Popular Party headed by Alberto Nunez Feijoo, the bill was important for Sanchez to maintain the government. The bill suffered a setback with no support from the Junts party which comprises Catalans. Junts withdrew its support to the bill asking points on terrorism to be removed. This is because, some of the Catalans who were part of the 2017 secession bid have been charged under terrorism-related crimes. (“Spain: Amnesty bill for Catalan separatists rejected,” Deutsche Welle, 30 January 2024)
 
THE UK
DUP sign deal with the UK ending the political deadlock
On 30 January, the leaders of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) signed a deal with the UK government to revive the power-sharing government in the Northern Ireland. The move comes after two years of “power vacuum” where the nationalist part Sinn Fein won with majority and DUP disagreed to form government due to clash over post-Brexit trade arrangements. To address this the UK and the EU reached a deal to ease the border checks and to bifurcate the goods moving through the Northern Ireland, the UK and the EU. Despite the deal, the DUP continued to boycott and on pressure, the UK approved GBP three billion for public services and made “legislative assurances” to put back DUP. The details of the deal still undisclosed, DUP has agreed to form the government with Sinn Fein party. (“Northern Ireland eyes end to government shutdown,” Deutsche Welle, 30 January 2024)

In Brief
By Alka Bala

ITALY
Inquiry highlights data privacy violations by ChatGPT
On 29 January, the BBC reported on the inquiry by Italy’s Data Protection Authority (DPA), which found breaches of data protection rules. The chatbot by OpenAI collects personal data from its users to train its algorithms. DPA’s “fact-finding activity” found breaches of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation. Italian spokesperson demanded the need for “implementing an age verification system” and an “information campaign to inform users on their right to opt-out from the provision of their personal data.” OpenAI had earlier reported continuing its talks with the Italian regulator and has 30 days to prepare its defence. (Imran Rahman-Jones, “ChatGPT: Italy says OpenAI's chatbot breaches data protection rules,” BBC, 29 January 2024)
 
RUSSIA
Putin joins three other registered candidates for upcoming presidential elections
On 29 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the Central Election Commission announcement of the registration of Russian President Vladimir Putin for presidential elections to be held from March 15-17. Putin joins the three registered candidates, Leonid Slutsky, leader of the nationalist LDPR party, Vladislav Davankov, deputy speaker of the State Duma, and Nikolai Kharitonov, Duma deputy from the Communist party. Boris Nadezhdin, another potential candidate has until 31 January to collect 105,000 signatures supporting his campaign. In his fifth presidential election, a victory for Putin would make him the longest-serving ruler in Russia since the 18th century. (“Russia: Putin registered as presidential candidate,” Deutsche Welle, 29 January 2024)
 
THE UK
Rwanda bill faces criticism in House of Lords
On 30 January, the BBC reported the criticism faced by Rishi Sunak, UK’s Prime Minister’s flagship Rwanda bill during the first stage of debate in the House of Lords. The attempt to kill the bill by Liberal Democrats failed after a vote that allowed the bill to move to the next stage. Archbishop of Canterbury Justin Welby remarked the bill’s damage to “national unity” and to asylum seekers. Lords also criticised the shoddy nature of the bill, how it “punishes” asylum seekers and not smuggling gangs. The government’s declaration of Rwanda as a safe country was met with opposition and was seen as an attempt to overturn the facts. Division within the Conservative Party on the bill is evident, as 60 Tory MPs backed the bill without any amendments whereas dozens suggested their willingness to abstain or oppose the bill entirely. Voting on the bill in the House of Lords is expected to take place by next month. (Sam Francis, “Rwanda Bill criticised by peers at first stage in House of Lords,” BBC, 30 January 2024)
 
DUP members ‘take a decision’ on restoring power-sharing
On 30 January, BBC reported on Northern Ireland’s Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) deciding on the deal for restoring power sharing. Sir Jeffrey Donaldson, leader of DUP, provided a detailed update to other executive members in a meeting held in Lisburn on the deal to restore power-sharing government at Stormfront. DUP has been in dialogue with the UK government for changes in arrangements agreed in the UK-EU Windsor Framework deal. Details of the deal are yet to be released by the party. Still, aspects of the deal discussed would include an east-west political body to discuss interests between Northern Ireland and Great Britain, a business organisation similar to InterTrade Ireland focusing on trade, and new legal guarantees of access for Northern Ireland traders dealing with Great Britain. (Enda McClafferty, “DUP officers 'have taken a decision' on the deal to restore power sharing,” BBC, 30 January 2024)
 
REGIONAL
Post-Brexit requirements on food importers likely to cause supply disruptions
On 30 January, the BBC reported on the new guidelines on food and plant product imports into the UK post its exit from the EU’s single market. The new food checks require consignments of fresh food and plant imports from the EU to contain a veterinary certificate, leading to increased red tape. The consignments are required to adhere to the guidelines from 31 January, however actual food checks at the border would take place only after three months. Checks are expected to bring in food inflation, raising the overall level of prices by 0.2 per cent over three years. Concerns are raised regarding the limited availability of vets, increased expenses and the potential loss of perishable goods due to the delay, causing a pause or disruption in the continuous supply of goods. Labour Party proposes the need for a Veterinary Agreement with the EU, catering to the raised concerns. (Faisal Islam, “New Brexit food checks will test Britain’s supply chains,” BBC, 30 January 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL
Amazon’s iRobot deal falls through; The EU slams it anti-competitive
On 29 January, Deutsche Welle reported on Amazon’s decision to discontinue its proposed acquisition of iRobot, an automatic Roomba vacuum cleaner manufacturer for USD 1.7 billion. This decision comes through as the European Union believes the acquisition would be anticompetitive and would hinder the sales of its competitors in France, Germany, Italy and Spain. Amazon views this decision of the European Commission as imposition of “undue and disproportionate regulatory hurdles.” The termination of the deal resulted in a fall in the shares of iRobot to more than 14 per cent in trading. (“Amazon abandons iRobot buyout after EU objections,” Deutsche Welle, 29 January 2024)
 
Meloni proposes energy investment plan in the Rome Summit
On 29 January, Giorgia Meloni Italian Prime Minister sought to diversify its energy supplies and aims to be the energy hub in the southern Mediterranean. According to her Africa Plan, she plans energy investments, where Italy would collect energy from Africa via pipelines and distribute it throughout Europe. Meloni’s proposal seeks a non-predatory-patronising approach towards Africa, treating them as partners. She also highlighted diverting 70 per cent of the EUR four billion climate fund in support of green transition in developing countries to fund this plan. (Hannah Roberts, “As Meloni embraces Africa, Europe holds its breath,” Politico, 29 January 2024)
 
Red Sea crisis disrupts shipping of perishables from Europe
On January 26, Politico reported the disruption caused in shipments of perishables from Europe, especially southern Europe, due to the re-routing of ships around Cape of Good Hope, given the crisis in the strait of Bab el-Mandeb. The re-routing comes with the cost of a delay of three weeks, a five-fold increase in container prices and risks of possible decay of fruits and vegetables en route. Countries such as Italy, Cyprus and Greece find it difficult to reach their goods into Asian markets incurring losses of billions of euros. Such concerns have resulted in exports being dumped on the Europe market, where Europe is used as a transit route or a a destination for these goods. Although French manufacturer Danone negated “any significant short-term impact,” it’s evident that the EU is facing uncertainty in its global supply chains. (Alessandro Ford, “Spoilage alert: Red Sea crisis hits Europe’s fresh food trade,” Politico, 26 January 2024)

In Brief
By Padmashree Anandhan

THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Parliament approves stricter rule amending gun law
On 26 January, the lower house of the parliament approved amendment to the gun laws which tightens the rule over owing the weapon for more than a month. The move follows after the mass shooting at the Charles University which led to the death of 14 people. The suspect who killed was a licenced gun user with eight legally owned weapons, this became the symbol of the attack as there was question over the purchases of the weapons nor the suspect had criminal record. The amendment is yet to pass through senate and needs signature of president and will come into force not until 2026. It mandates an online register of guns and its owners and demands gun shops to disclose report if any purchase seemed suspicious. Further police officers will also have power to seize the weapon under precaution. (Rob Cameron, “Czech Republic MPs vote to tighten gun laws,” BBC, 27 January 2024)
 
FINLAND
Alexander and Pekka head to runoff election after the first round
On 28 January, in the held first round of presidential elections in Finland, Alexander Stubb, former Prime Minister emerged as the winner with 27.1 per cent votes. Whereas the runner up position was secured by Pekka Haavisto, former Foreign Minister with 25.8 per cent votes. As per the polls, 74.9 per cent was the voter turnout with major parties vouching to take a strong stance against Russia. Stubb said: “You know what, we made it to the final, but the competition will only begin now.” On the same day, Haavisto said: “This is a splendid result from the first round and a very big gap to those behind us.” (“Finland: Ex-PM Stubb wins first round of presidential vote,” Deutsche Welle, 28 January 2024)
 
FRANCE
Farmers' continue to protest in Paris despite pledges from Attal
On 28 January, Gerald Darmanin, France’s Interior Minister ordered deployment of massive police to prevent the protests by farmers' affecting the market. Farmer union from the Lot-et Garon area initially announced to cutdown Rungis International Market that supplies fresh produce across Paris and attempt to block the traffic. On 29 January, the government and the farmers' are scheduled to meet to discuss on the agricultural policy and Emmanuel Macron, France’s President pledged to keep farmers' from causing any disruptions. The key concerns of the farmers' remain to be the fuel tax subsidies, environmental regulation, and impact of cheap imports due to EU competition practices. To address this, Gabriel Attal, France’s Prime Minister vowed to remove the fuel tax and “simplify” paperwork, but despite such promises farmers' continue to stage protest across France. (“France: farmers and police set to face off in Paris,” Deutsche Welle, 28 January 2024)
 
ITALY
Summit in Rome commences with the Africa Union
On 28 January, Italy-Africa summit began in Rome under the Mattei Plan. The aim of the summit is to present African countries vision for the development of Africa. 25 African leaders along with representatives from the EU took part to discuss on strategic partnership, causes of irregular migration, counter smuggling gangs. It is also aimed at making Italy as energy hub to facilitate supplies from Africa and help Europe. In a press conference, Georgia Meloni, Italy’s Prime Minister said: “Everything that happens in Africa concerns us, from migration to security and supply chains. For us, the proper development of the African continent is fundamental.” She also highlighted Italy’s approach towards Tunisia in addressing the migrant and refugees entry and indications in reduction in the numbers. On the same the European Commission issued a statement calling the Mattei Plan of strategic partnership to be fitting well with its “joint vision of 2030 between the EU and Africa Union.” The Mattei Plan discussion will also include talks over agriculture, and environment where Italy and Africa can work together. (“Italy summit to present vision for African development – PM,” Ansa English, 28 January 2024; EU gives blessing to Mattei Plan, says 'fits our vision',” Ansa English, 28 January 2024)
 
SPAIN
Government plan to pass amnesty bill triggers protests
On 28 January, thousands of people in Madrid gathered to protest the amnesty given for Catalan separatists on the failed secession bid in 2017. The protest was organised by the conservative opposition party “Partido Popular” (PP), and was attended by Alberto Nunez Feijoo, the party leader, Mariano Rajoy, former prime minister and Diaz Ayuso, president of the Madrid area. According to reports from the police, 45,000 had taken part in the protest holding placards with the sign “No to amnesty.” Feijoo said: “..nobody will force a country on us that we have not voted for.” For Pedro Sanchez, Spain’s Prime Minister the decision is important as the support from the Catalan parties are important to hold the government. The Amnesty bill is scheduled to be voted in the lower house of the Parliament and if passed, would remove the legal charges on the Catalan activist who played important role in the 2017 secession attempt. (“Spain: Mass rally in Madrid against Catalan amnesty bill,” Deutsche Welle, 28 January 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL
Burkina Faso receives tonnes of wheat as gift from Russia
On 26 January, Nandy Some Diallo, Burkina Faso’s Minister for solidarity and humanitarian action expressed gratitude for the grain delivery of 25,000 tonnes of wheat from Russia. Ties between Moscow and Burkina Faso which was closed since the fall of USSR gained back after Russia opened its embassy again in December 2023. The country which is currently witnessing acute food shortage and quarter of all children under age five experience stunted growth. This is due to severe security crisis and the failure of the military junta to counter Islamist militants. Russia being one of the largest producers of wheat is predicted to supply 45 million tonnes of wheat by 2024. (Natasha Booty, “Burkina Faso thanks Russia for 'priceless gift' of wheat,” BBC, 28 January 2024)
 
The US grants sale of F-16 jets to Turkey
On 27 January, the US government approved sale of F-16 fighter jets to Turkey worth USD 23 billion following Turkey’s ratification of Sweden’s NATO accession bill. As per the deal, 40 F-16 fighter jets will be sent to Turkey along with modernisation kits. The US will also be sending 40 F-35 fighter jets to Greece worth USD 8.6 billion. Sale of fighter jets to Turkey was withheld in the congress earlier due to its delay in approving Sweden’s entry into the NATO, Turkey’s human rights record and also its act to hold Russia accountable for the war in Ukraine. (“US approves F-16 fighter jet sale to Turkey worth $23bn,” BBC, 26 January 2024)

In Brief
By Rosemary Kurian

FRANCE
Farmers’ protests continue for the second week
On 25 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the blockade by farmers’ unions of major highways in south-west France as they approached Paris. Major highways have been barricaded and roads blocked over their demands of reduced diesel price, EU subsidies and slashed bureaucratic procedures. This marks the greatest challenge in Gabriel Attal, the new French Prime Minister’s agenda as the right-wing, led by Marine Le Pen’s National Rally, takes the opportunity to frame Macron’s government against farmers’ interests. Meanwhile, Ursula von der Leyen, the European Commission President, has inaugurated her “strategic dialogue” with the farmers to heed to their concerns and suggest alternatives before the European Parliament elections. (“France: Farmer protests edge closer to Paris,” Deutsche Welle, 25 January 2024)
 
French Court deems one-third of the immigration bill unconstitutional
On 25 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the decision by the French Constitutional Council to declare 32 out of the 86 articles of the controversial immigration bill unconstitutional. Almost one-third of the bill has been rejected by the court which had created significant anger and protests against the government. Macron’s government was forced to add these parts to gain the support of the far-right parties due to a failure to achieve a majority in the lower house. Marine Le Pen’s National Rally called the decision a “coup by the judges”. The bill as law suggested cutting of social benefits for immigrants and made family reunification difficult. (“France's top court rules against parts of immigration bill”, Deutsche Welle, 25 January 2024)
 
REGIONAL
Reports estimates major victory for far-right in the EU elections
On 25 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the report published by the European Council on Foreign Relations (ECFR) that predicted a major victory for far-right parties in the European Parliament elections in June. The report sees a potential coalition between conservative parties and radical groups in the Parliament that could significantly alter EU policy towards climate and immigration. The AfD in Germany is emerging as the second largest in the state, and Geert Wilders’ party for Freedom won most seats in the Netherlands. The report predicts far-right victory in France and Italy and a close second in Spain, Sweden and Germany in the polls. A far-right victory could hamper the European Green Deal and create anti-immigration policies that could affect the European agenda, given member states accept. (Roshni Majumdar, “Right-wing parties forecast for gains in 2024 EU elections,” Deutsche Welle, 25 January 2024)

In Brief
By Rosemary Kurian

FRANCE
Two killed during the protest by farmers
On 24 January, the BBC reported on the death of a 35-year-old farmer and her 12-year-old daughter as a car crashed into a roadblock during a protest by farmers in Toulouse. In the south-west of France, one of its key agricultural regions, farmers have blocked roads to protest against EU climate policies and energy costs after a meeting with Gabriel Attal, the French Prime Minister. A report on the accident in its initial review suggests that the incident was not deliberate. The victim farmer was a member of the FNSEA farmers’ union, a key union leading the protests in France. The protesting farmers have been named “gilets verts’ (green jackets), holding the yellow jacket movement as a precursor. (Chris Bockman and Paul Kirby, “French protests: Female farmer and daughter killed as car hits French protesters”, BBC, 24 January 2024)
 
French MEP Hayer to lead Renew party in the EU Parliament
On 24 January, Politico reported on the decision by the Renew Party, the third largest in the European Parliament, to appoint the French MEP Valérie Hayer as the leader of the Renew Party, ahead of elections in June. The Renew party consists of centrist and liberal politicians and with Hayer, who is also co-leader to the Europe Delegation led by French President Emmanuel Macron, the party could potentially be under French control. Others interested in the post have conducted negotiations with Hayer and agreed to her nomination, in a group content with a single leader nomination. Since the rise of right and far-right parties in Europe, the Renew Party is expected to slide from third largest to the fourth or fifth position. (Eddy Wax, “French Renew MEP Valérie Hayer on course to lead European Parliament’s third-largest faction”, Politico, 24 January 2024)
 
GERMANY
Railway union calls for the longest strike in German history
On 24 January, the BBC reported on the strike called by the GDL rail drivers’ union as an extension of a long-standing dispute with the state-owned Deutsche Bahn (DB). The strike has been called for six days to force the government to fulfil the union’s demands of increasing their pay due to inflation and cutting their work hours without a pay cut. Until the strike ends, the DB has announced an emergency timetable of the rail schedule. Such a halt in railways, for a cumulative 136 hours, is the first in recorded history. Volker Wissing, the German Transport Minister, urged for dialogue with the union but offered no acceptable solution. The rail drivers are demanding the cutting of the work week from 38 to 35 hours without a pay cut. The strike has halted significant movement and could cost the German economy up to EUR 1 billion. The current offer by the DB is either a one hour cut in the work week with no pay cut or a rise in wage by 2.7 per cent. (Paul Kirby, “German train drivers stage longest strike on record,” BBC, 24 January 2024)
 
