Photo : The Economic Times

India sees a surge in Chinese steel imports

China Reader | 06 December 2024, Friday | Vol.1 Nos. 230
CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
India sees a surge in Chinese steel imports
On 06 December, India saw a hike in Chinese finished steel imports to record levels during the first seven months of the financial year. With the 1.7 million metric tonnes import and a 35.4 per cent year-on-year increase, the flood of cheap Chinese steel is threatening domestic producers. The steel ministry has raised alarms, seeking a 25 per cent safeguard duty to mitigate the impact. Despite the import surge, India’s steel demand remains robust, with consumption reaching a seven-year high. The country has transitioned to a net steel importer, with China, South Korea, and Japan collectively accounting for 79 per cent of finished steel imports during this period. (Neha Arora, “India's steel imports from China hit record high, latest data shows,” Reuters, 06 December 2024)

China and India held the 32nd WMCC meeting to discuss the dis-engagement agreement
On 06 December, China and India held the 32nd Working Mechanism for Consultation & Coordination on Border Affairs in New Delhi. The meeting led by China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs Hong Liang and India’s East Asia division’s Gourangalal Das brought together representatives from foreign affairs, defence, interior, and immigration departments. The two nations positively evaluated previous border-related solutions and committed to their comprehensive implementation. Focusing on preparations for upcoming special representatives’ talks, both sides emphasised maintaining communication through diplomatic and military channels. The meeting underscored a mutual commitment to sustaining peace and stability in border regions. (“China, India holds 32nd meeting of working mechanism on border affairs, agree to safeguard peace and stability,” Global Times, 06 December 2024)

INTERNAL
China’s President Xi Jinping calls to maintain absolute military loyalty
On 05 December, China’s President Xi Jinping emphasised the importance of military discipline and anti-corruption measures. Xi stressed the need to maintain the military’s absolute loyalty and purity during his address at the newly established Information Warfare Department. The sweeping anti-corruption campaign has removed at least nine PLA generals and several defence industry executives from the national legislative body. Xi highlighted the unprecedented significance of network information systems in modern warfare and described the new People’s Liberation Army Information Support Force as a primary combat unit. The department, directly reporting to the Central Military Commission, represented a major restructuring of China’s armed forces since 2015. (“China's Xi stresses the need to fight graft in the military,” Reuters, 05 December 2024)
 
CHINA & MIDDLE EAST
China’s Vice Premier met with the Iranian President to discuss a comprehensive strategic partnership
On 06 December, CGTN reported that China’s Vice Premier Zhang Guoqing met with Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian in Tehran and strengthened bilateral relations. Zhang conveyed President Xi Jinping’s greetings and emphasised Iran’s significant regional and international influence as a key comprehensive strategic partner. The visit followed a successful BRICS summit meeting between the countries’ presidents in October. Zhang reiterated China’s unwavering support for Iran’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, while Pezeshkian expressed a strong commitment to deepening bilateral ties. During separate talks with Iran’s First Vice President Mohammad Reza Aref, Zhang discussed implementing a comprehensive cooperation plan. (“Iranian president, Chinese vice premier meet on bilateral ties,” CGTN, 06 December 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China to impose countermeasures against 13 US military companies over arms sales to Taiwan
On 05 December, China announced countermeasures against 13 US military companies and six senior executives in response to recent arms sales to Taiwan. Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Lin Jian emphasised that the Taiwan issue is central to China’s core interests, and the country will invoke its anti-foreign sanctions law. Lin warned that supporting “Taiwan secessionists” would only push Taiwan into a dangerous conflict zone. China strongly urged the United States to adhere to the one-China principle and previous diplomatic communique, demanding an immediate halt to arms sales. (“China imposes countermeasures against U.S. companies, executives,” CGTN, 05 December 2024)

China Reader | 05 December 2024, Thursday | Vol.1 Nos. 229
CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
Nepal’s Prime Minister Oli calls for enhanced China-Nepal economic and trade cooperation  
On 04 December, Nepal’s Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli addressing the Nepal-China Business Summit in Beijing urged for enhanced collaboration. He said: “Trade, commerce, and economic relations between our two countries are now at a new level.”  He noted that the strong economic and trade cooperation has boosted overall bilateral cooperation. The President of the Federation of Nepalese Chambers of Commerce & Industry (FNCCI) Chandra Prasad Dhakal said: “The business community in Nepal views Prime Minister Oli's visit to China as a significant step forward in strengthening Nepal-China relations, particularly in the areas of trade, investment and infrastructure development.” Dhakal also stated that they aspire towards a robust Nepal-China relations and economic partnership as they want to enhance market access to Nepalese goods. Additionally, he wants to encourage Chinese investment in Nepal and promote technology transfer. Vice Chairman of the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade (CCPIT) Zhang Shaogang expressed that there is no shortage of attractive products in Nepal but the Chinese consumers do not know about them. (“China-Nepal business community eyes practical co-op amid PM’s visit,” Global Times, 05 December 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
American metadata hacked by Chinese hackers “Salt Typhoon”
On 04 December, The Guardian reported on an anonymous US official tip informing that a large number of American metadata had been stolen by China’s hacking group “Salt Typhoon.”  The informant did not mention the specific number of leaks or if it was all American’s cell phone numbers were hacked. He did note that a large number of individuals' data was with China. They also informed that dozens of US-based telecom companies were hacked into. The metadata of the call record consists of who, what, when, and where a phone call was made. The content of the calls is not accessible. This can give insight into an individual's personal life and intimate relationship. The informant also stated that the White House has taken up the matter and has prioritized cracking down on the Salt Typhoon. A separate closed-door meeting was held with the FBI Director, Federal Communications Commission, and National Security heads. (“Many Americans’ cellphone data being hacked by China, official says,” The Guardian, 05 December 2024)

CHINA & EAST ASIA
China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi calls for lasting ties at the Beijing-Tokyo Forum
On 04 December, China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi at the 20^th Beijing-Tokyo Forum urged both countries to work together to promote stability. Wang Yi noted that both countries have shared history of over 2000 years and have had normalized diplomatic relations for the last 50 years. Significantly, their relationship moves in the right direction, which will be paramount for the region's development, peace, and stability. He also pushed to promote an open strategy of mutual benefit, where both countries cherish cooperation and common interest. Additionally, he called them to uphold international and regional peace as they face unilateralism and protectionism. He hoped that the forum would continue to further candid exchange and build consensus on the same. The Beijing-Tokyo Forum was established in 2005 after which an annual meeting is held every year. This forum has proved to be a high-level and large-scale interactive forum, noted CGTN. (“China's top diplomat calls for joint work to promote stable, lasting China-Japan ties,” CGTN, 04 December 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China-Laos railway port is the world’s first international sanitary crossing by the WHO
On 04 December, the World Health Organisation (WHO) instituted Mohan railway port as the world’s first international sanitary ground crossing. The port is the hub of the China-Laos Railway in the Yunnan province of China. The designation came after an expert-level assessment was made by the WHO. International Sanitary ports are crossing that meet the WHO guidelines in accordance with the International Health Regulations, aimed at protecting the health of the travelers. China-Laos railway started operating in 2021 from Kunming. The port has handled over 43 million passenger trips and has transported 48.3 million tons of cargo. (“China-Laos Railway port designated international sanitary crossing,” CGTN, 04 December 2024)

Philippines vessel was sideswiped and water cannoned by the Chinese ship
On 04 December, the Philippines coast guards released a video showing Chinese coast guards blasting water on the Philippine fishery department vessel. Another video from the same event also showcased the Philippines shouting “collision” as China’s vessels rammed into the Philippines vessel. The Philippines coast guard informed that the Chinese vessel deliberately sideswiped them and their ship after which they launched water cannon attacks on the same vessel. On the other side, the Chinese coast guard informed that the Philippines vessel had come dangerously close and that their actions had been by the law. The US Ambassador to the Philippines MaryKay Carlson stated that they condemned China’s action and said: “unlawful use of water cannons and dangerous manoeuvres disrupted a Philippine maritime operation ... putting lives at risk.” The incident happened near the contested Scarborough Shoal which has been a point of contention between China and the Philippines. There has been increased tension in the South China Sea and both countries' vessels engage in aggressive posture time and again. (“Filipino vessel 'sideswiped' by China Coast Guard,” BBC, 05 December 2024)

China loans Buddhist relic to Thailand to commemorate the King’s birthday and 50 years of ties
On 04 December, more than 2,000 Thai locals participated in the procession to escort the newly loaned Buddha by China. The relic was loaned by China to a shrine in Thailand on the occasion of King Maha Vajiralongkorn's birthday. It also celebrated the half a century of bilateral relations between Thailand and China. The tooth relic is considered to be sacred and was flown from the Lingguang Temple in Beijing. The sharing of relics has been an effective form of soft diplomacy between Thailand and China. The tooth relic was placed in an ornated golden container and was placed in a flower-bedecked float, as it was paraded around one of the oldest neighbourhoods of Thailand. Thailand’s Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra received the relics with China’s Ambassador to Thailand. (“Relic of the Buddha loaned by China gets a warm welcome in Thailand,” Associated Press, 05 December 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China’s Vice Premier and Goldman Sachs representative push for mutually beneficial collaborations
On 04 December, China’s Vice Premier He Lifeng met the Chief operating officer of Goldman Sachs John Waldron expressed that they welcome US investments. He noted that US financial institutions and long-term capital investments are welcomed to deepen cooperation. He Lifeng said: “We welcome more U.S. financial institutions and long-term capital, including the Goldman Sachs Group, to continue deepening mutually beneficial cooperation with China, and to play a greater role in promoting the healthy development of China-U.S. relations.” Waldron also expressed full confidence in China’s economy and the future of their development and they want to continue to expand cooperation. (“Chinese official encourages U.S. financial institutions to deepen cooperation with China,” CGTN, 05 December 2024)