TURKEY
Parliament approves Sweden’s accession into NATO with 287 in favour
On 23 January, Politico reported on the decision by the Turkey’s parliament to ratify Sweden’s membership into NATO, with a majority of 287 votes to 55 in the assembly. Following the ratification, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the Turkey’s Prime Minister, is expected to sign the final approval for accession. The diplomatic talks which went over 20 months concluded positively for Sweden, as Jens Stoltenberg, the NATO Secretary-General, focused his attention on getting Ankara’s approval as he expected Hungary to be a lesser problem. Erdoğan, however, turned out to be a lesser problem for Sweden than Viktor Orbán, the Hungary’s Prime Minister. Orbán is following the same disruptive strategy he follows in EU policy making, which leaders of NATO earlier considered an act for relevance. Orbán has shown his criticism over Sweden’s claim of democratic backsliding in Hungary. Orbán’s Hungary is the last NATO country in the 31-member military alliance to approve Sweden’s accession. Sweden left its policy of neutrality and approached NATO after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. (Stuart Lau and Leyla Aksu, “Turkey approves Sweden’s NATO bid, leaving Orbán as final holdout”, Politico, 23 January 2024)
 
REGIONAL
EU farmers express their frustration over the EU “technocrats”
On 24 January, Politico reported on the frustration of farmers protesting across the EU over the policy decisions made by “technocrats” in the EU, claiming that the EU’s climate-friendly policies were harming their livelihoods. Several French farmers are headed to the European Parliament to express their anger. The “over-regulation” by the EU through carbon emission cuts and high taxes have made farmers susceptible to unfair international competition. The EU’s decision to cancel import duties for grain from Ukraine due to the Russian invasion has led to protests in Romania and Poland due to unfair competition and threat to their source of income. The far-right parties have utilised the protests to propagate their agenda. Farmers suggest they are largely apolitical because they do not believe any party reaching them can help them as the EU “technocrats” “call the shots” in policies. (Nicolas Camut, “Frustrated farmers slam EU ‘technocrats’ who ‘call the shots’ in Brussels protest,” Politico, 24 January 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL
Trump's victory could mean the end of NATO’s security in Europe says Daalder
On 25 January, Politico presented the opinion of Ivo Daalder, former US ambassador to NATO on the potential weakening of the NATO military alliance led by the US, if Trump is elected as the President of the US. During his previous term, Trump had warned that NATO was obsolete, therefore he would pull out American support. With Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, the significance of NATO to Europe’s security was brought into light. If the US pulls out of the alliance, it will continue to exist, with most members being Europeans and Canada. However, it would lose its efficiency since many resources including the supreme commander of NATO have been US contributions. It would cease to be a formidable threat of deterrence to Russia, putting European security at risk. Even if an elected Trump does not pull out of the military alliance, it would weaken in its potential without a significant US presence, given Trump’s dislike towards most international alliances that invest in the security of other states. (Ivo Daalder, “What another Trump presidency would mean for NATO,” Politico, 25 January 2024)

BELGIUM
New tax regime to affect expats 
On 22 January, Politico reported on the decision by the Belgian Parliament to scrap the special expatriate tax regime, which allowed tax benefits to expatriates working in Belgium since 1983. The new scheme would grant such benefits only to those earning over EUR 75,000 gross income per year, which could only apply to perhaps 10 per cent of expatriates. The new regime was an effort to close a loophole in the tax system that was meant to allow tax benefits to temporary workers from abroad. Expats will now go through the same tax regime as Belgian residents, which has the potential to reduce the attractiveness of the Belgian employment market to foreigners who might now prefer France and the Netherlands. The high taxes on expats would, however, benefit Belgian companies as the previous necessity to hire consultants to calculate differential tax benefits would no longer be needed. (Ketrin Jochecová, “Expats in Belgium face life under new tax regime”, Politico, 22 January 2024)

FRANCE
Farmers' protests the key agenda before EU elections
On 22 January, Politico reported on the continued farmers’ discontent in France, becoming the campaign agenda ahead of the European Parliament elections in June. Gabriel Attal, the French Prime Minister, supported President Macron’s past efforts and tried to understand farmers’ concerns. He promised to give the farmers their fair share and balance their needs with environmental restrictions.  Jordan Bardella, a 28-year-old far-right leader and key contender of the campaign under Marine Le Pen’s National Rally, blamed “Macron’s Europe” to be against the agricultural sector and called for a “state of emergency” of the farming sector. The protests that have spread through France, Poland, Germany and Romania over taxes, subsidy cuts and the EU policy of ‘Farm to Fork’ have become a deciding factor ahead of EU elections and governments are trying to battle against the mounting pressure from far-right groups who urge a protectionist policy on farming, threatening Macron’s rural support base. (Victor Goury-Laffont, “Farmers’ protests sweep France, seizing agenda before EU elections,” Politico, 22 January 2024)

GERMANY
Lawmakers consider creating a ‘European army’
On 23 January, Deutsche Welle reported on a proposal that could allow European citizens outside of EU countries to serve in the Bundeswehr, the German Army. Boris Pistorius, the German Defence Minister, first suggested the plan due to severe shortage of personnel in the defence forces. This could allow Europeans in the UK (former EU state) and the neutral state of Switzerland to join the Bundeswehr. Europeans who have spent years in Germany can use the opportunity to speed up their naturalisation process, according to Marie-Agnes Strack-Zimmermann, the chair of the Bundestag’s defence committee. The proposal foresees the creation of a “European army in the long term,” since Germany is cooperating with France and the Netherlands to secure the deal. It could also be extended to potential future members of the EU and even NATO (which will be complicated due to American domestic politics). Pistorius aims to create a war-ready European army within eight years, which Strack-Zimmermann wants done in five, given the creation of bulwarks by Baltic states due to the Russian threat. (Zac Crellin, “Germany weighs allowing foreign citizens into the army,” Deutsche Welle, 23 January 2024)

Germany suggests means to curb drug trafficking
On 22 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the decision by Germany to engage in global cooperation to curb the threats of drug trafficking within Europe. Nancy Faeser, the German Interior Minister, stated that drug smugglers were targeting the German port of Hamburg and other major ports in Belgium, France and the Netherlands and perpetuating a “spiral of violence” against journalists and prosecutors in these countries. Faeser would be visiting South America to extend cooperation with them to prevent smuggling into Europe. She also recommended preventative measures through identification of companies involved in trafficking and threats extended to port workers by cartels. (“Germany calls for more global action against drug smugglers,” Deutsche Welle, 22 January 2024)

Doppelganger murders lookalike to fake her death
On 22 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the Bavarian court dismissal of the plea to delay the trial of a Beautician, who murdered her lookalike, to make it look like it was her death. After contacting the lookalike through Instagram, the accused invited her to Ingolstadt under the promise of a free beauty treatment, where the accused instead took the victim to a wooded area and stabbed her more than 50 times. The reason for the defendant to fake her death is due to disagreements between her family and her former partner. Konrad Kliegal, the presiding judge refused the plea from defence requesting a pause on the trial as new investigation files were submitted to the court. (Richard Connor, “German 'doppelganger' fake death murder trial moves ahead,” Deutsche Welle, 22 January 2024)

THE UK
House of Lords called for delay of ratification of UK-Rwanda treaty
On 23 January, BBC reported the House of Lords voted 214 to 17, urging the government to not ratify the treaty until the gaps in Rwanda’s Asylum procedures are completed. Although the vote is a non-binding motion, it represents the extent of opposition Prime Minister Rishi Sunak will face. The motion was proposed by Lord Goldsmith, Labour Party’s former Attorney General highlighted the 10 outstanding issues with Rwanda’s asylum system and reported that “protections promised by Rwanda’s treaty haven’t been introduced yet.” According to the government, the new treaty establishes an appeal body, an independent committee with powers to enforce the treaty and a monitoring committee, which will allow the asylum seekers and their lawyers to file complaints. (Sam Francis & Harry Farley, “Rwanda asylum scheme: Peers vote against approving Rwanda treaty,” BBC, 23 January 2024)

REGIONAL 
Von der Leyen drafts election campaign standards for commissioners
On 22 January, Politico reported on the document, dated 21 January, drafted by European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen sets out rules and ethical standards to be followed by commissioners who want to run for European Parliament elections scheduled in June. According to the rules, the commissioners who want to contest as a candidate for European Parliament elections or stand as their party’s lead for becoming European Commissioner President will not be allowed to use the staff, budget and other office resources for their Commission for their campaign purposes. They are also guided to have separate social media accounts to differentiate between their statements made as a European Commissioner and as a candidate. Von der Leyen is yet to confirm if she will be running for a second term, however, the announcement regarding the same is expected next month. This document would be adopted by the College of Commissioners on 24 January. (Barbara Moens, “Don’t give up the day job! Von der Leyen sets out election campaign rules for commissioners (including herself),” Politico, 22 January 2024)

European Commission to adopt an Economic Security Strategy
On 19 January, Politico reported on the European Commission plan to adopt an Economic Security Strategy by 24 January to deal with the economic risks accompanied by the geopolitical tensions between China and the US. Brussels through the new strategy aims to protect and promote domestically developed technology and industry, a common approach for exports and a monitoring of external investments. The entire strategy is mostly non-binding legislation, with three strategic papers and one proposal positioned as guidance for the members. This proposal would increase Brussels' powers as now the Commission would be able to screen external investments made by the bloc members, which was earlier solely limited to the powers of national governments. (Camille Gijs, Pieter Haeck, Kathryn Carlson and Koen Verhelst, “EU warms up for fight over economic security,” Politico, 19 January 2024)

INTERNATIONAL
British Conservatives divided over Trump Support for 2024
On 23 January, Politico reported the clear distinction among Conservatory Party MPs for their support for Trump 2.0, as a strong number of Tory MPs have expressed praise for the former president. Paul Goodman, editor of ConservativeHome along with other Tories, position Trump as ‘pro-Britain’ and given the growing closeness between China, Russia and Iran, they believe the US would attempt to project similar strength. Trump’s support by the ex-Prime Minister Boris Johnson, highlighted how his “presidency can be a big win for the world.” However, other conflicting Tories were amused at British politicians supporting a candidate who has “no respect for rule of law and democratic institutions.” ( Andrew Mcdonald, “Britain’s Conservatives are warming to Donald Trump 2.0,” Politico, 23 January 2024)

The US & the UK launch fresh strikes against Houthis 
On 23 January, the BBC reported on the second joint attack by American and British forces against the Houthi rebels in Yemen, hitting eight targets targeting ships in the Red Sea. The US and the UK stated that the attacks were to enable the “free flow of commerce” in the Red Sea, a key global choke point, and to de-escalate the conflict. A joint statement suggested a potential new round of strikes, if necessary, against Houthi targets. David Cameron, the British Foreign Secretary, stated that the UK demands a “permanent, sustainable ceasefire” in Gaza. The strike aimed at “self-defence” from Houthi attacks was conducted with the support of Australia, Bahrain, Canada and the Netherlands. (Ruth Comerford and Frank Gardner, “US and UK launch fresh strikes on Houthis in Yemen,” BBC, 23 January 2024)

In Brief
By Alka Bala and Rosemary Kurian

FRANCE
Three police officers suspended over brutal racial assault 
On 20 January, BBC reported the suspended sentences of the three French policemen who had brutally assaulted Théo Luhaka leaving him with permanent disability and irreversible anal injuries. The three officers in February 2017, had assaulted Luhaka during a stop and search in Aulnay-sous-Bois, where he was also racially abused and spat at. Officer Marc-Antoine Castelain was handed a 12-month suspension for being found guilty of the assault whereas the other two officers, Jeremie Dulin and Tony Hochart, were handed a three-month suspension for intentional violence. (“Théo Luhaka: French police officers given suspended sentences for brutal assault,” BBC, 20 January 2024)

Temporary ban for commercial fishing in Bay of Biscay
On 20 January, according to the BBC, France announced a temporary ban on commercial fishing, starting 22 January till 20 February to protect dolphins. As French marine experts estimate the death of 9000 dolphins in the Bay of Biscay, each year due to being caught accidentally in fishing gear. All boats longer than 8m will be banned, putting 450 vessels out of fishing. This ban sparked criticism from fishermen, who fear the loss of their livelihood and the fishing industry estimated a loss of millions of euros. However, the French government has promised compensation, and according to Minister Christophe Béchu, “75% of losses would be covered and paid as quickly as possible." (“Bay of Biscay: France temporarily bans fishing to protect dolphins,” BBC, 20 January 2024)

RUSSIA
Communists gather for centenary of Lenin’s death
On 22 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the celebration of 100 years since the death of Vladimir Lenin, the founder of the USSR. Few communists gathered near Moscow’s Red Square, to pay their respects outside the mausoleum where Lenin lies, in a gathering led by Gennady Zyuganov, the General Secretary of the Russian Communist Party. Vladimir Putin’s absence was noted, as a critic of Lenin, blaming him for committing grave errors in dismantling Tsarist Russia. The opinion of the Russian population on Lenin is divided between a revolutionary saviour or a “ruthless despot.” (“Russian communists mark 100 years since Lenin's death,” Deutsche Welle, 22 January 2024) 

SWITZERLAND
Swiss Councillor in India to finalise FTA 
On 21 January, swissinfo reported on the meeting between Guy Parmelin, the head of the Swiss Department of Economic Affairs, Education and Research and his Indian counterpart to reach an agreement of free trade between India and the EFTA countries. The negotiations for the agreement that went on for 16 years, concluded with agreements on patent protection and investment promotion among other things. The agreement would create jobs in India and encourage eco-friendly technology while also benefiting the poor, according to Parmelin. (“Swiss economics minister in India for final push on EFTA trade agreement,” swissinfo, 21 January 2024)

Footwear maker On criticised for making unethical profits
On 19 January, swissinfo reported on the steep growth of the Swiss footwear maker On, which prides itself of having Tennis legend Roger Federer as an investor, through unethical means. On has the fifth largest market capitalisation in the world and increased its net sales by 68.7 per cent in the first year. However, the Swiss consumer magazine Ktipp noted that On has exorbitant markups that cheat Swiss consumers by a minimum of 10 per cent. On is also known to pay its suppliers, mostly in Vietnam, an average minimum wage based on Vietnamese standards and below a living wage despite its steep profits. (Anand Chandrasekhar, “Is Swiss footwear brand On getting too greedy for its own good?,” swissinfo, 19 January 2024)

REGIONAL
The EU considers its Red Sea mission to deter Houthis
On 22 January, Deutsche Welle reported on a plan proposed by the EU to deter the Houthi attacks targeting commercial vessels in the Red Sea. After the US-UK strike against the Houthis in Yemen, the EU decided on an alternative maritime mission with a defensive nature, separate from the US-led ‘Operation Prosperity Guardian.’ The EU fears a greater escalation in the war if it interferes against the Iran-backed militants. The EU’s foreign diplomacy service, the European External Action Service, has suggested sending warships in the Red Sea to patrol the region. They recommend the reorientation of Agenor, an existing French mission in the Strait of Hormuz. Antonia Tajani, the Italian Foreign Minister, stated that the expansion of the Agenor mission is an easy solution. The EU, however, remains concerned about potential escalation of conflict, as well as a potential failure of the mission, which could make it look weak. (Ella Joyner, “Red Sea crisis: Can EU warships deter Houthi rebels?,” 22 January 2024)

INTERNATIONAL
Putin’s potential visit to Pyongyang in the works
On 21 January, Deutsche Welle reported on Russian President Vladimir Putin’s potential visit to Pyongyang as North Korea’s state agency news (KNCA) reported the president’s willingness for the same when he met North Korean Foreign Minister Choe Son Hui in Moscow. KNCA also reported on the agreement of both nations for greater strategic and tactical cooperation, whereas Russia expressed its gratitude for North Korea’s support in its war against Ukraine. The US predicts a drastic change in the threat posed by both these countries if they continue seeking closer ties, while Russia acquiring ballistic missiles from North Korea has also raised concerns among the US and its allies. The KNCA is yet to release a date for Putin’s North Korea visit, however, it’s expected to take place in the foreseeable future. (“North Korea says Putin planning Pyongyang visit,” Deutsche Welle, 21 January 2024)

Russian aircraft crashes in Afghan’s Badakhshah province
On 21 January, according to Deutsche Welle, a Russian aircraft, presumed as a Russian charted ambulance is reported to have crashed in Badakhshah, a mountainous province sharing borders with China, Tajikistan and Pakistan. Four among the six onboard survived the crash, including the pilot, whereas two were reported dead by Taliban Officials. The flight was en route to Mosicw, via Uzbekistan from Thailand and had refuelled in India, according to their statement. The ambulance charter was a Dassault Falcon 10 jet, which was French-made in 1978. (“Russian plane crashes in northeastern Afghanistan mountains,” Deutsche Welle, 21 January 2024)