China Reader | 04 December 2024, Wednesday | Vol.1 Nos. 228
CHINA & NEPAL
China and Nepal sign nine agreements during PM Oli’s visit to Beijing
On 03 December, Nepal’s Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli signed nine agreements with China on his first state visit. Nepal’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Krishna Prasad Dhakal elaborated on the agreements and stated that the MoUs include a letter of exchange for the construction of the Tokha-Chhahare Tunnel, MoU signed on Nepal-China trade enhancement, completion of nine-storey Basantapur Durbar reconstruction, export of buffalo meat and development plan between Nepal’s Ministry of Finance and China’s International Development Agency. Other than that, an economic and technical assistance agreement was signed with a cash assistance grant of RMB 300 million. Additionally, MoUs were signed for the establishment of Chinese language teachers and Nepal Television with China Media Group. Oli met with China’s Premier and is yet to meet China’s President. Before his visit, there was much uproar in the Nepali parliament’s opposition urging Oli to refrain from signing any BRI agreements. Oli also met with China’s chairman of the Standing Committee of NPC Zhao Leji and even delivered a speech at Peking University. (“Nepal, China sign nine deals,” The Kathmandu Post, 03 December 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China’s Ministry of Commerce bans the export of critical minerals to the US
On 03 December, China’s Ministry of Commerce announced the ban on exports of critical minerals to the US. These minerals include gallium, germanium, and antimony. These measures strengthen existing limits on critical minerals leading to further escalation in trade tensions. China’s Ministry of Commerce reasoned that the mineral has a dual-use capacity. They can be used both for civilian applications and military. The Ministry said: “In principle, the export of gallium, germanium, antimony, and superhard materials to the United States shall not be permitted.” Borth Gallium and Germanium are used in semiconductor production. Germanium can be especially used in infrared technology, solar cells, and fiber optic cables. The Ministry said: “These new controls only underscore the importance of strengthening our efforts with other countries to de-risk and diversify critical supply chains away from PRC (China).” These measures come after the US imposed sanctions against 140 Chinese firms and Trump announced his plans to impose 60 per cent tariffs if necessary. (“China bans export of critical minerals to the US as trade tensions escalate,” Reuters, 03 December 2024)

ECONOMY
China’s service activity fell to 51.5 per cent from 52.0 per cent
On 04 December, the Caixin/S&P Global Services purchasing managers index reported China’s services activity to have fallen to 51.5 per cent from 52.0 per cent. The activities saw a slow pace in expansion in November in business growth. China’s economy has faced multiple hits with the consumer and business at an all-time low. Reuters noted that there has been a prolonged property downturn with weak global demand. Additionally, China’s economy is bracing to face the repercussions of Donald Trump coming to power in the US. It is expected that policymakers will support the Chinese market to bolster recovery. A senior economist in Caixin Insight Group Wang Zhe said: “Service providers generally expressed confidence in market improvement amid policy support, although some were concerned about the future trade environment.” While economic recovery has gained momentum in China there is increased pressure to grow steadily. (“China's services activity expansion eases in Nov, Caixin PMI shows,” Reuters, 04 December 2024)

CHINA & EAST ASIA
China’s Embassy in South Korea urges its diaspora to practice caution 
On 03 December, Global Times reported that China’s Embassy to South Korea warned of the security crisis in the country. They reminded the Chinese citizens staying in South Korea to remain calm and to closely pay attention to the political turmoil ensuing the state. They urged the Chinese diaspora to enhance their security awareness, reduce any unnecessary outings, avoid expressing any political opinions, and adhere to the official order of the government. This came after the South Korean President imposed martial law and declared an emergency. This led to the banning of all political activities and a military takeover of the state. The martial law was readily taken down within a few hours. Yoon’s reasoning for the emergency was anti-state actors at play and the need to curb them, to protect the sovereignty of the state. (“Chinese Embassy reminds Chinese citizens in South Korea to enhance security awareness after the declaration of emergency martial law,” Global Times, 03 December 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China’s President discuss bolstering cooperation with Cambodia’s Senate President
On 03 December, China’s President Xi Jinping met with Cambodia’s Senate President Samdech Techo Hun Sen. Xi expressed that China always gave great importance to Cambodia and is ready to work with Cambodia to build high-quality relations. He wants to develop a high-level and high-standard China-Cambodia relationship. Xi asked both countries to uphold mutual support and consolidate their national sovereignty and security. He further pushed for Cambodia to enrich the “Diamond Hexagon,” cooperation framework, formulate a plan for an “Industrial Development corridor,” “Fish and Rice corridor,” and bolster synergy between BRI countries. Hun Sen also noted the time stood friendship and expressed his gratitude to China for their invaluable support. (“President Xi calls for deepened exchanges, win-win situation with Cambodia in talks with Hun Sen,” CGTN, 03 December 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
India’s External Affairs Minister proposes principle for peaceful de-escalation between India and China
On 04 December, India’s External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar noted that the conclusion of the disengagement agreement has led China-India relations in the right direction. Jaishankar said: “Recent developments that reflect our continuous diplomatic engagement… have set our ties in the direction of some improvement.” While disengagement has been successful, now it is time for de-escalation by amassing troops in the LAC, informs Jaishankar. He also noted that the relationship between the two countries will be strictly contingent on the sanctity held on the border. Jaishankar suggested three key principles that have to be observed in all circumstances. First, fair and mutually acceptable settlement over boundary issues. Second, no side to unilaterally alter the status quo. Third, agreements should be abided by in their entirety. (“India-China ties set in direction of some improvement: Jaishankar on disengagement,” Indian Express, 04 December 2024)

China Reader | 03 December 2024, Tuesday | Vol.1 Nos. 227
CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
CPC hosts Bangladesh's Islamist party leaders
 On 03 December, The Economic Times reported on Bangladesh’s leaders of Islamist parties touring China, the invitation was sent by the Communist Party of China (CPC). A 14-member delegation led by Jamaat-e-Islami’s leader Nayeb-e-Ameer visited China. Jamaat-e-Islami is considered to be a radical group with anti-India sentiments. Historically, China has engaged with the Awami League since 2009 and had ties with the BNP and Jamaat. China’s ambassador to Bangladesh Yao Wen also recently hosted a reception for the Islamist parties in Dhaka. Where they said: “Regardless of changes in domestic or regional circumstances, the China-Bangladesh relationship has remained steadfast, progressing steadily in the right direction.” (“Islamic party leaders to visit China,” The Daily Star, 03 December 2024)

POLAR
China opens its first Antarctic atmosphere monitoring research station
On 02 December, SCMP reported that China opened the first monitoring station in the Antarctic. The station is located in the Larsemann Hills of East Antarctica. China’s Meteorological Administration announced that China’s Zhongshan National Atmospheric Background Station started operating in the region. The station will engage in long-term observation of concentration changes in the Antarctic’s atmosphere. Director of the Institute of Global Change and Polar Meteorology Ding Minghu noted that the polar regions are the amplifiers of global climate change and that the new stations will have a unique geographical advantage and scientific value. This is China’s ninth atmospheric monitoring station and its first one overseas. (“China opens its first atmospheric monitoring station in Antarctica,” SCMP, 02 December 2024)

MILITARY
China PLA engages in integrated combat training, reports SCMP 
On 03 December, SCMP reported on China’s modernizing training program as it seeks to further combat readiness. PLA Daily, China’s flagship newspaper reported on the upgraded efforts by the military and noted that: “The transformation and upgrading of our military training has taken a significant step forward, as [we] explore and implement a new model for integrated training group exercises.” The drills conducted aimed are using different units as a team and the use of specific tactics in battle. SCMP noted that China’s Central Military Commission aims to make the training more realistic as they want to closely align them with realistic combat situations. Military commentator and former PLA instructor Song Zhongp said: “Real war requires joint training as its foundation and core; it’s not enough for a single branch or unit to carry out any combat mission alone.” (“China’s PLA takes ‘significant step’ forward in combat readiness with integrated drills,” SCMP, 03 December 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
China-Pakistan to open the Khunjerab Port all year-round
On 01 December, the Khunjerab port border crossing between China and Pakistan situated in China’s Xinjiang region kickstarted a full-year operation. SCMP believes that China’s Xinjiang region is aiming to build closer ties with Pakistan and Central Asia. The border crossing was closed owing to severe weather conditions. There was a 42.6 per cent and 72.7 per cent hike in transits of goods for 11,000 vehicles and 40,900 tons of goods respectively. Central Asia scholar at the Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences Li Lifan said: “As China is somewhat marginalized by the West amid a stand-off with such nations, engaging with Central Asian countries would yield positive outcomes.” (“Khunjerab Pass to remain open round the year,” Dawn, 03 December 2024)

Nepal’s Prime Minister kickstarts China visit
On 02 December, Nepal’s Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli departed for China at the invitation of China’s Premier Li Qiang. Rising Nepal noted that his recent visit to Beijing underscores the deep-rooted friendship between Nepal and China, a relationship with centuries of cultural and diplomatic exchanges. From establishing diplomatic ties in 1955 to ongoing collaborations, China has been a steadfast partner in investing in Nepal’s infrastructure, economic development, and strategic sectors. Former Nepal’s ambassador Mahendra Bahadur Pandey highlighted China’s consistent support and noted that the relationship is built on mutual respect and the expectation of maintaining the “One China” policy. Maoist Centre leader Surendra Karki emphasised the potential for Nepal to become a transit hub through China’s Belt and Road Initiative. He also recognised the need for technological and infrastructure development to fully capitalise on this strategic partnership. (“'Nepal-China relations reflect bilateral interests',” The Rising Nepal, 02 December 2024)
 
CHINA & EUROPE
BBC investigation uncovers use of Xinjiang forced labour in the tomato puree supply chain
On 02 December, a BBC investigation uncovered evidence of the use of forced labour in the tomato supply chain. The investigation revealed that numerous UK supermarkets may be selling tomato purees procured from China’s Xinjiang region. Seventeen tested products, primarily own-brand items, potentially involve tomatoes linked to systemic labour abuses of Uyghur and Muslim minorities. Eyewitness accounts described brutal working conditions, with workers facing electric shock punishments and beatings for failing to meet extreme harvest quotas. The investigation traced tomato shipments through complex international routes, ultimately implicating major Italian processing companies like Petti, which admitted to using Chinese tomatoes when prompted undercover. Despite denials from most retailers, the findings expose a critical gap in supply chain regulations. Food lawyer Dario Dongo said: “What is the true cost of this product?” This has sparked parliamentary discussions and calls for improved labelling to protect consumer rights and workers' fundamental human dignity. (Mike Rudin & Sarah Buckley, “‘Italian’ purees in UK supermarkets likely to contain Chinese forced-labour tomatoes,” BBC, 02 December 2024)
 
China-Lithuania relations deteriorate after Vilnius’ expulsion of three Chinese diplomats
On 02 December, Vilnius removed three Chinese diplomats. This prompted Beijing’s strong condemnation and potential retaliatory measures. The crisis stems from Lithuania’s 2021 decision to allow Taiwan to establish a representative office, which China perceives as a violation of the one-China principle. Beijing downgraded its diplomatic presence and recalled its envoy in response. The recent expulsion, linked to an investigation involving damage to telecommunications cables in the Baltic Sea, has further strained relations. However, with Lithuania’s incoming government under Gintautas Paluckas seeking to normalise ties, there might be hope for diplomatic reconciliation. China has called on Lithuania to respect its sovereignty and territorial integrity, emphasising the need to follow the “prevailing international consensus.” (Leopold Chen, “China condemns Lithuania’s expulsion of 3 diplomats; says countermeasures possible,” SCMP, 02 December 2024)
 
CHINA & THE AMERICAS
US launches export restriction of 140 Chinese semiconductor companies
On 02 December, the US launched its third crackdown on China’s semiconductor industry and imposed export restrictions on 140 companies. The US Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo stated the goal of preventing China from advancing its domestic semiconductor manufacturing for military modernisation. The new measures target chip equipment makers, high-bandwidth memory chips, and investments in sensitive technological sectors. China condemned the action as “economic coercion,” with China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman Lin Jian arguing that such restrictions undermine international trade order. The Biden administration’s move before a potential presidential transition expands US regulatory powers to control chip-related exports globally. Despite China’s efforts to achieve self-sufficiency, it remains significantly behind industry leaders in advanced chip technology. The strategic restrictions aim to limit China’s technological and military capabilities by constraining its semiconductor development. (Karen Freifeld and David Shepardson, “Latest US clampdown on China's chips hits semiconductor toolmakers,” Reuters, 03 December 2024)

China Reader | 01-02 December 2024, Sunday-Monday | Vol.1 Nos. 225-226
OUTERSPACE
China showcases its first commercial space launch with the new Long March-12 
On 30 November, China’s space program achieved a remarkable breakthrough with the Long March-12 carrier rocket’s inaugural launch from the Hainan commercial space launch site. Constructed in 878 days, the innovative launch facility features a groundbreaking “three-flat” rapid processing approach, enabling rocket preparation in as little as three days. The 62-metre-long rocket, China’s first 4-metre-diameter liquid-fueled launch vehicle, demonstrates impressive capabilities with a payload capacity of 12 tonnes to low-earth orbit and 6 tonnes to sun-synchronous orbit. Utilising a sophisticated remote firing control system and a versatile second launch pad accommodating nearly 20 rocket types, this milestone represents a significant advancement in China’s commercial space exploration and technological prowess. (Zheng Yibing, “China's first commercial launch site debut with maiden flight of Long March-12,” CGTN, 30 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China condemns the US arms sale to Taiwan
On 01 December, China condemned the US arms sale of USD 385 million to Taiwan, including F-16 aircraft spare parts and radar equipment. The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs declared it will take “strong and resolute countermeasures” to defend national sovereignty. The spokesperson criticised the sale as a violation of the one-China principle and international law, arguing it undermines peace across the Taiwan Straits. China asserts the arms deal contradicts US leadership commitments and sends an inappropriate signal to “Taiwan independence” separatist forces. The statement demanded the US immediately cease military support to Taiwan and stop supporting separatist movements. (“China vows strong, resolute countermeasures following US approval of $385 million arms sales to Taiwan region,” Global Times, 01 December 2024)

CHINA & CENTRAL ASIA
China and Kyrgyzstan discuss strategic partnership
On 01 December, China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi and Kyrgyzstan’s Foreign Minister Kulubaev Zheenbek Moldokanovich met in Chengdu to solidify bilateral relations. They emphasised expanding cooperation across multiple domains. Wang highlighted the potential of strategic partnerships, calling for deeper mutual trust and collaborative initiatives. Key developments include the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan Railway and the Beshkent border port’s operational launch. China expressed readiness to accelerate intergovernmental trade agreements and improve cross-border infrastructure. Kulubaev praised the strong alignment between the two nations. He noted no political differences and expressed enthusiasm for establishing high-level strategic dialogues. Both countries agreed to enhance coordination within international frameworks like the UN, Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and China-Central Asia mechanism, demonstrating their commitment to regional cooperation. (“China, Kyrgyzstan to deepen cooperation across various sectors,” CGTN, 01 December 2024)

INTERNAL
Hong Kong’s fading democracy and character, says an opinion in BBC
On 01 December, an opinion in BBC stated that Hong Kong which was once a vibrant hub of pro-democracy activism has undergone profound changes since the 2014 Occupy Central movement and the intense 2019 protests. The national security law has silenced dissent, with hundreds of activists jailed and thousands fleeing abroad. Kenneth lamented: “Our city's character is disappearing,” recalling childhood memories of calligraphy posters and passionate vigils. The landscape has shifted from Mandarin replacing Cantonese to skyscrapers celebrating China’s motherland. Despite the challenges, some like Kenneth refuse to forget, believing that “forgetting the past is a form of betrayal.” His story echoes that of many Hongkongers like Kasumi, who now lives in the UK, determined to preserve her cultural identity and teach her daughter about the city's struggle for freedom, with her child proudly declaring, “I'm not Chinese, I'm a Hongkonger.” (Tessa Wong, Grace Tsoi, Vicky Wong and Joy Chang, “Silenced and erased, Hong Kong's decade of protest is now a defiant memory,” BBC, 01 December 2024)

China to reinvent Marxist theory in the modern era, says an editorial in Global Times
On 01 December, an editorial in Global Times reported that China’s President Xi Jinping emphasised the importance of studying and developing Marxist theory as a fundamental strategic program for the Communist Party’s ideological evolution. During a recent Beijing meeting, Xi stressed the need to integrate Marxist principles with China’s specific realities and cultural traditions. This is an aim to adapt theoretical frameworks to contemporary challenges. The goal is to develop an independent knowledge system in Chinese philosophy and social sciences while nurturing high-calibre theoretical talent. A senior party official, Cai Qi, highlighted the significance of Xi’s instructions, calling for innovative approaches to theoretical research that make party theories more engaging and relevant. The initiative seeks to systematically refine defining concepts, explore traditional Chinese culture, and create a comprehensive, scientifically managed framework for theoretical development that responds to the nation’s modernisation efforts. (“Xi urges more efforts to adapt Marxism to Chinese context and needs of times,” Global Times, 01 December 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
Nepal-China navigate a strategic BRI cooperation framework
On 30 November, Nepal is preparing for Prime Minister KP Sharma Oli’s pivotal China visit, with intricate negotiations finalising a nuanced Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) cooperation framework. After extensive deliberations, the ruling parties have crafted a strategic document focusing on economic development rather than political implications. The proposed framework encompasses 12 diverse projects spanning infrastructure, energy, education, and trade, including cross-border railway feasibility studies, power transmission lines, and connectivity initiatives. Significantly, Nepal is prioritising grants over loans, with Foreign Minister Arzu Rana Deuba emphasising: “We are not in a position to take loans to fund the projects.” Key proposals include the Tokha-Chhahre tunnel road, Hilsa-Simikot road, and the Kathmandu Centre and Science Museum. The delegation, comprising over 87 members, aims to secure Chinese cooperation while maintaining national sovereignty and carefully managing bilateral relations. (“Deals on BRI framework, 12 projects likely in China,” The Kathmandu Post, 01 December 2024)