Four-man space crew lands on International Space Station
On 20 January, according to Deutsche Welle, the mission Ax-3, operated by Axionm Space, landed on the International Space Station. The four-man crew consisted of Axiom Commander Lopez-Algeria, a Spanish retired NASA executive, and the second in command, Walter Villadei, Italian Air Force Colonel. Joined by Marcus Wandt, who represented the European Space Agency, and Turkey’s first astronaut, Alper Gezeravci represented the Turkish Space Agency. Launched from NASA” Kennedy Space Centre in Florida, using the SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket and Crew Dragon capsule, the astronauts will spend two weeks on International Space Station ISS, studying the effects of microgravity on human beings among other things. (“Four-man crew arrives at ISS with Turkey's first astronaut,” Deutsche Welle, 20 January 2024)

EU & US near deal to allow police access to e-info to investigate cases
On 18 January, Politico reported on the decision between the EU and the US to reach a deal that would allow European police forces to access information from American tech forms to investigate cases. The agreement has had previous concerns over breach of privacy and potentially, civil rights. The US can already access information from major companies like Google, Amazon and Meta through its CLOUD Act (2018) while data requested from the EU take years to get approved. The concerns to the agreement include both a breach of privacy and potential by countries with democratic backsliding to misuse the powers. (Clothilde Goujard, “EU, US near deal on police access to online data,” Politico, 18 January 2024)

In Brief
By Alka Bala and Rosemary Kurian

BELGIUM
Brussels to join European mission in the Red Sea
On 19 January, Politico reported Belgium’s decision to send a warship, the frigate Louise-Marie, equipped with 16 anti-missile Sea Sparrow missiles to the European Mission in the Red Sea. After much reluctance from the left-wing parties in Hadja Labib, Belgium’s Foreign Affairs Minister announced the country’s participation in the mission countering attacks by Houthi rebels and would focus on achieving a ceasefire in Gaza while ensuring access for humanitarian aid convoys in the region. (Jeremy Van Der Haegen, “Belgium sends warship to Red Sea,” Politico, 19 January 2024)

ESTONIA
Bunkers to be built along border with Russia for defence
On 19 January, ERR News reported on the decision by Estonia to install hundreds of bunkers along the Russian border, in a plan by the Baltic states to build “anti-mobility defensive installations” to strengthen Baltic defence, as decided during the 2023 NATO Summit in Madrid. The bunkers would be built in peacetime and can be used for other purposes, and explosives and barbed wire would be avoided to maintain the peacetime. The installations would help prevent a regional military conflict and are expected to start by 2025 at a planned budget of EUR 60 million. However, they wouldn’t be built across the sea coast, which shall employ an alternative maritime strategy using missiles and naval mines. (“Estonia to build 600 bunkers along Russian border,” ERR News, 19 January 2024)

Estonia in favour of investigation against Serbian elections
On 19 January, ERR News reported on an open letter signed by Marko Mihkelson, the Chairman of the Foreign Affairs Committee of the Riigikogu (Estonian Parliament), and other EU affairs countries from 16 countries asking the EU to conduct an independent investigation against suspected malpractices in the Serbian parliamentary and local elections. The signatory countries including Denmark, Italy, Germany, France, Ukraine and the UK hope to see Serbia as a member of the EU in this decade and called for the investigation to fulfil its requirement as a democracy respecting the rule of law, and over concerns of its continued allegiance to the Russian Federation. The committees have urged the EU to conduct fresh elections in Serbia, depending on the results of its investigation. (“Estonia signs open letter calling for Serbian elections investigation,” ERR News, 19 January 2024)

GERMANY
Scholz condemns right-wing intentions of ‘deportations’
On 19 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the support shown by Olaf Scholz, the German Chancellor, towards protests condemning plans by the right wing AfD party to mass deport migrants. Scholz likened the plan with Nazi ideology and stated that the act by right-wing extremists was a threat to democracy. Protests arose after the German investigative site Correctiv exposed a meeting among right-wing extremists of the AfD and their plans towards mass deportations from Germany. Demonstrations in Hamburg were brought to a close due to overwhelming attendance by protesters, reaching up to 50,000, according to the Agence-France Presse. Protesters have planned another 90 demonstrations in German cities including Frankfurt, Nuremberg, Bonn, Berlin and Munich this weekend. (“Germany: Scholz welcomes protests against far right,” Deutsche Welle, 19 January 2024)

Bundestag passes bill easing naturalisation and dual citizenship
On 19 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the decision by the Bundestag, the German lower house of the parliament, to pass a bill which allows naturalisation of citizenship in five instead of eight years and expanded the reach of dual citizenship to most countries (and not just the EU). In a move to increase skilled labour in Germany, Nancy Faeser, the German interior minister, stated that they are replicating the US and Canada in attracting qualified people. The bill was voted against by conservative (CDU, CSU) and far-right (AfD) parties in an attempt to “preserve the value of German citizenship”. The coalition government under Scholz has promised to strengthen laws against illegal immigration and failed asylum seekers. (“Germany's parliament approves easing dual citizenship”, Deutsche Welle, 19 January 2024)

LITHUANIA
Youth remain uninterested in politics
On 11 January, Delfi.en reported on the lack of interest showcased by Lithuanian youth towards political processes and civic responsibilities in the country. Umberto Masi, the President of the Lithuanian Youth Council, agrees to insufficient youth participation and blames the flaws in civic education as the primary cause. Further, the period of Russian occupation of Lithuania, mental health issues and consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic contribute to youth behaviour. Given the effect each issue has on the youth, Masi stated that youth voices often go undervalued. Lithuanian youth are passionate about ecology, climate change, LGBTQIA+ rights, education and employment. Masi suggested that the youth need to be honed towards being better citizens through practical activities in the form of civic and community engagement and rethink the methods used in schools. He further stressed on the importance of the need for the youth to feel heard on matters that directly affect them. (Gabija Zdanytė, “Why young Lithuanians, too, are disappointed with politicians, explained.” Delfi.en, 11 January 2024)

THE UK
UK Health agency declares national incident; cites surge in measles
On 19 January, Politico reported the declaration of a national incident by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) stating the need for immediate action to increase the uptake of measles, mumps and rubella vaccines (MMR). Jenny Harries, Chief Executive of the agency also cited the need for a long-term plan to prevent large measles outbreaks. Risk groups involve women, babies and children with weak immune systems. Besides London, West Midlands witnessed the highest cases and reported 216 confirmed and 103 probable cases in Birmingham city. The agency also reported on the risks faced by low-vaccinated communities. (Mari Eccles, “UK disease agency declares national incident as measles cases soar,” Politico, 19 January 2024)

REGIONAL
Baltic Assembly reassert support for Ukraine; To set up common Baltic defence zone
On 19 January 2024, according to ENG LSM.Iv, the Baltic Assembly comprising of parliaments of Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania reasserted their unequivocal support for Ukraine’s “integration into Europe and the Euro-Atlantic space” while demanding the need for Jānis Vucāns, vice-president of the Baltic Assembly said: “European actions to ensure the complete victory of Europe.” The assembly also emphasised the provision of military, financial and political support to Ukraine to enable them to recover their territories, while urging the international community to increase their sanction on Russia. The countries also agreed on setting up common Baltic Defense zones on their borders with Russia and Belarus. As per this plan, the states would focus on building while also constructing "anti-mobility defensive installations," to ensure missile-artillery cooperation while Estonia plans on building 600 bunkers, along the 294-kilometre-long border with Russia. According to Arvydas Anušauskas, Lithuanian Defence Minister, the country stated its current collaboration with the US to develop HIMARS rocket capabilities. Whereas Latvia stated the completion of its anti-mobility plans, and increase in other border-strengthening steps. (“Baltic parliaments reaffirm strong support for Ukraine,”  ENG LSM.Iv, 19 January 2024 and Sergey Goryashiko, “Baltic states plan common defense zone on Russia border as security concerns mount,” Politico, 19 January 2024)

Lithuanian Prime Minister discusses the EU security with Commissioner Breton
On 19 January, EN Delfi reported on the meeting held by Ingrida Šimonytė, the Lithuanian Prime Minister with Thierry Breton, European Union Commissioner for Internal Market and discussed matters of strengthening the EU security and defence industry. Šimonytė also called for increased military support to Ukraine, while highlighting that future strategies should ensure the development of defence capabilities production and reserves. On the economic front, she underlined the importance of involvement and integration of small and medium-sized enterprises in the EU supply chains. (“PM discusses strengthening of EU security and defence industry with Commissioner Breton,” EN Delfi, 19 January 2024)

EU Commissioner promises production of a million shells annually
On 20 January, ERR News reported that Thierry Breton, the EU Commissioner for Internal Market, met with Kaja Kallas, the Estonian Prime Minister, to discuss the EU’s increasing capacity towards defence preparedness. In an attempt to aid Ukraine in its war against Russia, Kallas had proposed the ‘One Million Shells Initiative’ as a target for annual production for joint procurement by the EU. Breton stated that the EU would reach its target of producing a million shells a year by March-April, 2024, and exceed its capacity by the end of the year. (EU commissioner Breton: Million shells will be produced in Europe by April,” ERR News, 20 January 2024)

In Brief
By Alka Bala

INTERNATIONAL
EU sets a maximum limit of EUR 10,000 for cash payments aiming to reduce money laundering
On 19 January, Deutsche Welle reported the EU’s plan to combat money laundering and cryptocurrency. Financial intelligence units of member countries will have increased powers to supervise suspicious accounts and suspend transactions. New rules also require crypto-asset providers to undergo due diligence report suspicious activities of their customers, and monitor transactions up to EUR 1,000 or more. This EU regulation will expand to football clubs and agents as well. EU hopes that these measures will help in tackling widespread money laundering and terrorist financing. (Roshni Majumdar, “EU seeks cash payment limit, tougher money laundering rules,” Deutsche Welle, 19 January 2024)

GERMANY
Destatis reports a gender pay gap of 18 per cent
On 18 January, Deutsche Welle reported based on the research by the Federal Statistics Office, Destatis, that women earned 18 per cent less than men since 2020. Women earned an average of EUR 20.84 per hour whereas men earned EUR 25.3. The gender pay gap varied within Germany where East Germany had a lower gap at seven per cent. The gender pay gap could be likely due to women taking greater absences, due to childcare and household responsibilities. According to the report, the pay gap could also be caused by women’s greater involvement in marginal employment and part-time work. Across the EU women are paid 13 per cent less than men. (“Gender pay gap in Germany: Women earn 18% less than men,” Deutsche Welle, 18 January 2024)

SPAIN
18 people from a shamanic group arrested for providing psychoactive drugs 
On 18 January 2024, the BBC reported the arrest of 18 members of a shamanic organisation by Spanish police, alleging their involvement in providing hallucinogenic drugs to its members under the promise of promoting physical and mental health through such consumption. Police also seized EUR 24,000 (USD 26,000), in various currencies, and one kilogram (35oz) of mescaline. Some of the suspects are charged with human trafficking, violation of workers’ rights and smuggling, whereas the group leader posthumously was sexual crimes and promotion of illegal immigration. Besides Spain, the group has been reported to be active in 10 other countries, including Belgium, Ireland, Mexico, Colombia and Turkey. ( Sam Hancock, “Spain shaman arrests: Police say group sold psychoactive drugs to members,” BBC, 18 January 2024)

REGIONAL 
Sparks over treatment of the EU migrants to the UK
On 18 January, The Guardian in an opinion piece reported the row over the treatment of the EU migrants in the UK, citing the difficulty faced by a Spanish woman, residing and living in Bedfordshire on her re-entry to the UK, after a family visit to Spain. Britain, post-Brexit has been denying 4000 EU migrants into the country every quarter, citing undocumented work and study plans.  According to Oxford University’s Migration Observatory, most of the people rejected are from Romania, Bulgaria, Poland and Portugal. Highlighting the loss of growth and trade as a result of Brexit, it’s questionable if Britain has succeeded in “taking back control of its borders,” as 142,000 EU citizens wait in anxiety and uncertainty for their settlement applications to be reviewed since September 2023. Whereas hostility in Britain’s actions regarding migration has led to a demand for reciprocal behaviour by the EU citizens. (María Ramírez, “EU citizens are being kicked out of the UK. In Spain, people are asking: why not treat Brits the same way?,” The Guardian, 18 January 2024)

RUSSIA
Top diplomat Sergei Lavrov dismisses US proposal to resume nuclear arms talks
On 18 January, El País reported the rejection of the US proposal for Russia and the US to resume dialogue on nuclear arms control. Russia’s Foreign Minister stated the nation’s disapproval of engaging in talks with the US, given its hostile policy against the former and its military support to Ukraine. Asking the US to revisit its current hostile policy, allowing nuclear inspections is the US trying to establish control over Russia’s nuclear arsenal, and to identify the risks that it faces. The New START treaty, which was signed in 2010, by the US and Russia was the only existing arms control treaty between the nations, It was halted during the pandemic and discontinued as Russia suspended its participation as the US and NATO stated it supported Ukraine and was committed towards the Russian defeat. (“Russia’s foreign minister rejects a US proposal to resume talks on nuclear arms control,” El País, 18 January 2024)

GERMANY
Parliament votes for easing the deportation of rejected asylum seekers
On 19 January, according to  El País, the German Parliament voted for legislation that eases the deportation of unsuccessful asylum seekers, allowing them temporary permission to stay in Germany for reasons such as illness, a child with residency and lack of ID. The legislation increased the maximum length of pre-deportation custody from 10 to 28 days, while specifically focusing on the deportation of individuals who are connected with criminal organisations. The legislation came through as thousands of people protested against the plans of the far-right to deport migrants. Germany to date has provided asylum to around one million Ukrainian refugees. (“German parliament approves legislation easing deportations of rejected asylum seekers,” El País, 19 January 2024)

REGIONAL
NATO to start the biggest military exercises with 90,000 personnel
On 18 January, El País reported NATO’s plans to conduct the biggest military exercises, named ‘Steadfast Defender 24’, would involve troops from 31 member nations including the recently joined member, Sweden. Exercises are scheduled to begin next week and troops will move through Europe till the end of May. The exercises come through as the Russia-Ukraine war continues and are aimed at displaying the strength and ability of the alliance to defend its entire territory up to the borders of Russia. The UK is expected to send 20,000 troops, accompanied by fighter jets, surveillance planes, warships and submarines and is expected to deploy them in Eastern Europe from February to June. (“NATO to start biggest wargames in decades next week, involving around 90,000 personnel,” El País, 18 January 2024)

EU institutions prepare to challenge transfer of funds to Budapest
On 18 January, El País reported the European Parliament’s 345-104 vote to challenge the European Commission if it had all the necessary measures “to protect EU’s financial interests”, before releasing funds to Hungary. The funds were supposed to be released after Hungary’s show of support for rule of law reforms on the independence of the judiciary and political interference. However, the parliamentarians feel that Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán hadn’t done enough to earn the funds. They also criticised European Commission President Ursula von der Leyen for her approval of funds before Hungary abstained to vote on a crucial Ukraine vote at a summit. EU leaders fund themselves at odds with Orbań’s actions and have blocked funds of around 20 billion euros due to similar rule of law concerns. (“European Union institutions gear up for a fight over Orbán’s rule of law record, funds for Hungary,” El País, 18 January 2024)

German arms industry ramps up production for Ukraine
On 16 January, Deutsche Welle reported in an opinion article about Germany and Russia increasing arms production as the Russia-Ukraine war continues. Germany will be delivering the fourth Iris-T battery by the end of the winter and four more systems by 2024 according to Ukrainian Air Force spokesman Yurii Ihnat. Two major German arms contractors sending supplies to Ukraine are Rheinmetall, providing ammunition for Ukraine’s anti-aircraft tanks and Diehl Defense, which produces Iris-T. Earlier, Russia had presented its arms production figures, which stated a 50 times increase in ammunition production of small arms and a seven times increase in the production of tanks. However, Nico Lange, a security expert, commented on the quality of Russian battle tanks, which appear to be refurbished and lack modern targeting devices, highlighting its risks in combat. He emphasised how the outcome of a long war is ultimately decided by the quality of weapons. ( Frank Hofmann, “German arms makers boost supplies for Ukraine,” Deutsche Welle, 16 January 2024)

In Brief
By Alka Bala

BELARUS
Tinder is to leave the Belarusian market on 15 February
On 17 January, according to Politico, Tinder, the dating app company, reported its intentions to exit Belarus possibly over its support for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. However, Match Group, Tinder’s parent company has not disclosed the exact reason for its pullback from the country. Previously in July 2023, it exited the Russian Market stating its commitment to human rights, however, there were reports in November 2022 where Tinder was used to identify critics of Belarus President Alexander Lukashenko. The app users will be able to match and chat with other users until February 15, according to the company press release. (Sejla Ahmatovic, “Tinder swipes left on Belarus after Valentine’s Day,” Politico, 17 January 2024)
 
ITALY 
Influencers to be bound by stricter rules of Italian Communication Authority
On 18 January, BBC reported that Italian social media creators would have to follow the same rules as traditional media outlets as they would come under the supervision of the Italian Communications Authority. The influencers will strictly have to label brand collaborations, and commercial interests, present disclaimers for advertisements and are liable to pay hefty fines if they fail to do so. Initially, the rule shall apply to influencers that have more than a million followers, but “soon other influencers will also have to adapt to them”, said Giacomo Lasorella, head of the Italian Communications Authority (AGCOM). ( “Italian influencers to be bound by tighter rules," BBC, 18 January 2024)
 