CHINA & CENTRAL ASIA
China and Turkmenistan reinforce strategic bonds
On 01 December, during a critical bilateral meeting in Chengdu, China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi and Turkmenistan Deputy Prime Minister Rashid Meredov reinforced their nations’ commitment to deepening cooperation. Wang emphasised expanding trade, investment, and energy partnerships, pledging support for Chinese enterprises to invest in Turkmenistan. Meredov reciprocated and affirmed Turkmenistan’s dedication to maintaining a permanent friendship and highlighting the importance of the bilateral Cooperation Committee. Both leaders stressed the significance of high-level exchanges and mutual support, particularly in natural gas trade and cultural interactions. (“China, Turkmenistan pledge to strengthen bilateral cooperation,” CGTN, 01 December 2024)

China Reader | 30 November 2024, Saturday | Vol.1 No. 224
CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
China and Nepal reaffirm diplomatic ties and strategic cooperation
On 29 November, during high-level talks in Chengdu, China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi and Nepal’s Foreign Minister Arzu Rana Deuba strengthened bilateral relations. Nepal reasserted its commitment to the one-China policy, pledging not to allow any territory-based activities opposing China’s interests. Wang emphasised advancing the Belt and Road Initiative and preparing for their diplomatic ties’ 70th anniversary. Deuba expressed Nepal’s appreciation for China’s global development concept and willingness to participate in the Global Development Initiative. (“China, Nepal agree to promote cooperation on all fronts,” CGTN, 30 November 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
Sweden seeks answers in Baltic Sea cable damage linked to Chinese vessel
On 29 November, Sweden formally requested China’s cooperation in investigating damage to two undersea communication cables in the Baltic Sea, potentially linked to the Chinese vessel Yi Peng Three. The cables connecting Sweden to Lithuania and Finland to Germany were severed on 17 and 18 November. The ship tracking data suggested the Chinese vessel sailed over the cable locations during the incidents. Sweden’s Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson emphasised the importance of determining the exact circumstances, while China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed willingness to collaborate. The Wall Street Journal reported investigators suspect deliberate cable damage through anchor dragging. This incident occurred against a backdrop of increasing tensions in the Baltic Sea, following previous infrastructure damage like the Nord Stream pipeline explosions and undersea cable disruptions. (Christy Cooney, “Sweden asks China to co-operate over severed cables,” BBC, 29 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
US chip controls spark potential trade tensions with China
On 28 November, China warned of “necessary actions” to defend its tech firms amid reports of potential new US export restrictions targeting semiconductor companies. The Biden administration is considering adding approximately 200 Chinese chip companies to a trade blacklist, which would severely limit their access to US technology supplies. China’s Commerce Ministry spokesperson He Yadong criticised these measures and argued that they disrupt international trade and global industrial security. The proposed restrictions would target semiconductor equipment, AI memory chips, and specific chip factories, reflecting ongoing tensions over technological competition. With the potential for additional tariffs from the incoming administration and concerns about national security, the semiconductor industry stands at the centre of escalating US-China technological and economic confrontations. (“China warns of 'necessary actions' if US escalates chip curbs,” Reuters, 28 November)

INTERNAL
Chinese journalist Dong Yuyu sentenced to seven years in espionage case
On 29 November, Business Standard reported that a veteran Chinese journalist had been handed a severe seven-year prison sentence by a Beijing court on controversial espionage charges. A former Guangming Daily editor, Dong Yuyu, was detained in February 2022 while having lunch with a Japanese diplomat. The closed-door trial, which barred international diplomatic observers, has drawn widespread condemnation from press freedom organisations. A respected academic and a Harvard Nieman Fellow, Dong had a history of writing moderate reform-oriented articles without directly criticising government leadership. The Committee to Protect Journalists denounced the verdict, with program manager Beh Lih Yi calling it “a travesty of justice.” Over 700 journalists and academics have signed an online petition demanding his release, highlighting the growing international concern over press freedoms in China. Dong’s case follows another high-profile espionage prosecution of an Australian writer earlier this year. (“Chinese court sentences journalist to seven years for espionage,” Business Standard, 29 November 2024)

OUTERSPACE
China reveals self-navigating satellite technology
On 27 November, China achieved a significant breakthrough in space technology with the launch of its first autonomous satellites, Siwei Gaojing-2 03 and Gaojing-2 04. These satellites developed by the Shanghai Academy of Spaceflight Technology can independently manage their orbital paths without ground control. Utilising cutting-edge synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technology, they can navigate with remarkable precision, returning to orbit within 100 metres and performing coordinated manoeuvres at sub-metre accuracy. The satellites can operate in all weather conditions, capturing high-resolution imagery day and night by penetrating clouds and darkness. They are part of a larger commercial remote sensing constellation project. These satellites are designed to support critical sectors including disaster monitoring, urban surveillance, agricultural assessment, and environmental management. (Vasudha Mukherjee, “Autonomous space tech: China launches world's first self-driving satellite,” Business Standard, 27 November 2024)

CHINA & RUSSIA
China and Russia conduct ninth joint strategic air patrol over Sea of Japan
On 29 November, Chinese and Russian militaries executed their ninth collaborative strategic air patrol over the Sea of Japan. It also involved 11 military aircraft that entered South Korea’s air defence identification zone. The four-hour mission, part of an annual cooperation plan since 2019, aimed to enhance the joint operational capabilities of both air forces. South Korea responded by launching fighter jets and subsequently protesting the unannounced patrol. This strategic manoeuvre follows a similar joint operation in July near Alaska using nuclear-capable strategic bombers, which prompted responses from the US and Canada. (“China, Russia militaries conduct joint air patrol over Sea of Japan,” Reuters, 29 November 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
China condemns UK lawmakers’ Taiwan motion as violation of international norms
On 29 November, Global Times reported that China denounced a non-binding motion by British MPs regarding Taiwan. This characterised it as a deliberate distortion of international law and UN principles. The Chinese Embassy spokesperson strongly criticised the motion, emphasising that Taiwan has been an inalienable part of China’s territory since ancient times. Referencing the 1971 UN General Assembly Resolution 2758, China reaffirmed its stance that there is no legitimacy to “two Chinas” or “one China, one Taiwan” concepts. The spokesperson reminded the UK of its 1972 joint communiqué recognizing Taiwan as a Chinese province and urged British politicians to cease what they termed a “clumsy political farce” that challenges fundamental international relations norms. China maintains that such motions cannot impede its historical trajectory toward reunification. (“China condemns UK MP’s Taiwan-related motion for distorting UN resolution: Chinese Embassy in the UK,” Global Times, 29 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
Taiwan President Lai sets out on Pacific tour 
On 29 November, Taiwan’s President Lai Ching-te is set to begin a diplomatic tour that includes stops in Hawaii and Guam. This prompted strong warnings from China to the US. Beijing urged Washington to exercise “utmost caution” regarding Taiwan’s interactions, emphasising its opposition to any foreign engagements by Taiwan’s leadership. The US State Department characterised Lai’s transit as routine and consistent with long-standing diplomatic practices. Chinese officials have suggested potential military drills near Taiwan as a response to the trip. Lai, who rejects Beijing’s sovereignty claims, will visit three Pacific allies, the Marshall Islands, Tuvalu, and Palau during his weeklong journey. (“China urges utmost caution by US ahead of Taiwan president's Hawaii trip,” Reuters, 30 November 2024)

China Reader | 29 November 2024, Friday | Vol.1 No. 223
CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
China-Pakistan forge military cooperation through joint counterterrorism drills
On 28 November, SCMP reported that China and Pakistan conducted their eighth Warrior series joint counterterrorism exercise. Ther they deployed over 300 troops from the PLA’s Western Theatre Command. The drills against a backdrop of recent attacks targeting Chinese interests, aim to enhance bilateral defense capabilities and regional security. Chinese military officials, including Zhang Youxia, emphasised strengthening ties amid complex regional dynamics. The exercise focuses on integrated training and simulating combat scenarios, particularly in response to separatist threats in Balochistan. Military analysts highlighted the significance of these drills in deterring terrorist groups and protecting critical infrastructure like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor. The PLA showcased advanced unmanned technologies, demonstrating its commitment to modernising military operations and reducing personnel risks. (Meredith Chen and William Zheng, “China, Pakistan talk security as they target terrorism against belt and road projects,” SCMP, 28 November 2024)

INTERNAL
Chinese women expose sanitary pad manufacturers’ misled product sizing 
On 28 November, Chinese women used major sanitary pad manufacturers which systematically misled customers about product lengths. Social media investigations revealed nearly 90 per cent of tested products were shorter than advertised, with some brands falling at least 10mm below packaging claims. Popular platforms like Xiaohongshu and Weibo became battlegrounds for consumer frustration. One viral video asked manufacturers: “Will cutting a few centimetres help you strike it rich?” The controversy escalated when brand ABC’s dismissive customer service response further angered consumers, leading to widespread apologies from manufacturers. State media and authorities have also intervened, criticising manufacturers for compromising product quality. The uproar reflects deeper grievances about women’s product standards, symbolised by the powerful trending phrase: “Sanitary pads yield a centimetre; women yield for a lifetime.” This highlighted the systemic disregard for women's needs in product design. (Koh Ewe, “Chinese companies apologise for 'shrunken' sanitary pads,” BBC, 28 November 2024)