THE NETHERLANDS 
Targets to cut obesity lowered marking failure of 2018 National Prevention Plan
On 17 January, Politico reported plans of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) to lower its targets for tackling obesity. The target outlined in the 2018 plan was to lower obesity to 38 per cent among adults and 9 per cent among children, however, these targets have now been reduced to 55 per cent for adults and 14 per cent for children. Other measures to introduce a sugar tax, reduction in VAT for fruits and vegetables and banning and phasing out food advertising were not implemented. Concerns among Dutch NGO Foodwatch are high as more than half of the adult population is obese in the Netherlands, and the involvement of fast-food companies in policy-making for public health will not help in achieving targets. (Alessandro Ford, “Lower obesity in the Netherlands? Fat chance, says government,” Politico, 17 January 2024)
 
RUSSIA
3000 protestors gathered in support of a jailed environmentalist 
On 18 January, Deutsche Welle reported a rare protest in the remote Bashkortostan region against the prison sentence of local environmentalist Fail Alsynov. He had campaigned in support of protecting the Bashkir language but was labelled as “inciting hatred” by the authorities. Broadly, the protest is also an expression of dissatisfaction against their government, as they demanded the resignation of the Bashkir Prime Minister. The police had used tear gas and batons against the protestors who had gathered in sub-zero temperatures, -20 Celsius. (“Russian police crack down on rare protest in remote region,” Deutsche Welle, 18 January 2024)
 
THE UK
Rwanda Bill passed in House of Commons with 320 to 276 vote
On 18 January, Deutsche Welle reported lawmakers voted in favour of the much-debated Rwanda Migrant Bill in the House of Commons. The bill was positioned as a contentious immigration policy as it planned to send Asylum seekers arriving in England to Rwanda, as illegal and legal migration increased in the UK. As part of Rishi Sunak, UK's Prime Minister “Stop the Boats” campaign, the bill was widely debated as there were concerns about the safety of asylum seekers in Rwanda and whether this bill would violate international humanitarian law. The motion to tighten the bill was quashed by the government and revealed a conflict of opinion among the Tory MPs. As one-fifth of the Conservatives backed in favour of the Bill, two party members, including deputy chairman Lee Anderson resigned in protest. (“UK: House of Commons passes Rwanda migrant bill”, Deutsche Welle, 18 January 2024) 
 
INTERNATIONAL
Russia and Niger strengthen bilateral military cooperation
On 17 January, according to RT, Russia and Niger have agreed to increase military cooperation and military-technical cooperation to deal with insecurity in the Sahel region. The statement from the Russian Defence Ministry came after talks between Nigerien defence chief Salifou Modi and his Russian counterparts, Yunus-Bek Yevkurov and Alexander Fomin. Niger’s government post-coup is aiming to strengthen ties with Russia, Serbia, Turkey and Iran to collaborate in areas such as defence, agriculture, energy, healthcare and crude oil. The new government has shown signs of cutting ties with its former Western partners as they terminated all military treaties with its former colonial power, France. (“Russia strikes African military cooperation agreement”, RT, 17 January 2024)
 
Russia-North Korea boosts ties as top diplomats meet, discuss US escalating tensions
 On 17 January, RT reported talks between Russian President Vladimir Putin and North Korea’s Foreign Minister Choe Son-hui, aimed at strengthening bilateral ties, “ensuring peace and stability in Northeast Asia” and boosting cooperation in areas of science, culture and trade. Choe’s visit was preceded by the North Korean leader’s visit to the Kremlin in September 2023. Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov, stated Moscow’s stance on the US and its Asian satellites trying to destabilise the region, causing an escalation in tensions between North and South Korea, as the latter conducted joint military drills with the US throughout 2023. (“US policy on North Korea destabilizing region – Lavrov”, RT, 16 January 2024, “Putin meets with North Korean foreign minister”, RT, 17 January 2024)

Europe in Brief
By Rosemary Kurian

FRANCE
Macron announces key reforms 
On 16 January, Le Monde reported on a rare press conference hosted by Emmanuel Macron, the French President, in the Elysée Palace, outlining his vision for reforms in his last term in office, after a cabinet reshuffle. Macron told the press that he would introduce uniforms in schools on an experiment-basis, make learning of "La Marseillaise," the French national anthem compulsory, and ensure drama classes for all students to make them confident public speakers well versed with key texts. He further planned to regulate children’s screen time for the better use of technology. Macron aims to make the French borders more controlled and crack down on drugs and radical Islam in French streets. Internationally, Macron promised continued support to Ukraine and stated that his decision to join the US alliance against the Houthis in Yemen was to prevent a regional escalation. Macron has turned towards a revitalised last term since the appointment of Gabriel Attal, his new Prime Minister, amid losing support in the country and the Parliament. Marine Le Pen, leader of the far-right opposition party Rassemblement National (RN), called his press conference “interminable chatter”. (“Macron outlines term's next reforms,” Le Monde, 16 January 2024)

Lafarge company to be probed for complicity to crimes in Syria
On 16 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the French court’s ruling that cement company Lafarge could be held accountable for complicity to crimes against humanity in Syria during the civil war. The Court of Cassation upheld that given Lafarge paid EUR 13 million to possibly elements like the Islamic State to keep its factory in Syria running during the war, they would be held accountable. Lafarge has already pleaded guilty in the US for paying millions to both Islamic State and the Nusra Front. An appeal that was filed by Lafarge’s Swiss parent company Holcim was thrown out by the court, upholding a lower court’s decision. The lawyer representing Sherpa, a French campaign group, called the act a “partial victory”, since they were one step closer to trying the company for crimes against humanity. On accusations that the company put its labour at risk in Syria, the court denied it, given French labour laws do not apply abroad. (“French court rules Lafarge can be probed over Syria crimes,” Deutsche Welle, 16 January 2024)

New education minister criticised over comments about public schools
On 16 January, Politico reported on criticisms faced by Amélie Oudéa-Castéra, the newly appointed French education minister, over her lack of respect for the French public schooling system. Oudéa-Castéra came under fire after criticism of her choice to send her children to elitist private schools. Her children go to a Catholic private school in Paris known for its traditional religious approach, a decision she blamed on the absenteeism of her son’s previous public school teacher. She later apologised but has been met with increasing calls to resign from office by unionists and parents’ representatives of the public school system, who say she highlights the failure of President Macron’s administration over the state of the schools. Oudéa-Castéra was earlier under controversy during her term as sports minister for accusations against the British team Liverpool FC during the UEFA Champions League in 2022. (Victor Goury-Laffont, “Macron’s new education minister under fire over kids’ private education,” Politico, 16 January 2024)

LUXEMBOURG
Frieden wishes to mend ties with Hungary’s Orbán
On 16 January, Politico reported on Luc Frieden, the new Luxembourgian Prime Minister’s plan to ‘build bridges’ between the EU and Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán. Orbán’s government has consistently expressed its criticism of the EU through its pro-Russia stance, disruption of Ukraine’s membership into the EU and EU policies on migration. Orbán had also vetoed an aid package worth EUR 50 billion for Ukraine from the EU. However, Frieden believes that Orbán is pro-European and wants his counterparts in the EU to make an effort to understand him better and be more open to different and opposing views, which could enable them to achieve a common goal. While Frieden supported Orbán, he also expected a Hungarian effort to mend its relationship with the EU. Hungary is believed to be the latest victim of democratic backsliding, leading to the freezing of EUR 11.7 billion of earmarked EU funds. (Nicolas Camut and Barbara Moens, “Luxembourg’s new PM wants to be the EU’s Orbán whisperer,” Politico, 16 January 2024)

THE UK
Politico reports Truss’s lobby over export of security goods to China
On 15 January, Politico reported on a private letter written by former Prime Minister Liz Truss addressed to Kemi Badenoch, the British Business and Trade Secretary, lobbying for the sale of military equipment to China on behalf of Richmond Defence Systems, a firm in her constituency of Norfolk. British security officials had earlier blocked a licence to Richmond Defence Systems from exporting landmine disposal equipment to China. The security rules were made for the safety of the British foreign policy and that of its ally Taiwan. Truss had in 2023 made a speech in Taiwan urging Prime Minister Rishi Sunak to declare China as a “threat” to the security of Taiwan, also calling for provision of more arms to Taiwan for its self-defence. Truss’ political career including her brief time at 10 Downing Street was built on a harsh anti-China policy, which the letter correspondence has brought into question. Her spokesperson justified the act as concern for her constituents. (Graham Lanktree, “Liz Truss secretly lobbied ministers to ‘expedite’ defense exports to China,” Politico, 15 January 2024)

INTERNATIONAL
Switzerland and China agree to bolster free trade
On 15 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the joint declaration made between Viola Amherd, the Swiss President, and Li Qiang, the Chinese Premier, on the sidelines of the annual meeting in Davos. Both parties agreed to expand the existing free trade agreement, which had stalled post concerns over human rights in China, and improve bilateral relations. Switzerland had in 2013 become the first country in continental Europe to have signed a free trade deal with China. Talks between the foreign ministries of both countries towards a stronger free trade agreement are expected to follow. China has further agreed to provide visa-free entry to Swiss citizens in China, which Switzerland has agreed to reciprocate. China is Switzerland’s third largest trading partner. (“China, Switzerland agree to strengthen trade ties,” Deutsche Welle, 15 January 2024)

Global divisions displayed through diverse speeches by China and EU
On 16 January, Politico reported on the open cracks in global politics as Li Qiang, the Chinese Premier, and Ursula von der Leyen, the President of the European Commission, gave their speeches at the annual World Economic Forum in Davos. Li Qiang offered a speech of a confident China that welcomed foreign investments with “open arms” in an opportune economy that has recently seen a decline and loss of confidence. He emphasised on increased coordination between China and the west in technology, green goals and the free market while calling the US a “capricious” force in global politics. Von der Leyen emphasised on the need for democracy and freedom in a Europe that was portrayed as the global leader to woo investors. She urged for a renewed link between the public and private sector in the face of great divide and confrontation in global politics. This year’s rendezvous at Davos proved to be excessively portraying a divided world, with a small US delegation leaving the Swiss Alps unusually early. (Claudia Chiappa and Jamil Anderlini, “China vs. EU in Davos: Dueling speeches display global divisions,” Politico, 16 January 2024)

Europe in Brief
By Meenakshi R, Alka Bala and Rosemary Kurian

THE UK
Budget cuts "torpedo" Scottish climate change targets
On 15 January, the BBC reported on the failure of the Scottish government to achieve its woodland cover targets due to a budget cut by the British government. Afforestation in 14,000 hectares of land would be cut down to 9,000 hectares. Scotland's Forestry Grant Scheme supporting the creation of woodlands has been cut down by 41 per cent, according to forestry groups Woodland Trust Scotland and Confor. Stuart Goodal, the CEO of Confor, noted that the Scottish government's ambitious efforts had been falling short over the last five years, but the new budget cuts could widen the gap. This could affect Scotland's aim of net zero emissions by 2045. Mairi Gougeon, the Scottish Rural Affairs Secretary, stated that the government will try to maximise its efforts at creating woodlands, which, despite the cuts, would be more than the rest of the UK's forest cover. (Kevin Keane, “Climate change target warning over forestry cuts”, the BBC, 15 January 2024)
 
Heavy snow alert disrupts travel in Scotland
On 16 January, the BBC reported on new travel warnings released by Scotland's transport services as temperatures drop to minus four degrees Celcius. Public transport agencies have warned of difficult driving conditions with 20 centimetres snow above the surface. The transport resilience team announced that they would be managing resources based on the situation. Transport Scotland will minimise the effects of any disruptions that may befall the transport sector. Drivers have been urged to stay careful and travellers to postpone their plans due to a yellow alert for ice and snow throughout Scotland. Railway passengers were urged to check the ScotRail website to know the status of trains. As schools closed down due to extreme weather conditions, the situation is expected to persist until Thursday. (“Travel warning as snow and ice alert extended to all of Scotland”, the BBC, 16 January 2024)
 
Northern Ireland to witness mass union strikes
On 16 January, the BBC reported on the upcoming union strikes by members from 15 unions due to a prolonged lack of pay rise amid heightened inflation. Many including nurses, bus drivers, teachers and civil servants will join the strike on 18 January due to significant pay rise in the rest of the UK. Chris Heaton-Harris, the Northern Ireland Secretary, allocates the budget to Northern Ireland, which the employers suggest is not enough to match up to workers' demands. The strike is potentially the biggest in Northern Ireland since the Ulster Workers' Council strike of 1974. Transportation services and schools are expected to be affected on Thursday, as will be health services. Several hope that a settlement with the DUP could potentially dilute the protests. (Finn Purdy, “'Who is going on strike on Thursday?' And other questions answered,” the BBC, 16 January 2024)

Impending job losses as Welsh Gwynedd Shipping Company ceases operations
On 15 January, BNN Breaking reported the closure of Holyhead-based Gwynedd Shipping Company engaged in services of shipping, transport, warehousing, and customs clearance leaving the local community worried about the job losses. An Anglesey Council spokesperson has stated the County Council’s commitment to alleviate the effects of closure and provide opportunities to the displaced while working in close collaboration with the Welsh government and other partners. The company’s closure directly impacts the livelihood of the employed 50 staff and spreads a broader fear of potential job loss. (Saboor Bayat, “Gwynedd Shipping Ceases Operations: A Blow to North Wales’ Shipping Industry,” BBN Breaking, 15 January 2024, “Gwynedd Shipping: Reports Welsh logistics company has shut,” BBC, 16 January 2024)
 
Rwanda Bill likely to be shot down; faces opposition from both sides
On 16 January, BBC reported the decision of more than 60 Tory MPs to toughen up the Rwanda Bill through amendments to ensure that it’s watertight as the discussion resumes in the House of Commons today. The legislation faces opposition from both sides of the Conservative Party, as the right feels it would not prevent legal challenges while the One Nation Party group feels any amendments to the bill would risk breaking international law. However, the decision of Lee Anderson and Brendan Clarke-Smith, two Deputy Conservative chairmen, to vote for the amendments is viewed as a rift within the Conservative MPs. (Kate Whannel, “Tory deputy chairmen back move to 'beef up' Rwanda bill,” BBC, 16 January 2024) 

Government designates Hizb ut-Tahrir as a terrorist organization
On 16 January, James Cleverly, the UK Home Secretary declared that Hizb ut-Tahrir will be designated as a terrorist group due to the organisation's support for terrorism on the deadly Hamas attack on Israel in October 2023. They characterised the organisation as antisemitic and underlined that the action was intended to stop it from operating. The plan which is yet to be approved by members of the parliament, a vote is anticipated this week, is expected to come into effect on 19 January. Approved individuals who are supporters or members of Hizb ut-Tahrir may face criminal charges under the UK Terrorism Act, which carries a maximum term of 14 years in prison and a fine of up to GBP 5,000. The group has previously been outlawed in a number of other nations, including Bangladesh, Pakistan, Egypt, and Germany. ("UK to label Hamas-backing Islamist group as a terrorist organization," Politico, 16 January 2024)

Met Office issues snow warnings
On 16 January, the BBC reported of the Met Office’s yellow warnings over the Northern Ireland, Scotland, and north Norfolk due to Arctic winds bringing snow and freezing temperatures to the UK. Schools in northern Scotland closed due to heavy snowfall, and more snowfall is predicted in the affected districts. A severe weather alert was issued for northwest England by National Highways and drivers were advised to expect travel interruptions. Up to 15 centimetres of snow was predicted to fall in certain places, and temperatures below. ("UK weather: Cold blast brings snow to many parts of UK," BBC, 16 January 2024)

REGIONAL
Poland’s ambitious climate action plans ripple through the EU
On 15 January, Politico reported Poland’s increased efforts in tackling climate change, as confirmed through Urszula Zielińska, a senior official from Poland’s new government urged the EU to adopt the ambitious 90 per cent emission reduction targets by 2040. So far, Denmark, Poland and Bulgaria have rallied to the EU on the adoption of stricter targets, as it also faces prominent opposition to green legislations, as the EU’s Green Deal project garnered criticism from conservative politicians. 2040 targets are a middle ground between the 2030 goal of slashing 55 per cent emissions and 2050’s goal of reaching climate neutrality. However, a Commission assessment showed that the EU might only achieve the 51 per cent emissions target set for 2030, highlighting the need to ramp up its efforts. (Zia Weise, “Poland’s climate surprise pressures EU to pitch ambitious 2040 target,” Politico, 15 January 2024)
 
Nicholas Schmit as the lead Socialists’ candidate for the EU elections
On 15 January, Politico reported that Nicolas Schmit, the EU commissioner for jobs and social rights would be the front-runner from European Socialists, who would go against Ursula von der Leyen if she agrees to run for another term. Schmit enjoys support from Germany’s Social Democratic Party and the Spanish Socialist Workers’ Party (PSOE). In the absence of strong centre-left candidates who enjoy popularity throughout Europe and can withstand the politics outside, Schmit positions himself as an experienced candidate both in the national politics of Luxembourg and European politics. (Barbara Moens, Eddy Eax and Jacopo Barigazzi, “Nicolas who? Socialists close in on challenger to take on Ursula von der Leyen,” Politico, 15 January 2024)