CHINA & EAST ASIA
Uniqlo’s denies use of Xinjiang cotton
On 28 November, BBC reported that Uniqlo’s CEO and Japan’s wealthiest businessman, Tadashi Yanai, declared the company’s stance on Xinjiang cotton and explicitly stated they do not use cotton from the controversial region. Yanai strategically addresses human rights concerns while maintaining Uniqlo’s aggressive expansion plans. With more stores in China than in Japan, the company sees immense potential in the 1.4 billion-person market. Rejecting the ultra-fast fashion model, Yanai emphasises sustainable clothing production, focusing on essential items designed for longevity. Despite global pressures from the US and China, Uniqlo aims to grow from its current 3 trillion yen revenue and overtake Zara’s parent company Inditex. The company’s future success hangs on balancing ethical manufacturing, global market expansion, and adapting to evolving trade dynamics, including potential challenges from a potential Trump presidency. (Mariko Oi, “Uniqlo does not use Xinjiang cotton, boss says,” BBC, 28 November 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China and Cambodia reaffirm strong diplomatic bonds in high-level meeting
On 28 November, China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi and Cambodia’s Deputy Prime Minister Prak Sokhonn met in Beijing to reinforce their bilateral relationship. Wang highlighted their commitment to maintaining close high-level exchanges and promoting regional stability by emphasising the enduring “ironclad friendship” between the two nations. Prak Sokhonn reciprocated, affirming Cambodia’s unwavering friendly policy towards China and expressing eagerness to enhance political mutual trust and diplomatic coordination. Both leaders underscored their determination to elevate the bilateral relationship to new heights, demonstrating a strategic approach to addressing regional challenges and safeguarding their mutual interests in the evolving geopolitical landscape. (“Wang Yi: China willing to maintain high-level exchanges with Cambodia,” CGTN, 29 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China prolongs tariff exemptions for specific US product imports
On 29 November, China’s Customs Tariff Commission announced the extension of tariff exemptions for select US products until 28 February 2025. The exemption covers critical materials including rare earth metal ore, medical disinfectant, and nickel-cadmium batteries. They maintain relief from additional tariffs originally imposed as countermeasures to US trade actions. This decision signals China’s nuanced approach to managing ongoing trade tensions. (“China to extend tariff exemptions for some US products to 2025,” Reuters, 29 November 2024)

China Reader | 28 November 2024, Thursday | Vol.1 No. 222
CHINA & RUSSIA
China and Russia hold meeting on Arctic shipping routes
On 25 November, China and Russia held their first sub-committee meeting on Arctic shipping routes in Saint Petersburg. China’s Transport Minister Liu Wei attended the event at the invitation of Russia’s State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom. This is a significant diplomatic milestone on the 75th anniversary of China-Russia diplomatic relations. The new mechanism of cooperation will improve the safety of navigation in the Arctic, the technology of shipbuilding, and transportation capabilities. Rosatom’s director Alexey Likhachev called this partnership historic and expressed his enthusiasm for deepening cooperation in all areas. The meeting produced substantial agreements, such as approved subcommittee regulations and key collaborative objectives for 2025. Both countries showed a commitment to the joint development of Arctic shipping routes, sharing technological insights, and furthering mutual strategic interests through concrete, forward-looking initiatives. (“China, Russia hold the first meeting of the subcommittee on Arctic shipping routes cooperation,” Global Times, 27 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
US-China prisoners’ swap
On 27 November, a spokesperson for the US National Security Council (NSC) announced that three American detainees in China are being released back to the US in a prison swap deal. The three Mark Swidan, Kai Li, and John Leung are on their way back to the US. The exchange took months of negotiations with at least one Chinese detainee in exchange. Former US President Joe Biden expressed his concerns to China’s President Xi Jinping at the APEC Summit regarding the wrongful imprisonment of US citizens in China. NSC spokesperson said: “Thanks to this Administration’s efforts and diplomacy with the PRC, all of the wrongfully detained Americans in the PRC are home.” Out of the three prisoners, two were imprisoned over espionage charges and one was convicted for narcotics trafficking. (“Three Americans released in US-China prisoner exchange,” BBC, 28 November 2024)

ECONOMY
China’s Evergrande investors seek explains from authorities over the collapse of the firm
On 27 November, Reuters reported that hundreds of angry Chinese investors plan to coordinate a campaign urging Chinese authorities to explain the Evergrande collapse. Previously, over 500 investors strategically visited government offices in Shenzhen including investigation bureaus and courts, to inquire about Evergrande’s USD 300 billion liabilities. Operating through small private WeChat groups, investors seek to avoid antagonising officials as they seek answers. An anonymous investor in WeChat groups said: “If we don't speak out now, there will never be a chance.” The protest action casts light on more widespread economic grievances within China, as more than 80,000 have lost investment money in Evergrande’s wealth management products. Officials are growing alarmed over the economic complaints that can spark unrest grassroots activists operate in an increasingly strained environment socially. The protests are a subtle way of expressing dissatisfaction in a system where mass demonstrations are quickly suppressed. (David Kirton and James Pomfret, “Exclusive: In careful protest, China Evergrande's investors press for action,” Reuters, 27 November 2024)
 
EXTERNAL
China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs rebuts G7’s critiques on Beijing’s trade and political practices
On 27 November, China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Mao Ning refuted the G7 country's recent statements on China’s over-capacity and Taiwan issue. Mao stated that these are internal issues and that the countries are interfering. She also challenged the grouping’s issue over Russia’s support, trade practices, and regional issues. Mao said: “If the G7 seeks a constructive and stable relationship with China, it should take concrete actions to practice what it preaches,” and rejected claims on weapons supply and over-capacity. Mao urged the G7 countries to move away from geopolitical games and concentrate on international cooperation. By maintaining a principled stance of resistance, she called for compliance with UN Charter norms and underscored China’s responsibility as a global actor who believed in fairness and inclusive development. (“China opposes G7's interference in sovereignty and internal affairs,” CGTN, 27 November 2024)
 
CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
Indonesia and China forging strategic partnership, says Indonesian’s Ambassador to China
On 27 November, Global Times reported on an interview with Indonesia’s Ambassador to China on Indonesia’s President Prabowo Subianto’s first visit to China. He noted that this visit reflects the strong cooperation between the nations. China is one of the biggest trading partners of Indonesia. Trade between both nations for the year 2023 stood at USD 139.41 billion, and investments amounted to USD 7.4 billion. During his visit, Ambassador Djauhari Oratmangun stated that Indonesia remains on the same page as its vision for peaceful international developments. Prabowo quoted: “A thousand friends are too few, one enemy is too many,” reflecting the diplomatic spirit. Indonesia’s strategic approach also involves the aspiration for BRICS membership to give developing nations a louder voice in the world economic order. The nations share a vision of collaborative diplomacy and will focus on infrastructure, poverty alleviation, and mutual respect. President Prabowo’s appreciation for Chinese civilisation and commitment to being a “good neighbor.” further cements this emerging partnership, promising greater cooperation in multiple domains. (“Indonesia supports China hosting APEC 2026, to advocate broader interests of Global South with China after joining BRICS, says Indonesian ambassador,” Global Times, 27 November 2024)
 
CHINA & EAST ASIA
China welcomes 11th batch of Chinese People’s Volunteers war remains from Korea  
On 28 November, China welcomed the 11th batch of Chinese People’s Volunteers (CPV) martyrs of the Korean War’s remains from Korea. China’s Y-20 aircraft, escorted by J-20 fighter jets, welcomed the remains with water cannon salutes, representing the highest civil aviation honour at Shenyang Taoxian International Airport. Shenyang city turned the landscape upside down as skyscrapers, buses, and streets were covered with nationalistic slogans like “Mountains and Rivers Welcome Heroes Home,” while hoisting over 3,000 flags of the country. PLA Air Force developed a unique mission emblem “PLA Air Force Brings You Home 2024,” emphasising that the nation cannot forget the fallen soldiers. This batch brings the total returned CPV martyrs’ remains to 981. (“China welcomes home the 11th batch of CPV martyrs’ remains with the highest respect,” Global Times, 28 November 2024)
 
CHINA & EUROPE
China’s Chairman of the Standing Committee state visit to Spain
On 28 November, China’s Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Zhao Leji consolidated bilateral ties with Spain during a five-day official visit. He met the country’s key political leaders, including King Felipe VI and Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez. The diplomatic mission emphasised China’s commitment to strengthening strategic partnerships in Europe, focusing on areas such as trade, investment, electric vehicles, and green technology. Zhao conveyed China’s President Xi Jinping’s greetings and underlined the importance of mutual understanding, respect, and cooperation. Spain welcomed Chinese investment and stated that it was ready to actively participate in EU-China relations. Both sides agreed to increase legislative exchanges, cultural exchanges, and cooperation on international issues. The visit marked a strong commitment to further bilateral relations and long-term stability and prosperity ahead of the 20th anniversary of their comprehensive strategic partnership, (“China's top legislator pledges deeper cooperation with Spain,” CGTN, 28 November 2024)
 
Sweden’s Prime Minister calls Baltics Sea “high risk” after alleged severance of sea cables by China
On 27 November, Sweden’s Prime Minister Ulf Kristersson declared the Baltic Sea a “high risk” zone after the suspicious severance of two fiber optic cables, with a Chinese vessel Yi Peng 3, anchored nearby during the incident. Nordic and Baltic leaders met to discuss security challenges, but China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs denied involvement. Leaders from Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Estonia, and Poland came together to discuss regional security and support Ukraine. They unanimously decided against Russia’s aggressive act and increased ammunition and defence support. According to Kristersson, this decision would “echo for many years,” as he underlined the security gained in Sweden with NATO membership and pushed for more responsibility in European countries to ensure their defence. (Miranda Bryant, “Swedish PM says Baltic Sea now ‘high risk’ after suspected cable sabotage,” The Guardian, 27 November 2024)