INTERNATIONAL
“Limited, single action taken in self-defence” says Sunak against Houthis
On 16 January, in response to reports of more attacks by Houthis in the Red Sea, Rishi Sunak, UK’s Prime Minister withheld military actions in response to the new attacks, while also reiterating the nation’s commitment to protect its security and interests when required. Backed by opposition leader Sir Keir Starmer US-UK strikes as “targeted action” and highlighted that escalation in the Middle East should be avoided. Sunak outlined the risks of inaction “…weakening of security and damage to freedom of navigation and the global economy” to justify the strikes. (Becky Morton, “Rishi Sunak: Strikes on Houthis intended as 'limited, single action',” BBC, 16 January 2024)

The WEF continues to be the perfect networking opportunity 
On 15 January, the Financial Times in an opinion juxtaposed the relevance of the World Economic Forum (WEF) in the changing world order with its continued reverence. Attendants of Davos were described by Samuel Huntington, a revered political scientist, as those with fluid national borders and no national loyalty, a notion that has changed in recent years. The WEF’s 54th annual summit will be attended by 300 public figures and 1,600 leaders in business in an attempt to discuss the most pressing economic, political and social concerns globally. The raison d’etre of Davos expanded from Klaus Schwab, the founder’s 1971 dream of an avenue to share management practices among leading businesspersons. Davos offers the golden opportunity to network with industry experts. Therefore, despite exorbitant attendance expenses, membership costs (starting at EUR 50,000) and vague themes, thousands are willing to attend the WEF every year. The scale and consistency of the opportunity that the festivities offer journalists, politicians and business leaders at Davos is unmatched, and as the Financial Times points out, becomes cause for regular attendance due to the “simple fear of missing out.” (“Is Davos still worthwhile?,” The Financial Times, 15 January 2024) 

Europe in Brief
By Meenakshi R, Alka Bala and Rosemary Kurian

DENMARK
Frederik X crowned as the new king of Denmark
On 15 January, after 52 years as Denmark’s queen, Queen Margrethe II stepped down to King Frederik X, was crowned marking the start of a new era for the Danish monarchy. Frederik X, well-known for his laid-back personality and widespread popularity offers a contemporary touch while respecting his mother's legacy. ("Denmark: New King Frederik X takes throne from Margarethe II," Deutsche Welle, 15 January 2024)

FRANCE 
Attal brings hopes to re-energise the government 
On 13 January, the BBC reported on the hopes of French citizens on Gabriel Attal youngest French Prime Minister to revive Macron’s government and help restart his second term mandate. Perceived by positive public opinion as youthful, dynamic and full of ideas, Attal’s ability to deal with the right-wing will help the moderate government push reforms in the parliament, since Emmanuel Macron, France’s President doesn't hold a majority in the National Assembly. Macron’s Renaissance Party believes that Attal can help counter the increasing right-wing wave present in Europe and reduce the influence of far-right parties like the National Rally. However, the National Rally does not view Attal as a threat and awaits the European Parliament election results to test his influence. (Andrew Harding, “Gabriel Attal: Youngest French PM hopes to revive Macron's government,” BBC, 13 January 2024)
 
Draft ‘Energy Sovereignty” law draws flak; sceptics on emphasis on nuclear power
On 12 January, Euractiv reported on the arguments initiated by the draft ‘Energy Sovereignty’ law, presented on 08 January by Agnès Pannier-Runacher, French Energy Transition Minister. The law highlights France’s energy concerns and priorities for 2030, however, fails to provide quantified targets for renewable energy contradicting the EU’s Renewable Energy Directive which requires bringing the blocs’ final consumption to 42.5 per cent collective share of renewables. Ministry emphasised maintaining the installed capacity of the energy programme at 63GW, generated majorly through nuclear and hydroelectric power, meanwhile renewable energies will help in completing the “last mile”, as a simple backup to nuclear power. Pannier-Runacher stated a reduction in the share of nuclear power, as old reactors would be shut down complemented with an increase in electricity production to decarbonise the economy. The law will be debated in the National Assembly in late January or early February. (Paul Messad,  “France’s ‘last mile’ strategy for renewables under fire from all sides,” Euractiv, 12 January 2024)

GERMANY
Citizens’ Council gives nine recommendations on healthier society
On 15 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the newly formed Citizens’ Council’s suggestions to improve public health in Germany, which were presented to Bärbel Bas, the President of the German Parliament Bundestag, on the theme of “Nutrition in Transition.” The key suggestion in a list of nine recommendations was free lunches to every student in German schools, the cost of which must be split between the state and local governments. The Council also suggested the labelling of food to inform consumers of their food choices, new food tax measures with 0 per cent sales tax on organic and about 19 per cent for sale of sugar and non-organic products. The Civil Council was made because of Germany’s attempt to increase civic dialogue in the democracy, choosing 160 citizens at random to come up with key democratic decisions. Bas has considered the suggestions and is due to present it to the Bundestag in late February as a report. (“Germany: Citizens' group backs national free-lunch program”, Deutsche Welle, 15 January 2024)
 
Hundreds rally against right-wing extremism; Scholz, Baerbock attend
On 14 January, Deutsche Welle reported on rallies taking place across Germany against right-wing extremism, including major events taking place in Berlin and Potsdam. Olaf Scholz, the German Chancellor and Annalena Baerbock, Germany’s Foreign Minister, joined the protests, extending their support for the motto “defend democracy.” The rallies erupted after Correctiv, an investigative journalism portal, released an expose on a secret meeting between far-right extremists including Martin Sellner, an Austrian neo-Nazi, and members of the party Alternative for Germany (AfG) in Potsdam, discussing remigration and forced deportation. Elections in Germany are yet to prove the rising popularity of the AfD, a eurosceptic, islamophobic and anti-immigration-based political party, which has gained key support from Eastern Germany especially in Brandenburg, Saxony and Thuringia. The EU elections this year will enable the party to show its strength, if any. (“Germany: Scholz, Baerbock attend 'defend democracy' rally,” Deutsche Welle, 14 January 2024)
 
2024 emerges as the year of protests of discontent
On 14 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the multiple protests that had taken over Germany, especially by farmers and train drivers’ unions, due to sudden changes in EU legislation with little time to adapt. Farmers in Germany started protesting due to subsidy cuts to adapt to a new carbon neutral policy, which has brought traffic to a standstill. Protesting unions have been supported by far-right political parties like the Alternative for Germany (AfG) feeding on populism. Farmers supported by right-wing extremist parties attacked a ferry that transported Robert Habeck, the German Vice-Chancellor and Economy Minister, a trend similar to protests targeting residences of officials during the COVID-19 pandemic. Support for parties in the fringes has been increasing due to the sudden phasing out of fossil fuels, tax increases, subsidy cuts and political disagreements in the coalition government, which could have significant outcomes in 2024. (Sabine Kinkartz, “Why Germany has gone into protest mode,” Deutsche Welle, 14 January 2024)

German authorities seek deportation of suspect of Cologne Cathedral attack
On 15 January, a 25-year-old Tajik national was being actively pursued by German authorities for removal after allegedly plotting a terror assault on Cologne Cathedral on new year's eve. The Dortmund District Court issued a removal warrant after the suspect and three other people were taken into custody on 31 December and then released. Notably, an Austrian arrest warrant is still pending for a 30-year-old Tajik suspect who was detained in Wesel and is currently being held in German custody. It was observed that the 25-year-old was connected to people who were detained in Vienna, indicating that he may be part of a small terror cell. Targeting crowds outside Cologne's cathedral with a car was the intended attack. The suspects were said to be part of the "Islamic State Khorasan" group (IS-K), which operates in central and south Asia. ("Germany seeks Cologne Cathedral attack suspect's deportation," Deutsche Welle, 15 January 2024) 

HUNGARY
Chief economist expects GDP to exceed four per cent
On 11 January, Hungary Today reported the government’s commitment to exceed economic growth beyond four per cent in 2024, focusing on pillars of growth in a balanced manner. A solid increase in working capital and major investments seen in the establishment of car factors and battery plants will facilitate in momentum of investments and GDP. Gergely Suppan, Chief Economist at the Ministry of National Economy, highlighted the possible setbacks due to external price shocks, however, the current deflationary nature of commodity and energy prices depicts a positive future for the economy. Subsidised loan initiative programs such as the Széchenyi Recreation Card and the Baross Gábor Re-industrialization Loan Program will help in strengthening small and medium-sized enterprises and will increase domestic investment. (“Government to Focus On Fortifying the Pillars of Economic Growth,” Hungary Today, 11 January 2024)

Teachers' to receive pay rise after arrival of the EU funds
On 15 January, Hungary Today reported on impact on teachers after the crucial release of EUR 10 billion financial release from the EU. This guaranteed their long-awaited pay rise of 32.2 per cent. After initially connecting pay increases to EU subsidies, the government finally gave assurances about its commitment, announcing a two-phase rise to achieve 80 per cent of the average graduate income, with a 21 cent increase for 2024 and a 71.8 per cent increase by 2025. ("With Guarantees Received for the Arrival of EU Funds, Teachers’ Pay Rise May Commence," Hungary Today, 15 January 2024)

ICELAND
Volcano Erupts for second time forcing evacuation
On 14 January, the volcano in southwest Iceland erupted for the second time in less than a month, shooting lava into a fishing hamlet and lighting up the skies over the region. Just recently, in late December 2023, 3,800 inhabitants of Grindavik returned to their homes following forced evacuation due to a previous eruption. Although no lives were at risk this time, some infrastructure are at risk of damage. Since this eruption does not produce a lot of ash into the atmosphere, it is not anticipated to cause any problems for air traffic. On the Reykjanes Peninsula, a volcano has erupted five times since 2021 and this time the protective barriers meant to shield Grindavik from the lava have been breached. ("Iceland: Reykjanes volcano erupts for 2nd time in weeks," Deutsche Welle, 15 January 2024)

RUSSIA
Putin says Asia to be Russia’s far east key
On 15 January, Sputnik reported on Vladimir Putin, Russia’s President address on the Far East. He called it as a "golden gateway" to Asia, emphasising its importance in securing Russia's future and forming alliances with rapidly expanding Asian economies. He referred to the area as the "Arctic's sibling" in determining Russia's future, highlighting its size, wealth of resources, and logistical ability. Putin promised further development work, emphasising not only the extraction of resources but also technology cooperation and deeper commercial connections with Asian countries. ("Putin: Russia's Far East Region Important for Development of Nation's Ties With Asia," Sputnik, 15 January 2024)

THE UK
Five migrants reported dead while crossing the English Channel 
On 13 January, the BBC reported the arrival of the first batch of migrants picked up by the Border Force vessel in Dover, Kent County indicating a small boat crossing after the longest gap of 26 days seen in the past five years. The UK Home Office spokesperson stated their commitment to intercept vessels and crackdown on dangerous crossings, which although reduced crossings by 36 per cent last year, 2023 remained with the second highest year recording 29,437 crossings. On 14 January, Stars and Stripes reported the death of five Syrian migrants who suffered from the winter temperatures while crossing the English Channel from northern France. French rescue services assisted 30 migrants travelling in a capsized boat, and recovering them from freezing waters. Authorities have reported to increase in coastal surveillance as weather conditions in the channel have improved after the winter, increasing the chances of crossings. (Rosie Blunt, “First migrants of 2024 cross English Channel,” BBC, 13 January 2024; “5 migrants killed in another tragedy on perilous sea crossing from France to Britain,” Stars and Stripes, 14 January 2024)

REGIONAL
Talks over naval operations in Red Sea to re-establish security
On 12 January, Euractiv reported a scheduled discussion in the Political and Security Committee to take place on 16 January regarding a potential joint naval operation proposal by EU’s diplomatic service EEAS. The EU proposal aims to act from the “Red Sea to the Gulf,” while also struggling to balance deterrence and further escalation in the Middle East. Recognising the urgency that rerouting of ships from the Rea Sea would disrupt global supply chains, EU diplomats would at the earliest finalise plans by 22 January, and launch operation by February, either by joining the Operation Prosperity Guardian with the US-led coalition or join the French-led joint surveillance mission Agenor operation which covers the entire Gulf, the Strait of Hormuz, parts of Arabian Sea,  and is conducted under the broader framework of European Maritime Awareness in the Strait of Hormuz. (Alexandra Brzozowski, “EU mulls potential joint naval mission in Red Sea amid Houthi attacks,” Euractiv, 12 January 2024)

EU waste export ban threatens collapse of recycling industry
On 12 January, Euractiv reported on the threats facing the European recycling market following the EU’s announcement of a ban on the export of plastic waste both inside and outside of Europe. The Belgium-based industrial packaging recycling organisation Valipac has warned that without export of waste for recycling, EU countries will be forced to stock waste only to be burned eventually, due to lack of demand for recyclable plastics in the region. The key issue is insufficient capacity within Europe to recycle the stockpiled waste. Of the 100,000 tonnes of waste in the form of plastic collected in Belgium alone, 24,000 tonnes are exported outside the region. The EU prefers creating packaging from virgin plastic over use of recycled plastic and unless capacity to recycle isn’t increased, the EU recycling industry faces significant risk of collapse. (Frédéric Simon, “Recycling market in Europe faces ‘collapse’ after EU waste export ban,” Euractiv, 12 January 2024) 

INTERNATIONAL
US strikes in Yemen leave Spain, Italy and France concerned
On 13 January, Euractiv reported on the second American strike against Houthi rebels in Yemen soon after the success of a joint US-UK strike against Houthi targets inside Yemen. The second attack targeted a radar site, in an attempt to weaken their ability to target commercial vessels in the Red Sea, according to the US Central Command. The initial attacks targeted military airports near Sanaa, Yemen’s capital, a naval base near its Red Sea port and several military sites. The Houthis responded with a warning for revenge for the act of “terrorism” against them. The Red Sea attacks were a spillover of Israel’s war on Gaza, also causing soaring oil prices, and tensions mounted over whether the new strikes against Houthis would lead to regional escalation. Several European countries like the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark actively supported the allied strike in Yemen, while Italy, France and Spain remain on the fence over potential escalation of regional conflict in the Middle East. (“US strikes Yemen again while Italy, Spain, France sit on the fence,” Euractiv, 13 January 2024)

Europe in Brief
By Meenakshi R and Padmashree Anandhan

ESTONIA
Estonian teachers propose long term salary agreement
On 12 January, ERR reported on Kristina Kallas, Estonia's Education Minister efforts to initiate discussions with the government for a mandate to increase salary of the teachers and improve working conditions for the years 2025-2027. Although there is no proposed pay increase for 2024, the minister emphasised a significant 5.7 per cent raise for 2024. The Estonian Educational Personnel Union (EHL) announced an open-ended strike scheduled for 22 January, which has prompted Kallas to engage in negotiations with relevant stakeholders to devise a state budget strategy (RES). EHL strongly emphasizes the necessity of a collective agreement to prevent future conflicts and aims to bridge the salary gap between kindergarten teachers and those in general education. While the union is open to dialogue, they firmly insist on concrete actions from the government to address the concerns of teachers regarding their pay and working conditions. ("Kallas seeks government mandate for teachers' long-term salary agreement," ERR, 12 January 2024) 
 
FINLAND
Continues to shut its border with Russia over fear of hybrid operation
On 12 January, yle reported on Finland’s decision to maintain border closure with Russia. Mari Rantanen, Finland’s Interior Minister declared a four-week extension to the complete closure, which was initially imposed in December. The decision to extend the closure is based on the unchanged threat landscape and the paramount importance of national security. There are concerns that a Russian hybrid operation, facilitating the influx of asylum seekers to the border, thereby exacerbating tensions. Despite the occasional passage of a freight train, all eight checkpoints remain steadfast, leaving migrants stranded in the harsh Russian winter. Finnish authorities are now urgently seeking permanent solutions to resolve this frosty diplomatic standoff. ("Finland to keep Russian border shut until mid-February," yle, 12 January 2024)
 
GERMANY
Tesla pauses berlin car production due to Red Sea shipping disruptions
On 12 January, Deutsche Welle reported on stalling of the German production of Tesla for a duration of two weeks due to the impact of Red Sea attacks. The interference caused by Iranian-backed militants in shipping operations has severely affected supply chains, resulting in the temporary closure of Tesla's Berlin plant and causing delays in deliveries throughout Europe. This pause in production serves as a significant example of how regional conflicts can have far-reaching consequences on global trade. Companies like Tesla are now faced with the challenge of finding alternative, longer, and more expensive routes around the Cape of Good Hope to avoid the unpredictable Suez Canal.("Red Sea attacks halt Tesla production at German plant," Deutsche Welle, 12 January  2024)

Chemical leak reported in Konstanz
On 12 January, a chemical leak was reported from a plant in Konstanz, southwestern Germany. In the incident, seven were hospitalised due to exposure from toxic fumes out of 25 who were reportedly suffering from respiratory tract irritation. According to the police spokesperson, employees of the company initially detected a corrosive gas from the fruit processing and nitric acid, detergent Horolith were the key leaked components. Following the leak, using a protective kit the container was moved out of the building to release the gas in larger atmosphere without causing further fire in the building. (“Germany: Several hospitalized in Konstanz chemical leak,” Deutsche Welle, 12 January 2024)
 
THE UK
NHS vital care under criticism
On 12 January, the BBC reported that the NHS is facing a critical situation. An alarming analysis has uncovered a concerning fact that important objectives related to A&E, cancer care, and planned surgeries have been consistently missed for a minimum of seven years throughout the UK. As a result, patients are left in a state of uncertainty for months, enduring the consequences of this systemic failure. Heartbreaking stories of late-stage cancer diagnoses and excruciating waits for necessary procedures have emerged. The NHS is on the verge of collapse due to understaffing, insufficient funding, and the backlog caused by the pandemic. Consequently, patients are the ones bearing the burden. While the Labour party boldly promises to meet crucial targets if elected, it is evident that the NHS requires immediate action rather than mere empty words. It is imperative to make sustained investments and implement significant reforms to ensure that the NHS can provide the vital care that patients desperately need and deserve. (The key NHS targets that have never been met," BBC, 12 January 2024)

TURKEY
Defence ministry claims attack on Syria and Iraq
On 13 January, Politico reported on Turkey’s airstrikes on Kurdish militants in Syria and Iraq. The strike comes in response as a retaliation to the attack on its military bases in Iraq. In the airstrike, Turkey destroyed “29 bunkers, shelters, oil facilities in the Metina, Hakurk, Gara and Qandil regions in northern Iraq and northern Syria.” According to Turkey’s defence ministry, the  attacked sites had belonged to Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) and the People’s Protection Units (YPG). Turkey considers both the groups as terrorist organisations and has carried out regular bombing in Syria and Iraq. Hakan Fidan, Turkish Foreign Minister said: “We will fight to the end against the PKK terrorist organization within and outside our borders.” 

Europe in Brief
By Meenakshi R

BELGIUM
De Croo under pressure to balance equation with China
On 10 January, Politico reported on Alexander De Croo, Belgium Prime Minister’s challenges ahead of his visit to China. This trip is considered significant due to strained trade relations, escalating tensions over Taiwan's presidential election. The EU currently grapples with a substantial trade deficit, De Croo's requires a delicate balancing act. While it seeks economic opportunities, it also aims for greater "reciprocity" and endeavours to reduce its reliance on China in sensitive sectors such as green technology. Belgium has come under scrutiny for potential Chinese influence in its political affairs, further intensifying the pressure on De Croo. His emphasis on green energy investment during the trip underscores the EU's careful approach of seeking cooperation while safeguarding its strategic interests. (Camille Gijs, "Belgian PM faces high-wire act in China as EU, Taiwan fears intrude," Politico, 10 January 2024)
 
BELGIUM
Belgium Avoids EU Blunder as Government Renews Central Bank Chief's Term
On 10 January, Politico reported on an intense political deadlock that poses risk to Belgium's EU Council presidency. The government announced its decision to extend Pierre Wunsch's tenure as the governor of the National Bank of Belgium. This timely resolution guarantees Wunsch's involvement in the crucial European Central Bank (ECB) meeting scheduled for 25 January. The previous delay was stemmed from disputes regarding other government appointments, raised concerns about the independence of the central bank and necessitated Wunsch to temporarily assume a leadership role. Now officially appointed for a second five-year term, the governor will continue to be an advocate for stricter monetary policies within the ECB council.("Belgian government breaks deadlock over renewal of central bank governor mandate," Politico, 10 January  2024)

DENMARK
Far-Right Party steps down after election loss
On 10 January, Politico reported on The New Right, a political party in Denmark known for its anti-Islam, anti-immigration, and anti-tax stance, decision to step down. Despite receiving 3.7 per cent of the vote in 2022, due to internal divisions within party, it lost support. This move created an opportunity for other right-wing parties, such as the Danish People's Party, to expand their influence and gain more support from the right-wing electorate. While the future political plans of Pernille Vermund, the founder of The New Right, remain uncertain, it is evident that the right-wing political landscape in Denmark is on the verge of a significant reshuffling. (Barbara Moens and Carlo Boffa, "Danish anti-Islam, anti-immigration, anti-tax party dissolves," Politico, 10 January 2024)
 
GERMANY
German rail operator faces new strike action from labour union
On 10 January, Deutsche Welle reported on German train travel is currently experiencing fresh turmoil due to the announcement of another strike by the GDL union (labour union). This strike is a result of an ongoing wage dispute with Deutsche Bahn. The union demands shorter working hours of 35 per week, against current 38 hours, without any effect on pay. Negotiations between the two parties have reached a deadlock. Passenger trains is expected to halt as a result of this strike till 12 January. The union claims that Deutsche Bahn has not made a serious offer since the Christmas break and is demanding improvements in working hours, pay EUR 555 per month with  inflation bonus, and an earlier agreement. Deutsche Bahn considers the strike to be "unnecessary and illegal" and is offering a wage increase and a longer contract term instead of reduced hours. It also seeks a court injunction to prevent the strike from taking place. Previous strikes have caused significant disruptions, highlighting the immense pressure faced by both sides. ("Deutsche Bahn: German rail union plans fresh strikes," Deutsche Welle, 10 January 2024)

Europe in Brief
By Alka Bala and Rosemary Kurian

ESTONIA
State budget deficit reaches three per cent of GDP
On 09 January, ERR News reported on increase in the state budget deficit in December 2023 to three per cent of the GDP which is an unexpected rise. The spokesperson of the Ministry of Finance noted that the deficit had reached 1.5 per cent as of October, followed by 2 percent in November. Due to alcohol excise duties due for implementation from 01 January 2024, the country saw excessive stockpiling in the last couple of months of 2023. Due to late-year forecasts and budgetary additions in the last month, the deficit stood at an unpredicted rate. (“Estonia's 2023 state budget deficit estimated at 3 percent of GDP”, ERR News, 09 January, 2024)
 
FRANCE
Gabriel Attal appointed as France's new Prime Minister 
On 09 January, Deutsche Welle reported that Emmanuel Macron, the French President, appointed Gabriel Attal as his new Prime Minister, after the resignation of former Prime Minister Elisabeth Borne was announced. Attal became the youngest Prime Minister in French history at age 34, also setting new standards as the country’s first openly gay head of government. Attal’s popularity rose, based on opinion polls, when he gained attention as the government’s spokesperson during the coronavirus pandemic. Last year, Attal was appointed as the Education Minister under which capacity he banned the use of the abaya, a Muslim dress, in state schools, which was lauded by conservatives that enabled him to be on their favourable opinion, despite being a liberal himself. 
  
Attal’s political career is known to be incredibly rapid and unstoppable, like his leader Macron’s. He became the secretary of state at the education ministry at age 29, making him the youngest member of the modern French Republic. His later posts include head of LREM, government spokesperson, public accounts minister, followed by education minister. Under his new capacity as Prime Minister, a cabinet reshuffle is expected in the LREM’s favour against the rapid rise of the far right leader Marine Le Pen ahead of the European Parliament’s elections. After several controversies 2023 over unfavourable pension laws, controversial immigration legislation as well as a loss of overall majority in parliamentary elections, Macron wishes to create an enhanced image of the government before his term ends and ahead of the Olympics and Paralympics hosted in Paris 2024.

Originally a supporter of the Socialist Party given his left-wing background, Attal joined Macron’s centrist political party ‘En Marche’ (currently La République En Marche) during its foundation in 2016, and has been identified as a close ally of the President. He is known to have had a privileged background as the son of a Tunisian Jewish lawyer and film producer in France. He was educated in the high profile private school ‘École Alsacienne,’ followed by a Master’s in Public Affairs at the prestigious Sciences Po. His youth was distinguished due to his communication skills and passionate approach to public speaking about any issue. His skills with the public in tackling his challenges verbally earned him the nickname ‘Word Sniper,’ (“Macron names Gabriel Attal as France's new prime minister”, Deutsche Welle, 09 January, 2024; Kim Willsher, “Who is Gabriel Attal, the French PM who climbed the ranks in record time?, The Guardian, 09 January, 2024)

Borne resigns amid political tensions
On 08 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the resignation of Elisabeth Borne, the French Prime Minister, amid an expected cabinet reshuffle by Emmanuel Macron, the French President. Borne stated the immediate need to push necessary reforms as the cause of her resignation. Tensions arose in the French government after the introduction of contentious immigration laws in the French National Assembly, which would allow the government to deport some foreign nationals. She has also faced criticism for pushing unpopular pension reforms past the National Assembly. In the French presidential system, the responsibility of daily administration falls on the Prime Minister. Macron appointed Gabriel Attal as the new Prime Minister, the youngest to take office and the first openly gay one. (“French Prime Minister Elisabeth Borne resigns”, Deutsche Welle, 08 January, 2024)
 
GERMANY 
German Farmers block roads protesting subsidy cuts
On 08 January, BBC reported on farmer protests in Baden-Württemberg, North Rhine-Westphalia, Saxony and Bavaria calling to scrap all plans for cutting subsidies. The cut was imposed in response to a budgetary crisis. Olaf Scholz's government in Berlin faces a challenging start to the year amid predictions of sluggish economic growth for Germany. The arrival of tractors in central Berlin, accompanies concerns over political radicalization, drew widespread condemnation. In response to the protests Nancy Faeser, Germany’s Interior Minister  warned over consequences of “anger disagreement” due to stopping people from going for work. Despite government’s efforts to reduce the farmer’s anger by reversing its plan to abolish “preferential treatment in vehicle tax,” the protests seem to continue. (Jessica Parker, “German farmers blockade Berlin with tractors in subsidy row,” BBC, 08 January 2024)
 
LATVIA
NATO airspace policing duties to be hosted in Latvian air space
On 09 January, LSM reported on takeover of Latvia of the Baltic airspace policing mission under NATO as Estonia’s Air Force Base Ämari is under repair. NATO patrols have been performed in the region since the Baltic states joined in 2004, first in Šiauliai airbase in Lithuania and then including Estonia’s Ämari on a rotational basis. German armed forces will arrive in Latvia for test flights following which the National Armed Forces Aviation Base in Lielvārde will take over from 01 March. NATO presence has increased in the Baltic due to the threats associated with the Russia-Ukraine war. (“Latvia gradually takes over Baltic air police hosting duties,” LSM, 09 January, 2024)
 
NORWAY
Government passes controversial bill allowing deep sea mining
On 09 January, the BBC reported on the Norwegian government’s decision to allow deep sea diving, which could lead to catastrophic outcomes for marine life. By doing so, Norway became the first country enabling the action in order to extract minerals including lithium, scandium and cobalt– key to green technologies. The government stated that it would proceed cautiously especially while issuing licences, and assured that mining activities would assume only after further studies and exploration with the aid of private players, who can now bid for around 280,000 square kilometeres of national waters. The government has specified that opening up didn’t imply mining. Marine biologists have expressed their concern on the detrimental effects on marine life. The UN-based International Seabed Authority (ISA) is set to finalise rules on deep sea mining in 2024. (Esme Stallard, “Deep-sea mining: Norway approves controversial practice,” BBC, 09 January, 2024)
 
POLAND 
Ex-ministers arrested over abuse of power
On 10 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the arrest of two former ministers belonging to the Law and Justice Party (PiS), convicted of abuse of power. The ministers allegedly took refuge in the Presidential Palace with the support of Andrzej Duda, the Polish President belonging to the PiS. Donald Tusk, the Polish Prime Minister, earlier accused Duda for protecting the ministers and obstructing justice. The Presidential pardon that was granted to them in 2015 by Duda was overturned by Poland’s Supreme Court. Supporters of the PiS have, however, condemned the arrest. (“Polish police arrest ex-ministers at presidential palace,” Deutsche Welle, 10 January, 2024)
 
SWEDEN
NATO armed troops from Sweden to be sent to Latvia in 202
On 08 January, LSM reported on the addition of Swedish troops into a Canada-led NATO’s enhanced forward presence battle group based in Latvia. Sweden is set to become the 32nd member of NATO once Hungary and Turkey agree to its membership. Sweden is set to send a battalion of 800 soldiers with armoured vehicles, combat cars and potentially ‘Leopard’ tanks to Latvia in 2025 in order to ensure NATO’s presence in the region. (“Sweden to send NATO troops to Latvia in 2025,” LSM, 09 January, 2024)
 
SWITZERLAND
Swiss Food Bank rescues 6,500 tons worth of “waste” food
On 08 January, the Swiss Food Bank reported on a 400-ton increase in surplus food products rescued in 2023 compared to 2022, with 25 tonnes of food being saved daily, reducing waste and producing 18.6 million meals for people in need. The expansion was credited to more retail stores in central and northern Switzerland, an improved partnership with Migros Aare. The foundation Migros Aare observed that there was a rise in poverty due to “violence, natural disasters, and electricity shortage” resulting in increased demand for food. Helping thousands through the efforts, the Swiss Food Bank redistributes leftover goods from large Swiss distributors to approximately 500 social institutions, such as soup kitchens and homeless shelters. (“Thousands of tons of Swiss ‘waste’ alleviates poverty,” swissinfo, 08 January 2024)
 
THE NETHERLANDS
Three-fold rise reported in asylum-seeking minors
On 09 January, NL Times reported on the surge in unaccompanied child asylum applications in the Netherlands from 2,191 in 2021 to about 6,000 in 2023. Immigration and Nationalisation Service (IND) authorities expressed concern over a trend where families send children first, exploiting perceived advantages in family reunification procedures. Ruben Brekelmans, the Netherlands People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) parliamentarian emphasised stricter Dutch policies, border controls, and detentions and cited sustainability and fairness concerns. While the European asylum rules detains the adult asylum seekers to make assessment, this is impermissible in case of Children. The Rutte IV Cabinet in an attempt to tighten family reunification rules nationally, failed. This leaves the task to the incoming government. (“Sharp increase in unaccompanied children applying for asylum in the Netherlands”, NL Times, 09 January 2024)
 
THE UK
Dilemmas ahead for Sunak as he gets ready for 2024 elections
On 08 January, in an opinion published in Politico highlights the seven ‘tripwires’ ahead of the 2024 elections. The challenges are regarding the timing of the call for polls, where a vote in the latter half of 2024, would allow for the economy to produce good results. Rishi Sunak, UK’s Prime Minister faces electoral challenges with by-elections in Wellingborough and Kingswood, risking a Tory majority amid concerns of a potential wipeout in the upcoming general election. Potential leadership contenders, including Suella Braverman and Robert Jenrick, dissatisfied with Sunak's performance, may pose challenges for Sunak amid concerns about electoral setbacks and internal divisions within the Conservative Party. Sunak's plan to permanently deport asylum seekers to Rwanda faces legal and legislative challenges, creating internal divisions within the Conservative Party. Amid immigration and inflation concerns, Rishi Sunak faces challenges fulfilling his National Health Service waiting time reduction pledge, compounded by a junior doctors' walkout and ongoing public service strikes, including London's underground network. In anticipation of the upcoming budget, Jeremy Hunt, UK’s Chancellor contemplates tax cuts, including the possible elimination of inheritance tax, stirring debates within the Conservative Party. Ultimately, in the face of an 18-point polling gap, Rishi Sunak's ultimate test lies in the upcoming general election in 2024 against Labour Party's Keir Starmer. (Andrew McDonald, “7 tripwires for Rishi Sunak as 2024 fires up”, Politico, 08 January 2024)

REGIONAL
European liberals reject alliance with nationalists post EU-elections
On 09 January, Politico reported on Stéphane Séjourné, leader of the European Parliament’s liberals, rejection to collaborate with the nationalists if the June elections yielded a right-wing majority. He stressed the need to control European destiny, wary of far-right claims of chaos. Séjourné highlighted EU achievements in managing COVID-19 vaccine procurement, regulating social media, and establishing a unified migration system. While polls foresee a slim majority for the current coalition, Séjourné warned of an "ungovernable Europe" as right-wing factions gain momentum. He pledged not to align with the far-right or nationalist European Conservatives and Reformists group (ECR), potentially impacting future parliamentary coalitions and progressive policymaking. ( Eddy Wax, “EU liberal leader rules out right-wing alliance post-EU election”, Politico, 09 January 2024)

Commissioner Breton proposed EU defense fund plan
On January 09, Politico reported Thierry Breton, the EU Internal Market Commissioner, vouched for a EUR 100 billion defense fund for the EU. This was aimed to boost joint weapons procurement, to enhance the EU's war preparedness. Presentation to the European Defence Investment Program (EDIP) is scheduled to take place on 27 February and he emphasised on domestic arms production. Breton, overseeing defense, envisions reaching the goal of one million artillery shells for Ukraine by spring. He asserts that the EU can match Russia's weapon production in 18-24 months, and insisted on considering it "extremely important" for the EU to have equivalent capabilities. ( Eddy Wax and Laura Kayali, “Breton aims for ‘huge’ €100B defense fund,” Politico, 09 January 2024)

Commission divided over full trade liberalisation with Ukraine
On 05 January, Politico reported on European Commission plan to propose the extension of temporary measures. It recommends the EU continue to waive import duties on Ukrainian goods until June 2025. Janusz Wojciechowski, EU Commissioner for Agriculture warns that measures may lead to a situation similar to the uncontrolled influx of agricultural products in 2022. This has impacted the eastern European countries (EU member states) with challenges faced by Poland’s agribusiness industries due to grain influx from Ukraine. He emphasised how duty-free imports undercut the domestic industries and such measures will result in adding Russia to drive Kyiv’s exports from African and Asian markets. However, the final decision will be taken by Ursula von der Leyen, European Commission President and Valdis Dombrovskis, Trade Commissioner who support full liberalisation. (Bartozs Brzeziński, “Von der Leyen’s team split over free trade with Ukraine,” Politico, 05 January 2024) 
 