China to further economic and trade partnership with the Netherlands, says China’s Premier
On 27 November, China’s Premier Li Qiang expressed that they are working on expanding trade exchanges with the Netherlands as they adhered to the principles of mutual benefits. Li Qiang noted this in a telephone conversation with the Dutch Prime Minister Dick Schoof. Li stated that under the guidance of both countries’ leaders both China and the Netherlands have built and developed their relations rapidly. Li expressed that China is ready to work with the new government and uphold the positive momentum. Openness and practicality are at the helm of their bilateral relations as they believe in maintaining close ties and strengthening dialogue. Schoof noted that China plays an important role in global affairs and the Netherlands sees China as an important economic and trade partner. (“China ready to expand economic, trade exchanges with the Netherlands: Chinese Premier,” People’s Daily Online, 28 November 2024)

China Reader | 27 November 2024, Wednesday | Vol.1 No. 221
CHINA & THE PACIFIC
China warns New Zealand against joining AUKUS
On 27 November, China’s Ambassador to New Zealand, Wang Xiaolong, issued a strict warning against the potential consequences of New Zealand joining the AUKUS security pact. He stated that such a move would “inevitably” damage bilateral relations. Wang criticised the trilateral agreement as a manifestation of a “zero-sum Cold War mentality” and raised concerns about the nuclear material transfer, suggesting it could undermine the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Currently, New Zealand’s Prime Minister Christopher Luxon is still interested in AUKUS cooperation. However, Labour leader Chris Hipkins stated that policy decisions must not be influenced by others. The ambassador strongly dismissed accusations of political interference in New Zealand stating that trust is a fragile commodity that can be easily broken. Wang suggested that New Zealand should think twice before becoming a part of AUKUS, as it could harm the country’s security in the region and its diplomatic relations with neighbouring countries. (“China warns New Zealand against joining AUKUS,” ABC News, 27 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China urges the US to reconsider tariffs imposition over fentanyl smuggling 
On 26 November, China’s Embassy in the US’s spokesperson Liu Pengyu expressed that the cooperation will address the US’s fentanyl concerns. The statement came to light after the newly elected US President Donald Trump announced his plans to impose tariffs on China. He expressed that after he is officially instated as the President, he will sign an executive order that would impose 10 per cent tariffs on Chinese imports. This is owed to China’s failure to curb fentanyl drug smuggling entering the US. Liu noted that China took serious steps to combat drug trafficking and said: “The Chinese side has notified the U.S. side of the progress made in U.S.-related law enforcement operations against narcotics.” Additionally, noted that the US allegation stands contrary to the facts of reality. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Mao Ning urged the US to safeguard their bilateral relations. (“China, Mexico refute Trump's fentanyl-related tariff threats,” CGTN, 27 November 2024)

INTERNAL
China’s Defence Minister probed over corruption charges
On 27 November, China’s Defence Minister Dong Jun is under investigation over corruption charges. This marked the third successive defense minister to be subjected to such proceedings. Appointed in December 2023, Dong’s investigation comes in the wake of his predecessors Li Shangfu and Wei Fenghe being expelled for “serious violations of discipline,” and accused of receiving substantial bribes. The sweeping purge has already affected at least nine PLA generals and several defence industry executives. Dong was excluded from the Central Military Commission and State Council in the past, raising further questions about his standing. Georgetown University professor Dennis Wilder said: “Once the string of corruption is pulled many other threads are revealed and the sweater unravels.” (Laurie Chen, “China defence minister Dong Jun under investigation for corruption, FT reports,” Reuters, 27 November 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China’s President optimistic of China-Singapore’s economic partnership
On 26 November, South China Morning Post reported that China’s President Xi Jinping voiced strong confidence in China’s economic trajectory and commitment to international cooperation with Singapore.  He made the statement at a high-profile meeting with Singapore’s former Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong. Xi stated that China was ready to participate in “high-quality” digital and green development projects and welcomed Singapore as a strategic partner. Lee reciprocated by underlining the “especially valuable” relationship between the two nations amid global uncertainties. The meeting underlined common interests in multilateralism and economic globalisation. Xi called for resistance against international divisions. Lee visited China for the first time since he stepped down as prime minister, symbolising the enduring diplomatic connection. Furthermore, the Suzhou Industrial Park marked its 30th anniversary, a quintessential example of China-Singapore collaboration and their longstanding economic partnership. (Dewey Sim and Yuanyue Dang, “Keep faith in China’s economic prospects, Xi Jinping tells former Singapore leader,” SCMP, 26 November 2024)

CHINA & THE PACIFIC
China-Samoa celebrates the 50th anniversary of diplomatic relations
On 26 November, China’s Premier Li Qiang met Samoa’s Prime Minister Fiame Naomi Mata'afa on the 50^th anniversary of their bilateral cooperation. They reconfirmed their commitment to enhancing bilateral ties. Li Qiang stated that the new strategic cooperation must extend to various domains such as agriculture, fisheries, clean energy, and disaster mitigation. In this respect, the Global South representatives are interested in enhancing multilateral coordination on global challenges like climate change, noted Li. Mata’afa underlined her country’s unwavering support for the one-China principle and commitment to advancing the Blue Pacific Continent strategy. The discussion reflected a shared vision of promoting equitable economic globalisation and fostering development that benefits developing nations through collaborative engagement. (“Chinese premier holds talks with Samoan PM in Beijing,” CGTN, 27 November 2024)

CHINA & MIDDLE EAST
China’s President Xi Jinping advocates for Palestinian statehood and peace at the UN
On 26 November, China’s President Xi Jinping addressing the UN meeting on the International Day of Solidarity, advocated the comprehensive resolution of the conflict in the Middle East and the Palestinian people. Xi urged China to implement the two-state solution, historically based on 1967 borders, and to have East Jerusalem as its capital. China reiterated its resolute support for Palestinian national rights, calling for the rebuilding of Palestinian sovereignty and supporting internal reconciliation efforts. Xi called for a more comprehensive international peace conference and pledged to cooperate with the international community to end all violence, support humanitarian operations, and work toward a comprehensive, lasting settlement that realises Palestinian statehood and all fundamental rights. (“Xi sends congratulations to UN meeting marking Intl Day of Solidarity with Palestinian People,” China Daily, 27 November 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE 
EU and China to further negotiate EV trade tariffs
On 25 November, European Union and China are looking for ways to manage imports of electric vehicles differently amid an intensifying trade war. EU officials have discussed possible solutions, such as minimum pricing mechanisms that will help to deal with the artificially low prices from state subsidies. After the European Union decided to apply up to 45.3 per cent tariffs on Chinese-built EVs, the diplomatic channels are still active. While European Parliament’s trade committee chairman Bernd Lange stated that an agreement would be reached soon, other EU sources point to significant obstacles. China Chamber of Commerce has called EU actions “protectionist,” adding to the complexity that surrounds international trade relations. (“EU, China discussing alternatives to European tariffs on Chinese EVs,” Business Standard, 25 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China denounces US sanctions of 29 firms under UFLPA
On 26 November, China condemned the US to blacklist of 29 Chinese companies under the Uygur Forced Labor Prevention Act (UFLPA) and labelled it as an unjust act of economic coercion. The Chinese Ministry of Commerce spokesperson strongly rejected the allegations and stated that no forced labour exists in Xinjiang urging the US to halt its “political manipulation.” Beijing argued that the sanctions infringe on human rights, undermine corporate interests, and disrupt global supply chains. The representative stated that China strongly opposed forced labour and urged the US to immediately end its “unreasonable suppression” of Chinese enterprises, which she described as groundless and politically motivated. (“China slams U.S. blacklisting of firms over 'forced labor' in Xinjiang,” CGTN, 27 November 2024)

China Reader | 26 November 2024, Tuesday| Vol.1 No. 220
INTERNAL
China’s commits to retain global supply chain stability, says China’s Premier Li Qiang 
On 25 November, China’s Premier Li Qiang reaffirmed China’s commitment to retaining strong global industrial webs at a recent international business symposium. Discussing global industrial networks at a symposium for leaders of multinational corporations such as Apple and Rio Tinto, Li stated that the economy was facing a great challenge over unobstructed supply chains. He termed protectionist policies as global network disruptions that would raise corporate costs while fostering less development globally. Li declared China’s steady economic growth and promised to accelerate industrial modernisation, promote technological innovation, and enlarge access to markets. Foreign companies expressed strong confidence in the Chinese economy and they signalled their willingness to deepen investments and collaborative partnerships. Li called for collective efforts to create more dynamic, resilient, and efficient global supply chains through sustained international cooperation. (“China pledges to ensure stability of global industrial, supply chains,” CGTN, 26 November 2024)

China’s Central Committee and the State Council to combat food waste
On 26 November, Global Times reported that China has made a groundbreaking announcement of a structured action plan to reduce food waste. By 2027 it is expected to be achieved within overall ambitious goals. The strategy for this was elaborated in cooperation between the Communist Party of China Central Committee and the State Council to abruptly lower food loss rates at every stage of production, storage, transport, and processing. Innovative approaches include developing green virtual accounts, making conservation bonuses, and distributing incentive coupons to encourage smaller meal sizes. The policy deals with food waste comprehensively, from government and school canteens to cultural practices, including weddings and funerals. In line with China’s food security and anti-waste laws, the program responds to alarming global statistics that disclose 1.05 billion tonnes of food was wasted in 2022, accounting for nearly one-fifth of consumer-available food. (“China announces action plan to reduce food loss, waste,” Global Times, 26 November 2024)