European Commission recommends stricter rules for well-being of pets
On 09 January, ERR News reported on the European Commission’s decision to introduce stricter laws governing the safety of dogs and cats, as 74 per cent of EU residents demand that they be better protected. Suggestions are made to include rules based on premises, feeding, socialising and healthcare. Breeding that might negatively impact the offspring and inbreeding is proposed to be prohibited, as is illegal trade of dogs and cats through stricter transportation rules. Dogs over the age of eight and cats over six must be bred only with the prior permission of the veterinarian, and all cat and dog breeders require licences. The suggested regulations are uniform within the EU, but states are at the liberty to impose tougher restrictions. Punishments are to be decided by individual member states and data be provided to the EU every three years. (“European Commission looking to introduce tougher rules for handling of pets”, ERR News, 09 January, 2024)
 
INTERNATIONAL
2023 sets record for highest global temperatures
On 09 January, Copernicus Climate Change Service confirms 2023 as the warmest year since 1880, surpassing the 2016 peak and posing a threat to the Paris Agreement's 1.5 degrees Celsius target.  The urgency for global leaders to adopt policies combating climate change, however, seems to be lagging as the 2023 elections in the Netherlands and Argentina saw right-wing populists opposing aggressive climate action, while the possibility of former President Trump's return raises concerns about the future of U.S. climate policies. The imminent risk of irreversible tipping points, such as the west Antarctic ice sheet collapse, underscores the urgency for proactive measures given the unpredictable and long-lasting impacts of climate change. Alex Ruane NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies climate impacts director said: “The climate system doesn’t care about politics.” (Zack Coleman, “It’s a scary time’ as world shatters temperature record,” Politico, 09 January 2024)

Europe in Brief
By Meenakshi R, Alka Bala and Rosemary Kurian

AUSTRIA
Authorities release warrant for suspect in Cologne Cathedral attack
On 08 January, Deutsche Welle reported on Austria’s recent arrest warrant of a suspect assumed to be involved in the attack in Germany. The individual, a 30-year-old Tajik, is believed to be connected to IS-Khorasan and is suspected of planning an attack on Cologne Cathedral during Christmas. Currently held under a European arrest warrant for additional interrogation, both Cologne Cathedral and Vienna's St. Stephen's Cathedral is under increased security protection. The authorities maintain a cautious approach and continue to investigate to find broader network. ("Cologne Cathedral attack: Austria issues warrant for suspect," Deutsche Welle, 08 January 2024) 
 
GERMANY
Heavy rains risk flooding and disrupt routine
On 06 January, Deutsche Welle reported on severe flooding in Germany caused by incessant rains, leading to disrupted transportation, shutting schools and crop failures. Several states in northern Germany were severely flooded, with dykes at the verge of collapse. The German Weather Service (DWD) announced a halt in rains and the arrival of frost, which could aid the dykes in holding back water. However, farmers find that flooding prevents the frost from reaching the soil. The leading cause of severe flooding in Lower Saxony and other northern parts is the disappearance of almost 70 per cent of wetlands, disrupting the normal course of water flow. The recent cutting of funding by the German coalition government for climate change events, which could affect any attempts at environmental protection and adaptation. (Alex Berry, “Germany's flooded farmers brace for winter frost,” Deutsche Welle, 06 January, 2024)
 
Tragic death in Mulheim migrant fatality occurs following altercation with police
On 08 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the unfolding of a tragic event in Germany that resulted in the loss of life of a 26-year-old Guinean man following a confrontation with police at an asylum centre. The man allegedly assaulted staff members and subsequently engaged in a scuffle with officers. Despite the use of a taser to calm, the man tragically lost consciousness and passed away in the hospital. The police who are currently investigating stated their attempt to use tasers twice without success. Two officers sustained injuries during the incident while the man's death has prompted concerns and demands for a thorough investigation from the Social Democrats. While the investigation progresses remain unanswered. ("Germany: Migrant dies in Mülheim after police scuffle," Deutsche Welle, 08 January 2024)
 
GREECE
Church opposes government-backed same-sex marriage bill
On 06 January, ekathimerini reported the government’s failed efforts to reconcile with the Church of Greece on same-sex marriage and parenthood, leading clerics to urge lawmakers against supporting the impending bill in Parliament. The Holy Synod's Christmas circular opposing the legislation is believed to be linked to the government's inclination to expedite the bill rather than delay it until after the European elections. The government advised a cautious approach, emphasizing its commitment to institutionalize same-sex marriage while attempting to minimize opposition. (“Tug-of-war with Church over same-sex marriage,” ekathimerini.com, 06 January 2024)

Rescue operation initiated for 21 migrants trapped near Rhodes
On 06 January, a shipwreck of a migrant boat carrying 21 individuals in the coast of Rhodes in Turkish waters was reported. Although the Turkish Coast Guard managed to rescue 18 people from the wreckage, an intense search operation was launched to locate the remaining three individuals. Greek patrol boats, a Super Puma helicopter, and a nearby vessel surveyed the northeastern waters. This shipwreck off Rhodes serves as a reminder of the ongoing migrant crisis. ("Shipwreck with 21 migrants off Rhodes, rescue operation under way," ekathimerini.com, 08 January 2024)

Green energy sector employment surges by 90 per cent in a decade
On 06 January, ekathimerini.com reported on the research conducted by Piraeus University Yannis Maniatis, a former Environment and Energy Minister and socialist MP revealed a shift in focus towards sustainable practices in the past decade from 2012-2022 and reflected growth in green energy sectors as photovoltaics, bioenergy, hydropower, wind energy. The findings by the World Economic Forum highlighted the positive impact of green transition and climate change adaptation with the rise in green energy professions. (“Green energy employment soars, research shows,” ekathimerini.com, 06 January 2023)
 
ROMANIA
The need for better education for the Roma people
On 07 January, Deutsche Welle in an opinion highlighted the importance of better educational opportunities to integrate the Roma people into the general population. Romania, as the country with the largest Roma population, has failed, much like an EU public policy, in enabling the inclusion of the Roma people. The cause is noted as systemic violence and racism, which fail to enable equal and efficient education opportunities to the minority community. Schools for the Roma people have less facilities, inexperienced teaching staff and low budgets compared to other schools, which, together with existing social and economic constraints, prevent any growth or “integration” within the community. Having observed the failure of state policy, the Roma Education Fund (REF), an NGO, has enacted a process aimed at counteracting the failures of existing policies towards the community in order to better integrate them into the mainstream. (Ciprian Necula, “My Europe: The Roma need genuine educational opportunities,” Deutsche Welle, 07 January, 2024)
 
SLOVENIA
Five trapped in a biodiversity hotspot due to high water levels
On 08 January, the Associated Press reported on strangling of a family of three along their two guides in Slovenia's Krizna Jama cave, a biodiversity hotspot after heavy flood of eight kilometres. The rescue effort involving over 35 specialised personnel were deployed while the subterranean waters are expected to reduce which can take more days. This incident highlights the risks inherent in guided cave tours. ("5 people are trapped in a cave in Slovenia after heavy rainfall causes water levels to rise," Associated Press, 08 January  2024)
 
SWITZERLAND
Exploring the potential uncovering a new energy source in the Swiss Moors
On 08 January, Swissinfo reported on Switzerland's energy narrative over peat.  It is derived from marshlands such as the "Great Marsh," flourished during the 19th century during industrialization and with the rise of steam power. Bern (a committee known as the ‘Holzkammer’ assumed responsibility for peat instead of wood in 1737) initiated a movement to supply hospitals and to vessels in Lake Thun vessels with the first batch of cuts of peat (underground wood). However, with high usage of coal, peat gained prominence leading to extractions from the moors. As a result, by the 20th century, peat consumption and land reclamation severely depleted the moors. This was stopped after adoption of the "Rothenturm initiative" in 1987 safeguarded the remaining 10 per cent of original moorland. This compelled Switzerland into seeking alternative sources of sustainable energy. ("The energy source from the Swiss moors," Swissinfo.ch, 08 January 2024)
 
THE UK
British Library to deplete 40 per cent reserves to recover from cyber attack
On 06 January, according to The Financial Times, the British Library plans to utilize 40 per cent of its reserves, approximately GBP 6-7 million, to recover from a crippling ransomware attack that left most of its services inaccessible and released 573 gigabytes of sensitive files, customer and personal data as the library refused to pay a GBP 600,000 ransom. Rhysida hacking group, tied to the Russian-affiliated Vice Society as per the US government, may keep the British Library's services offline for over a year, highlighting the need to defend critical national infrastructure. Despite ongoing communication with the government, the library has not formally requested funds from its sponsor Department for Culture, Media and Sport, and aims to use its funds to recover. (Rafe Uddin and Daniel Thomas, “British Library to burn through reserves to recover from cyber attack,” The Financial Times, 06 January 2024)
 
Sunak contemplates remedial action to support victims of post office scandal
On 08 January, the BBC reported on the government of UK proposal to exonerate postmasters convicted for faulty accounting, theft and fraud due to the faulty software. It proposed measures involve removing the Post Office's power for appeal. The Metropolitan Police which is currently investigating the “potential offenses” against the court of Justice announced 50 new victims. The government, police, and public inquiry are all committed to achieving closure and justice in this ongoing scandal. ("Post Office scandal: Rishi Sunak considers measures to clear all victims," BBC, 08 January 2024)
 
Sunak defends Rwanda bill
On 07 January, the BBC reported on Prime Minister Rishi Sunak denying doubting if the deterrence motive would work in the government’s Rwanda policy as Chancellor of the Exchequer. Sunak told BBC that scrutinising the policy was his occupation which didn’t amount to lack of belief in the effectiveness of the policy. The Rwanda policy aims at asylum seekers to the UK to be sent to Rwanda for processing and resettlement, which the government argues would deter people from entering the UK on small boats. The scheme, which was first announced during the leadership of Boris Johnson, was allegedly faced with a difference of opinion by then Chancellor Sunak. Sunak is currently pushing the Safety of Rwanda Bill to be passed in the UK, and refuses to be influenced by any order from the European Court of Human Rights blocking such deportation. (Kate Whannel and Laura Kuenssberg, “Rishi Sunak denies doubting Rwanda plan when chancellor,” BBC, 07 January 2024)
 
TURKEY
Government undertakes trial procedures against alleged spies for Israel
On 06 January, Le Monde reported on several detainees in Turkey awaiting trial for crimes of “political and military espionage” on behalf of Israel. Yilmaz Tunc, the Justice Minister, announced on social media that 26 individuals would be referred to court, 11 released under judicial control conditions and eight were to be deported. Israel’s intelligence agency Mossad had vowed to destroy Hamas officials outside of Palestinian territories, which was met with a serious warning from Recep Tayyip Erdogan, the Turkish President. Relations between Israel and Turkey soured again since the war in Gaza as Erdogan asked for Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu to be tried for “war crimes,” while Israel hunts for Hamas officials in Turkey, known to historically be a safe harbour for them. (“Turkish court jails 15 suspects ahead of trial for spying for Israel,” Le Monde, 06 January, 2024)
 
REGIONAL
Kosovo to allow Serbian license plates without covering national symbols
On 05 January, Daily Sabah reported Kosovo leadership’s decision “to remove the paper stickers or stickers regime for cars with Serbian license plates.” The move was described as "an expression of positive neighbourly relations" and was made following Serbia's complete acknowledgement of license plates from the Republic of Kosovo, according to an official statement. Petar Petkovic, the head of Serbia's office for Kosovo, stated that this initiative by Belgrade would grant "unrestricted movement for all vehicles" from Kosovo. The implementation of this decision was set to commence on 01 January. Although Serbia does not acknowledge Kosovo's independence, it has made multiple concessions, within the EU-led dialogue, to ease the lives of people travelling or residing at the borders. (AFP & Pristina, 
“Kosovo follows Serbia's footsteps to end license plate issue,” Daily Sabah, 05 January 2024)
 
German-French energy cost cuts raise unequal competition concerns 
On 04 January, Politico reported concerns from smaller EU member states as they find themselves unable to compete with Germany’s tax breaks and subsidies and French pricing mechanisms in the energy industry. Their attempts to artificially cut domestic power prices independently, risk criticism from other nations that lack resources to support their industries which highlights potential harm to the single market and Europe's competitiveness against global rivals. Although Paris and Berlin assert compliance with EU rules in their bid to cut energy costs, their measures undermine the competitiveness of the EU’s single market as these measures also act as a large subsidy splurge, constituting 46 per cent of the total EU spending on energy price relief. (Victor Jack, Varg Folkman and Giovanna Coi, “Franco-German energy cash splash strains EU single market,” Politico, 04 January 2024)
 
Council Prez Michel to run in EU Parliament Elections, foresees leadership changes
On 07 January, Deutsche Welle reported on Charles Michel, European Council President declaration of his candidacy for the upcoming European Parliament elections in June. He indicated to step down from his current role if elected as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP). This move comes amid transformative times for the EU, marked by Russia's war on Ukraine. As Michel campaigns at the forefront of the liberal Belgian Reformist Movement (MR) party, his potential victory may lead to the search for new leaders in both the European Commission and the European Council, adding complexity to the process of succession and compromise among the EU leaders. (“EU's Charles Michel to quit Council presidency, run as MEP,” Deutsche Welle, 07 January 2024)

INTERNATIONAL
Blinken visit to Turkey and Greece in attempt for regional de-escalation 
On 06 January, Deutsche Welle reported on Antony Blinken, the US Secretary of State week-long tour to the Middle East, in an attempt to prevent a regional escalation of the war in Gaza. Blinken met with Recep Tayyip Erdogan, Turkey’s President to discuss de-escalation, Israel’s aggression, establishment of the Palestinian state and uninterrupted delivery of aid into Gaza. They separately discussed Turkish approval of Sweden’s membership in NATO. Blinken later met Kyriakos Mitsotakis, Greece’s Prime Minister to reiterate their alliance in containing the conflict. (“Blinken meets with Turkish, Greek leaders amid Gaza war,” Deutsche Welle, 06 January, 2024)

In Brief
By Meenakshi R, Alka Bala and Rosemary Kurian

ESTONIA
Government receives Piorun air-defence systems from Poland
On 06 January, ERR News reported on government of Estonia decision to enhance its airspace protection with the Polish Piorun air-defence systems. This EUR103 million agreement provides the Estonian Defence Forces with these highly effective short-range weapons significantly strengthening their capabilities. The Piorun system with its impressive eight-kilometre range and ability to operate day and night has already demonstrated its effectiveness in Poland and Ukraine. It is user-friendly and requires minimal training making it ideal for equipping a dedicated Estonian reservist unit. This ensures the swift deployment and safeguarding of critical infrastructure beyond the immediate frontline. This development represents a significant advancement for Estonian air defence and serves as a symbol of the strong security partnership between Poland and Estonia. The joint procurement emphasises both nations' commitment to regional stability in the face of evolving threats with a focus on fast delivery and technical compatibility. ("Estonia takes delivery of Polish Piorun air-defense systems," ERR, 06 January 2024)

GERMANY
Farmers stage protest against increase in tax
On 06 January, Politico reported on intense demonstrations in Germany against budget cuts. More than 100 protesters criticized Habeck for proposing increase in taxes on diesel fuel and other agricultural benefits. This highlights the escalating tensions over government's austerity measures which have sparked significant farmer protests in recent weeks. The government denounced the protest as "shameful" and a violation of democratic norms. Farmers continue to demand a complete reversal of the tax increases and plan larger protests for the following week. ("Mob of German farmers accosts top Green as protests escalate," Politico, 06 January 2024) 

Scholz visits Saxony-Anhalt due to floods alert
On 04 January, Deutsche Welle reported Olaf Scholz, German Chancellor visit to Saxony-Anhalt, where the village of Bennungen, near the river Helme, remained on high alert. Members of Scholz's Social Democratic Party (SPD) urged the federal government to consider declaring a state of emergency, allowing extra borrowing for flood relief in the worst hit northern Germany.  By 03 January, about 100,000 individuals, encompassing emergency services and volunteers, were activated in Lower Saxony, and French emergency crews were also present to contribute to flood relief in the region. The Lilienthal area in one of the most severely impacted regions, 20,000 residents were forced to evacuate. (“Germany: Flooding persists in north and east, Scholz visits,” Deutsche Welle, 04 January 2024) 

Inflation relaxed to 5.9 per cent; Food and energy prices remain high
On 04 January, Deutsche Welle reported Germany’s ease in inflation to 5.9 per cent in 2023 compared to 6.9 per cent in 2022 as published by German Statistics Agency Destatis. While inflation had been consistently decreasing since June, there was a rise in December, driven by persistent increases in food and energy costs, 4.5 and 4.1 percent. According to data released, 2023 proved better than 2022, as German industries dependency over Russian fuels were hit and faced high prices after Russia’s invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. (“Germany sees inflation ease to 5.9% for 2023,” Deutsche Welle, 04 January 2023)

“Deustchlandtrend” opinion poll reveals pessimistic country prospects for 2024
On 05 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the results of a nationwide poll of 1,321 eligible voters executed by pollster Infratest dimap, The report revealed citizen’s fears over harsh weather conditions, price rise, refugee influx, while also indicating uncertainty over of Russia-Ukraine war and Israel-Hamas war. Therefore, only nine per cent believed that these conflicts to end by 2024. Voters' perspectives on Germany's stance in Ukraine have generally remained steady, however 41 per cent of respondents now view Germany's financial aid to Ukraine as overly extensive, reflecting the country's escalating budgetary challenges. Germany had pledged USD 8.6 billion as military aid in 2024. Around 80 per cent of voters expressed skepticism over chances of US reducing its Ukraine support and EU managing the balance. Nationally, only 19 per cent are satisfied with Scholz's performance, with just 17 per cent approving of the federal government's overall job. (Sabine Kinkartz, “War, inflation, flooding: Germans' negative outlook on 2024,” Deutsche Welle, 05 January 2023) 

GREECE
Historic site of Alexander the Great’s crowning reopened after restoration
On 06 January, the BBC reported on the reopening of the Palace of Aigai, one of the most significant sites in Greek antiquity, after restoration. The Palace, built by Alexander the Great’s father Philip II in the then capital of Aigai, was the site of the former’s crowning in 336 BC. The restoration of the UNESCO World Heritage Site took sixteen years and EUR 20 million with the help of the EU, and was declared a “monument of global importance” by Kyriakos Mitsotakis, the Greek Prime Minister. The palace, the largest in ancient Macedonia, featured banquet halls, places of worship and courtyards. (Kathryn Armstrong, “Palace of Aigai: Greece reopens huge Alexander the Great monument,” BBC, 06 January, 2024)

NORWAY
Ban on diesel cruise ships sparks fears of diminished tourism
On 04 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the Norwegian Parliament’s decision to adopt a zero-emission policy and to allow only cruise ships that use greener alternative fuels to sail from 2026. Espen Barth Eide, Norway’s Foreign Minister stated that “ships produce world’s highest emissions per passenger and travelled kilometre and pollute the fjords.” A swift ban on diesel cruise ships threatens the livelihood of residents of Geiranger Fjord, who depend largely on mass tourism, which will take a hit post-implementation of the policy. The existing technology that uses Liquified Natural Gas (LNG) achieves “far too little” according to the government which proposes a switch to electric-powered cruise ships. The residents however hope for a longer transition period ensuring that tourism and livelihood remain unaffected. (“Norway bans polluting cruise ships,” Deutsche Welle, 04 January 2023)

SLOVAKIA
Heat pump rises as a sustainable alternative in European energy market
On 03 January, The Slovak Spectator reported on the increasing investments in the heat pump industry as an effective and sustainable fuel alternative, following rise in energy prices spilling from the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Given the increased demand, investments have increased by both existing manufacturers and newer businesses from western Europe, according to the Slovak Investment and Trade Development Agency (SARIO). The largest European investors are German companies, following a change in legislation favouring the sustainable heat pump industry, feeding into its domestic demands as well. (Jana Liptáková, “Energy crisis fuels heat pump investments in Slovakia,” The Slovak Spectator, 03 January, 2024)
 
SPAIN
Unemployment dips to record low since 2007
On 03 January, spainenglish reported on the lowest unemployment rates in Spain since 2007, having decreased 4.59 per cent since December 2022. As of 2023, over 20.8 million employed people with social security benefits, with the highest annual job creation since 2018 excluding post-Covid recovery. The Balearic Islands peaked with the highest employment rates in the country, with Catalonia, Valencia and La Rioja being exceptions with an increase in unemployment rates. New employment policies have mostly benefited women and the youth, as Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez noted record female employment in the country. (“Unemployment in Spain reaches its lowest level since 2007,” spainenglish, 03 January, 2024)
 
SWITZERLAND
Culling of wolves alarming for European biodiversity
On 04 January, swissinfo reported on Bern’s decision to allow a preventative culling of up to 70 per cent of the wolf population, citing threats to livestock. The government’s decision came following a thirty per cent annual increase in the predator’s population, a sentiment that has spread as a cross-border issue in Europe. While EU nations are bound by strict conservation laws, the European Commission proposed to downgrade the status of wolves from “strictly protected” to “protected”, creating freer rules like Switzerland. The EU’s decision is also based on a livestock conundrum, with some critics accusing Ursula von der Leyen, the Commission’s President, of furthering a personal agenda. However, a large-scale culling needs the approval of the 27 EU members and therefore might not materialise soon in European policy even if it has Swiss backing. (Domhnall O’Sullivan, “Wolf crackdown in Switzerland: a sign of what’s to come in Europe?”, swissinfo, 04 January, 2024)

THE NETHERLANDS
Heavy rainfalls causes flooding of major highways and provinces
On 05 January, the NL Times reported on the state of flooding in eastern and northeastern Netherlands, leading to road safety concerns and concerning water levels in the Maas River. The flooding of N345 and N36 led to road closures, and freezing temperatures increased the risk of road transportation. The water level in the Maas River reached its highest, releasing 1,700 cubic metres of water per second south of Maastricht at Sint Pieter. The weirs (low dams) along the Maas have been raised to allow the flow of water, currently declining based on inflow from France and the Ardennes. The Noord-Brabant province is simultaneously using available water storage facilities to prevent flooding in the region. (“Major roadways flooded in the east and northeast Netherlands”, NL Times, 05 January, 2024; “Highest Maas River water level has passed Maastricht; Noord-Brabant opens flood defenses,” NL Times, 05 January, 2024)

TURKEY
Hotel faces trial over fatal buildings collapse in turkey 
On 05 January, Deutsche Welle reported on a trial against Grand Isias Hotel following the severe earthquakes that struck Turkey in 2023 over building collapse. A charge of "conscious negligence" was placed because of poor building quality the Grand Isias Hotel collapsed after the earthquakes killing 72 people including Northern Cyprus students. Questions concerning government accountability and the state of building standards were raised due to this incident. The prosecution claimed that the hotel was unlawfully altered and inappropriately extended without permits and requested for harsh terms of up to 22 years. In addition, the trial seeks Turkey's commitment to enhance building safety and avert such tragedies in earthquake-prone areas. ("Turkey earthquakes: Trial over collapsed hotel begins," Deutsche Welle, 05 January 2024) 

REGIONAL
Power cable between Finland and Estonia goes offline
On 06 January, Sputnik reported on the shutdown of electricity transmission through Estlink 1, the high-voltage connection between Finland and Estonia, after a possible malfunction. The cable commissioned in 2007 went offline while its power capacity stood at 50 MW, according to the operator of Fingrid, the Finnish power grid. Estlink 1 is part of two underwater power cables between the two countries in an attempt to integrate the energy markets of the Scandinavian region and the Baltic states within the EU region and a possible attempt at diversifying Europe’s energy sources. (“Outage Occurs at Estonian-Finnish Undersea Power Cable Estlink 1,” Sputnik, 06 January, 2024)

Commission's DSA Showdown with Tech Giant X: The Climactic AI Showdown
On 06 January, EURACTIV reported on the upcoming conclusion of the EU's AI law with a potential conflict between Germany, France, and Italy over "foundation models" risking the agreement. While France advocated for approval, Germany's Digital Minister strongly opposes it and Italy remains uncertain. If three more dissenters emerge the bill could be blocked, whereas opposing will also lead to political risks and delays in the implementation of the Digital Services Act (DSA). The European Commission demonstrates its authority by initiating an investigation into X (likely Twitter) for alleged violations of the DSA sending a clear message to all major tech companies. ("AI, final Act? Commission’s DSA showdown with X," EURACTIV, 06 January 2024)

INTERNATIONAL
Chinese probe into French Liquor, straining relations with EU
On 05 January, Politico reported on China’s investigation into potential dumping by European liquor producers, particularly targeting France's brandy sector in response to the EU's trade assertiveness. This includes a probe into Chinese electric vehicle subsidies that was strongly pushed by French government. The ongoing investigation by Beijing shall target cognac, Armagnac and other brandies which generate a USD 1.57 billion (EUR 1.44 billion) export business for spirits groups like Remy Martin or Hennessy, while further straining the already tense relationship between the European Union and China and is also likely to impact the upcoming state visit to Beijing by Alexander De Croo, Belgian Prime Minister. (Koen Verhelst, Antonia Zimmermann and Camille Gijs, “Chinese liquor probe escalates trade tensions with Brussels,” Politico, 05 January 2023) 

In Brief
By Meenakshi R, Alka Bala and Rosemary Kurian

HUNGARY
Hungarian Defence forces to lead mission to support Bosnian police
On 04 January, Hungary Today reported on the decision of EU Political and Security Committee to make Hungarian Defence Forces lead EU’s peacekeeping mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina for a year. The commander of the mission, Major General László Sticz, emphasised on the potential use of new equipment like helicopters post 2018 military reform. The EUFOR ALTHEA mission will support local authorities, prioritise Bosnian police assistance. Sticz underscored the importance of an impartial and credible international military force with deterrent capabilities. (“Hungarian Defense Forces Lead EU Peacekeeping Mission in Bosnia,” Hungary Today, 04 January 2024)

ITALY
Former Italian prime minister suggests reforms to the EU single market
On 04 January, Politico reported on Enrico Letta, former Italian Prime Minister’s plan to propose changes to the policies guiding the EU single market and national subsidy systems. In his role as the reviewer of the state of the single market, Letta found consistent ‘brain drain’ from certain EU economies to more opportune ones, leaving countries like Romania, Poland, Italy and Portugal at a major skills-based disadvantage. He noted that the freedom of movement must entail the freedom to stay. Further, his report will also include major changes to policies on state subsidies that benefit some industries over others, instead proposing a European industrial policy over “a national fragmentation.” (Jacopo Barigazzi And Giovanna Faggionato, “EU single market czar outlines key reforms,” Politico, 04 January 2024)
 
SWEDEN
Lowest temperatures reported by Swedish Meteorological Institute
On 03 January, Deutsche Welle reported on the continuing record cold temperature in Sweden. According to the report, the temperatures hit low to minus 40 degrees Celsius. The same was reported by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute ranging between minus 40 C and 30 C at Kvikkjokk-Årrenjarka, a Lapland mountain in the northernmost, Nikkaluokta in north Sweden, and city of Umea. In response to the cold weather condition, trains were suspended till 04 January. Comparing the temperatures of February 2001, Sweden has witnessed the coldest temperature of minus 44 degrees Celsius. (“Extreme cold: Temperatures drop below minus 40 C in Sweden,” Deutsche Welle, 03 January 2024)
 
THE UK
Sunak proposes to postpone Spring elections
On 05 January, Politico reported Rishi Sunak, UK’s Prime Minister recent hint to hold the vote of spring elections in the latter half of 2024. While Sunak's Conservative Party currently trails in the polls, the timing decision lies within his control. This delay comes despite pressure from Labour leader Keir Starmer, who is observed to capitalize on economic concerns and challenge the Tories'. With the spring budget, tax cuts, and local elections already in play, the stage is set for a potentially pivotal showdown later 2024. ("Rishi Sunak appears to rule out spring UK election," Politico, 05 January 2024)
 
Storm Henk hampers travel and power supply
On 03 January, Le Monde reported on Environment Agency’s warning over flood as Storm Henk hit parts of England, with strongest gusts reaching 151 kilometres per hour hitting Isle of Wight. Residents near Northampton, were evacuated due to rising River Nene waters, leading to eight flood warnings in Wales, including a severe one. Additionally, 10,000 customers faced power outages, major roads were closed, and train services disrupted due to fallen trees from high winds. (“Storm Henk causes flooding and travel disruption in UK,” Le Monde, 03 January 2024)
 
England: Junior doctors initiate a six-day strike demanding pay rise
On 03 January, Deutsche Welle reported on six-day strike staged by thousands of junior doctors in England. In the 75-year history of the National Health Service (NHS) the strike is considered the longest. The reason behind the strike is due to the long-running demand of the doctors for pay rise. Since the offer by British Medical Association (BMA) for a rise of eight to 10 per cent failed due to the counter offer of 35 per cent by the junior doctors, the strikes reemerged. According to the junior doctors union: “Add to this years of pay erosion, and it's no wonder that morale on the frontline has never been lower.” Due to the strike, the NHS reported on severe impact on “All routine care.” (“England doctors stage longest-ever strike over pay,” Deutsche Welle, 05 January 2024)
 
REGIONAL
EU announces restrictive measures against crimes involves in Myanmar
On 03 January, the European Council released a statement announcing the alignment of some EU-allied countries to its restrictive measures against crimes involved in Myanmar. The candidate countries of North Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Albania, Ukraine, Republic of Moldova, Bosnia and Herzegovina and Georgia, members of the European Economic Area, Armenia, along with the EFTA countries Liechtenstein and Norway, agreed to implement the Council’s decision. The Council added four individuals and two entities against whom restrictive measures will be implemented, which will be implemented by aligned countries nationally. Restrictive measures include asset freezes, funding to aligned parties to the Tatmadaw, travel ban into EU territory, along with funding blocks and embargoes, in order to pressure Myanmar against human rights violations. (“Statement by the High Representative on behalf of the EU on the alignment of certain countries concerning restrictive measures in view of the situation in Myanmar/Burma,” European Council, 03 January 2024)

CROATIA
First Digital Village Project commenced to combat rural depopulation
On 03 January, Total Croatia reported on Croatia’s problem over rural exodus crisis as 195 ghost villages and numerous others struggle. To help them survive the "First Croatian Digital Village Project," led by Poslovni Dnevnik aims to equip farmers with the necessary technology and networking skills, educating them on digital tools. This will enhance agriculture in a smarter and more sustainable way. The project takes advantage of Croatia's extensive investment opportunities in digitization utilising artificial intelligence, robotics, and advanced internet technologies to transform production methods, improve efficiency, and address concerns regarding food security. Success of this endeavour relies on the collaboration between policymakers, industry leaders, and technology providers, ensuring inclusivity and bridging the digital gap. By embracing this digital transformation, Croatian agriculture has the potential to not only revive its rural communities but also thrive in the modern world, benefiting farmers, consumers, and the environment alike. ("First Croatian Digital Village Project Commences," Total Croatia, 03 January 2024)
 
ESTONIA
Government legalizes same-sex marriage
On 03 January, ERR News reported on Estonia move to legalize same-sex marriage. This significant change resolves long standing legal uncertainties and establishes equal rights for all couples under the law. Signe Riisalo, Minister of Social Protection emphasised the importance of acceptance and empathy while also facilitating a seamless transition from existing civil partnerships to marriages. This progressive move not only promotes societal advantages but also safeguards individuals' rights concerning property, inheritance, and other legal matters. Effective from 01 January 2024, Estonia embraces inclusivity and upholds the fundamental right to love for all its citizens. ("Same-sex marriage now legal in Estonia," ERR News, 03 January 2024)
 
KOSOVO
Joins Europe's borderless zone; Sparking hope for closer ties
On 03 January, Le Monde reported on after a long wait “visa D-day” was celebrated by Kosovars on 01 January when the Schengen area’s open borders welcomed them for the first time without the need for a visa. This historic move towards EU integration brought relief to those who saw it as a sign of recognition for Kosovo’s future. Alongside there is also fear of abuse of new freedom, Kosovo enters a new era of free movement eager to demonstrate its readiness to be a responsible partner in the European family. ("Kosovo joins Europe's visa-free Schengen zone," Le Monde, 03 January 2024)

NORWAY
Tesla continues to dominate in electric cars market
On 03 January, novinite.com reported on how Tesla remains dominant in Norway for the third consecutive year despite challenges from labour unions in sale of electric cars. In 2023, 83 per cent of newly purchased cars were equipped with electric plugs and Tesla secured a remarkable 20 per cent share of the market. This surge in electric vehicle adoption is driven by favourable tax incentives and Norway's ambitious objective of phasing out petrol and diesel cars by 2025. Despite facing opposition from unions in Sweden regarding worker rights, Tesla's sales in Norway showed no signs of deceleration, underscoring the unwavering dedication of the Nordic nation towards an electric-powered future. ("Electric Cars Dominate Norway's Market, Diesel and Gasoline Face Phase-Out," novinite.com, 03 January 2024)

SWITZERLAND
Government abolished tariffs on industrial products to boost economy
On 03 January, Swissinfo.ch reported on Switzerland’s step towards reducing costs for consumers and manufacturers by eliminating tariffs on industrial imports. This move is expected to result in lower prices and a wider range of products on Swiss shelves. The abolition of import duties on machinery, raw materials, bicycles, clothing, and other industrial goods is estimated to generate annual gains of over CHF 860 million. The government believes that the economic boost from increased output will outweigh any concerns about lost customs revenue. This decision reinforces Switzerland's position as a business and industrial hub, creating a more vibrant and competitive market for both its citizens and industries. ("Switzerland abolishes tariffs on industrial product imports," Swissinfo.ch, 03 January 2024)
 
THE NETHERLANDS
Healthcare workers feel unprotected as aggression is on the rise
On 03 January, NL Times reported on healthcare professionals concerns over their safety as a 90 per cent reported on a notable increase in aggressive incidents. According to the report, one in three healthcare workers experience verbal and physical attacks from the patients on a weekly basis. These attacks include screaming, threats, and even spitting, are often carried out by patients and their families, primarily stemming from psychiatric issues or disagreements regarding treatment. This alarming rise in violence leaves healthcare workers feeling vulnerable and unsupported, as only 20 per cent believe that appropriate consequences would be enforced. The recent survey conducted by NU'91 highlights the dire state of the healthcare system, emphasising the urgent need for effective measures to safeguard its invaluable workforce. ("Increase in aggression towards people who work in health care," NL Times, 03 January 2024)