MARITIME
China’s deep-sea cable Haiwei GD11000 becomes the first to operate at extreme ocean depths
On 25 November, SCMP reported that China has made a breakthrough in technology with the Haiwei GD11000, the world’s first submarine cable system operating at extreme ocean depths, particularly in the Challenger Deep of the Mariana Trench. This is a result of close collaboration between Dalian Maritime University and domestic scientific enterprises on an innovative optical cable winch system that can deploy cables up to 11,000 metres underwater. It is led by Professor Li Wenhua and represents a major step in the capabilities of marine research. The deployed specifications are remarkably showcased in the system, such as safe working loads over 15 tonnes and speed up to 120 meters per minute when deploying cables. The ultra-thin cable below 34mm is capable of transmitting a little over 51 kilowatts of power. It advances China’s potential and strategically positions the country at the forefront of deep-sea exploration and resource mapping technologies. (Dannie Peng, “China builds a machine capable of laying submarine cables in the Challenger Deep,” South China Morning Post, 25 November 2024)
 

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
India refuses imports from China and other countries 
On 25 November, First Post reported that India stepped up the response to its food safety protocols by instituting the Food Import Rejection Alert, a very transparent procedure to keep track of and reject substandard international consignments of food. With the power to regulate as granted under the 2017 Food Safety and Standards (Import) Regulation (FSSAI) step by step, has shut imports from several countries, including China, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Japan, and Turkey. Rejections ranged from arsenic-contaminated Sushi Nori from China to moisture-laden areca nuts from Bangladesh and apples that were not fresh enough from Turkey. The three-tier verification process is detailed: it checks on the documentation, visual inspection, and intense detailed testing. Technological transparency and diligent monitoring by India ensure its 1.42 billion population is kept safe as the country takes an active approach to strict standards in importing food products. (“India rejects food shipments from China, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Japan, Turkey. Here's why,” First Post, 25 November 2024)

Nepal’s Prime Minister ahead of his trip to China, informs he won’t sign a new loan agreement 
On 25 November, Prime Minister K P Sharma Oli is leaving for China on an official visit on 02 December, assuring that the visit will be centred around bilateral relations with no demand for new loans. Former leaders at a high-level meeting told Oli to brush off rumors surrounding the loan agreement and made it clear that Nepal’s international engagement supersedes national sovereignty and global welfare. He emphasised that the visit was aimed at implementing previous agreements, expanding transmission lines, and exploring chances of exporting products. Meanwhile, Oli dispelled fears of Nepal playing diplomatic “cards” against either China or India, assuring that his country enjoys “good relations with both of them”. Former Prime Minister Pushpa Kamal Dahal ‘Prachanda’ echoed this view, emphasising effective bilateral cooperation. Foreign Minister Dr Arzu Rana Deuba said that preparations for the diplomatic mission were going smoothly without a single inter-party dispute. (“Will not sign any loan agreement with China under BRI during the visit: Oli,” Business Standard, 25 November 2024)

CHINA & THE MIDDLE EAST
Xi Jinping’s modernisation vision launched in Arabic 
On 25 November, CGTN reported that the Central Compilation and Translation Press recently launched an Arabic version of the overall discourse of President Xi Jinping, reflecting his strategic understanding of Chinese modernisation from November 2012 to October 2023. After having earlier publications in English, French, and Russian editions, the stated purpose of the new edition is to enlighten the international reading public on the theory and practice of China’s modernisation process. Developed by the Institute of Party History and Literature under the CPC Central Committee, the multilingual book has become an important diplomatic and intellectual bridge, transcending the global horizon to understand China’s developmental philosophy and collaborative modernisation vision. (“Arabic version of President Xi's discourses on Chinese modernization published,” CGTN, 25 November 2024)

CHINA & CENTRAL ASIA
Azerbaijan’s green diplomacy and strategic partnership with China, says an interview in Global Times 
On 25 November, an interview in Global Times stated that Cop29 host Azerbaijan turned out to be one of the most important countries in international climate negotiations. Azerbaijan’s ambassador, Bunyad Huseynov underlined its commitment to the concept of sustainable development. The country considers China an indispensable partner in the green energy transition and is grateful for its high-level renewable technologies, and extensive experience. Azerbaijan is one of the early supporters of the Belt and Road Initiative. The country has positioned itself strategically as a key transit corridor connecting East and West and boasts ambitious plans to develop regional green energy pathways. By 2030, Azerbaijan aims to attain 30 per cent renewable energy in its electricity generation capacity, indicating its commitment to climate action. Trade relations between the two countries have blossomed with bilateral trade increasing by 44 per cent in 2023. The two nations are adhering to embracing technology exchange, sustainable infrastructure development, and mutual economic prosperity. (Xie Wenting, “China shares green technology with other nations, sets an example for the world: Azerbaijani Ambassador,” Global Times, 25 November 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
CPC holds dialogue with Central and Eastern European political parties
On 25 November, the Communist Party of China recently hosted a landmark dialogue with political representatives from Central and Eastern European Countries, bringing together nearly 50 delegates from 19 parties across 12 nations. Those participating from abroad spoke highly of China’s unique model of development as the alternative global approach, showing their eagerness to strengthen bilateral understanding. Liu Jianchao emphasised that the biggest potential was in deepening strategic communication and improving cooperation platforms leading the CPC’s International Department. The event was themed “China's Modernization and New Opportunities for China-CEEC Relations: Contribution of Political Parties” and highlighted the willingness and dedication to creating genuine political exchanges and ways of cooperation for mutual development and diplomatic involvement. (“CPC, CEEC political parties agree to advance cooperation,” CGTN, 26 November 2024)
 

Denmark investigates alleged Chinese vessel cutting undersea cables
On 25 November, Denmark’s Foreign Minister said they are monitoring China’s vessel activities in the Baltic Sea as two cables were cut. Currently, the ministry is in dialogue with China over the sections of telecom cable that were cut on 17 and 18 November in Swedish waters. Sweden and Finland have opened a police investigation with the European officials as they suspect foul play and deliberate sabotage by China for Russia. Kremlin called the allegation as “absurd” and “laughable.” The course of the incident is as follows, Yi Peng 3 a Chinese vessel said to have run the cable. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson said: “China is currently working with relevant parties including Denmark to maintain smooth communication through diplomatic channels.” (“Denmark says in talks with China over ship linked to cut undersea cables,” SCMP, 26 November 2024)

European Union issues a case against Chinese tariffs on Brandy at the WTO
On 25 November, SCMP reported that the European Union has launched a case in the World Trade Organization against Chinese tariffs on European brandy. This comes as trade tensions between China and Europe heighten. In October, China’s Ministry of Commerce announced that it would collect anti-dumping duties for 39 per cent on liquors and cognac from France. The move is said to be in retaliation to the EU’s imposition of increased tariffs against Chinese EVs. A request was made for consultation which at the Geneva body. China now has 10 days to respond and resolve the consultation. European Commission’s outgoing trade commissioner Valdis Dombrovskis said: “China’s provisional measures on EU brandy are not based on facts, and thus are not in line with WTO rules,” and that “The EU takes very seriously any unfair or questionable use of trade defence instruments against any sector of our economy.”  China’s Ministry of Commerce said that they have received the consultation request and that they will handle the same in accordance with WTO rules. They noted that the measures taken are legitimate and in line with the Chinese law. (“European Union launches WTO case against Chinese tariffs on brandy exports,” SCMP, 25 November)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
Trump to impose 10 per cent tariffs on China until the fentanyl issue is resolved
On 26 November, BBC reported that newly elected US President Donald Trump will impose new tariffs on China, Mexico, and Canada. The measures aim to deter illegal immigration and drug smuggling issues in the US. He noted that immediately after his initiation on 20 January 2025, he will attest to an executive order that would impose 25 per cent tariffs on all goods from Canada and Mexico. For China, he plans to impose 10 per cent tariffs that will be levied until the smuggling of opioid fentanyl is finished.  He also called out China for failing to stay on his promises as the officials who caught people for smuggling also participated in it. China’s embassy to the US said: “The idea of China knowingly allowing fentanyl precursors to flow into the United States runs completely counter to facts and reality.” During his campaign, Trump threatened to impose 100 per cent tariffs against China and Mexico if needed. He also said that he would overturn China as the most favored trading partner with the US. (“Trump vows day-one tariffs on Mexico, Canada, and China,” BBC, 26 November 2024)

China Reader | 25 November 2024, Monday | Vol.1 No. 219
OUTERSPACE
China successfully deploys advanced radar surveillance satellites “Siwei Gaojing-2 03 and 04”
On 25 November, China expanded its space capabilities with the successful launch of two high-resolution radar satellites, Siwei Gaojing-2 03 and 04. The mission, marking the 547th flight of the Long March series, utilised a Long March-2C liquid-propellant rocket from Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center.  These satellites are manufactured by China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, and these products are equipped with advanced phased array radar technology. This helps China to achieve urban security, natural resources monitoring, and maritime operations with day-and-night surveillance capabilities regardless of the weather. (“China launches two high-resolution radar satellites,” CGTN, 25 November 2024)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
China establishes an advanced coal research laboratory in Xinjiang
On 24 November, CGTN reported that the Chinese Academy of Engineering established the Tianshan Laboratory in Xinjiang to modernise coal mining in that region. The research facility, led by well-known academic Peng Suping, will specifically focus on intelligent mining, clean processing, and rehabilitation with ecological restoration. The endeavour comes at a time when Xinjiang, which holds 40 per cent of the coal reserve in China at 2.19 trillion tonnes, aims to bridge technological gaps even though its national production was at the top with 457 million tonnes in 2023. Situated in Urumqi and backed by local universities, the lab aims to become the global hub for the sustainable development of coal. The project emphasises environmental protection while promoting safe, efficient mining practices, marking a significant step in Xinjiang’s coal industry advancement. (“Xinjiang launches lab program focusing on sci-tech development of coal resources,” CGTN, 24 November 2024)

INTERNAL
China establishes an early response and resolution judicial administration
On 25 November, CGTN reported that China’s Ministry of Justice made significant moves to improve dispute resolution and maintain social stability at all judicial and administrative levels. It officially disclosed its comprehensive efforts as part of a key ministry gathering, focusing on the expansion of people’s mediation for ordinary disputes such as marital, neighbourhood, and property inheritance affairs. It is calling for an early response and resolution at the grassroots level, in which mediators will collaborate with relevant authorities. Prison and rehabilitation centre security will be maintained, along with enhanced support structures for ex-convicts to prevent recidivism. The plan also deals with integrating legal resources like lawyers, notaries, and arbitration services aimed at providing more accurate and effective legal services among citizens using these services to resolve disputes or claim rights. (“China stresses judicial administration's role in resolving disputes,” CGTN, 25 November 2024)
 
China intensifies public security protocol following recent mass violence
On 24 November, in response to a series of tragic incidents, Chinese authorities announced tighter safety protocols across the country. The urgency follows three major incidents in November, including the stabbing of eight people and the injuring of 17 people in Wuxi, the deaths of 35 individuals as a result of a vehicle attack in Zhuhai, and a worrying incident where a driver targeted pedestrians near a school in Changde. Local governments are strengthening campus security, increasing police patrols, and improving traffic control. The Supreme Court emphasises responding to mental health issues and rehabilitation for ex-inmates. The Ministry of Justice strives for the resolution of domestic disputes, including matrimony conflicts, questions of inheritance, and wage claims. All these point to growing pressure from economic squeezing on mental health and public safety in China. ( Colleen Howe, “China's local governments step up public safety measures after attacks,” Reuters, 24 November 2024)
 
CHINA & SOUTH ASIA 
China-India relations show promise amid calls for concrete action, says an opinion in Global Times
On 24 November, an opinion in Global Times stated that recent border resolutions between China and India opened a potential window for diplomatic improvement after four years of strained relations. While New Delhi is showing interest in improving strategic communication and mutual trust, there is skepticism towards New Delhi’s motivation considering the recent tensions it had with Western nations. Three areas demand new attention from India for the bilateral relationship to be sustainable. Positives in public opinion about China through responsible guidance of the media, lifting excessive security restrictions to revive economic cooperation, and easing obstacles against people-to-people exchanges. The current state of the overall academia highlights these challenges of Indian scholars participating more freely in Chinese events while Chinese scholars increasingly face entry difficulties to India. Though border disengagement marks the first progress, the relationship has not yet been restored to pre-2020 Galwan Valley conflict levels. Meaningful improvement will depend on India showing commitment through actual steps rather than just diplomatic moves. (Lou Chunhao, “New Delhi needs to warm up China-India relations with sincerity,” Global Times, 24 November 2024)

Nepal Prime Minister Oli to visit China
On 22 November, an opinion in The Indian Express stated that Nepal Prime Minister K P Oli’s upcoming visit to China marks his fourth and first bilateral trip to Beijing instead of Delhi. This challenged the tradition of prioritising India. Past tensions, including the 2015 economic blockade and disputes over Lipulekh, Limpiyadhura, and Kalapani continue to strain ties with India. This is further complicated by Delhi’s recent snub in not inviting Oli. Discussions on China’s Belt and Road Initiative, of which Nepal is a part are also planned with Oli. India and the US have warned against debt traps, but the Nepali Congress is asking Oli to pursue only grant-based projects. Neglecting that advice might cost him politically, whereas failure to achieve the sought-after favourable terms with Beijing might damage his credibility. China has hinted at flexibility in extending repayment deadlines for the USD 220 million Pokhara airport loan but remains firm on avoiding grant conversions. Oli’s high-stakes diplomacy may backfire as his political capital dwindles amid mounting corruption allegations and public dissatisfaction. (Yubaraj Ghimire, “Nepal PM K P Oli’s Beijing visit may not win him points at home,” The Indian Express, 22 November 2024)
 
CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China eliminates major telecom fraud networks along the Myanmar border
On 22 November, Communications Today reported that according to the Ministry of Public Security of China, all major telecom fraud operations along the China-Myanmar border region have been dismantled. During this time in a joint operation with authorities from Myanmar, more than 53,000 Chinese suspects were arrested since the campaign began last year. The Tangyan area recently saw a breakthrough as 1,079 fraud suspects were arrested and 763 Chinese nationals repatriated to face charges. Meanwhile, the ministry continues to pursue an aggressive posture against cross-border telecom crimes, just as it has improved on collaborations with Myanmar law enforcement. The officials also issued warnings on deceptive overseas job opportunities that will lead people to culprits’ organisational crimes. (“China and Myanmar dismantle major telecom fraud centers in a joint operation,” Communications Today, 22 November 2024)
 
CHINA & EUROPE 
China and EU edge closer to resolution on EV tariff dispute, reports Global Times
On 24 November, Global Times reported that European Parliament trade committee chair Bernd Lange thinks progress is close in a diplomatic solution to the EU and China’s tariff row over electric vehicles. He cited that the much-anticipated agreement could include enforcing a “floor price” for Chinese-made vehicles in the EU market to assuage competition concerns. Both sides have been showing commitment to a diplomatic resolution with five rounds of technical talks held in Beijing from 02 to 07 November focused on price commitment plans. The issue gained high-level attention during the G20 summit, where China’s President Xi Jinping discussed it with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz. Engagements with EU officials by Chinese Commerce Minister Wang Wentao underscore China's diplomatic efforts. Experts, such as the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation’s Zhou Mi, are positive about this development and highlight its specific benefits for both countries’ economic interests and towards the EU’s green transformation goal. (Yin Yeping, Zhang Yiyi, and Ding Yazhi, “China, EU reportedly nearing a solution over Chinese EV tariffs,” Global Times, 24 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
Mexico scrambles to address Chinese import concerns, says an editorial in AP News
On 23 November, an editorial in AP News reported that Mexico is coming under increasing pressure over the use as a backdoor entry point for Chinese products into North America. This is forcing it to act rapidly to safeguard its position in the US-Mexico-Canada trade deal. President Sheinbaum recently revealed programs to substitute Chinese imports with local inputs, while Economy Secretary Marcelo Ebrard stated that microchips will be made in Mexico starting next year. The US has already taken some protective steps, such as imposing tariffs on steel and aluminum sent through Mexico. Meanwhile, Senator Sherrod Brown cautioned of the “alarming rise in Chinese steel and aluminum” threatening American jobs. Despite Mexican efforts, analysts like José María Ramos see little hope that reduced dependence on imported Chinese goods would happen overnight. The review of the trade deal in 2026 is indeed looming large, even if full abandonment seems unlikely before 2036, given clauses already written into the agreement. Mexico is also updating regulatory reforms to meet minimum trade accord requirements. (Mark Stevenson And María Verza, “Afraid of losing the US-Canada trade pact, Mexico alters its laws and removes Chinese parts,” AP News, 23 November 2024)

China Reader | 23 November 2024, Saturday | Vol.1 No. 218
CHINA & THE AMERICAS
US Homeland Security adds 29 Chinese firms to the Uygur Forced Labour Prevention Act
On 22 November, the US Department of Homeland Security announced that 29 Chinese companies are now blacklisted over the use of Xinjiang forced labour. This means no entity or individual is allowed to import from these firms that use forced labour for production. The 29 firms were added to the Uygur Forced Labour Prevention Act (UFLPA) list. This list includes entities that sell high-tech inputs, polysilicon, and food products amongst others. The US Congress first passed UFLPA in 2021 to deter imports from the Xinjiang region, to prevent the circulation of goods made allegedly with forced labour. US Homeland Security undersecretary for policy Robert Silvers said: “Today’s enforcement actions make it clear – the United States will not tolerate forced labour in the goods entering our markets.” He urged that companies need to take responsibility and ethically source their products. On Xinjiang Daqo New Energy Company blacklisting Homeland Security said: “has reasonable cause to believe, based on specific and articulable information, that Xinjiang Daqo … sources silicon powder from.” (“US blacklists 29 more Chinese companies over alleged forced labour in Xinjiang,” SCMP, 23 November 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
China to widen subsidy probe into EU’s dairy export
On 22 November, China’s Ministry of Commerce announced that they will expand the anti-subsidy investigation to the EU’s dairy imports. This investigation was first started in August in response to tariffs on Chinese EVs. The new investigation will look into the imports of cheese, milk, and cream from the European Union. The ministry stated that they would include questions regarding additional subsidy programs in Europe. China is the second largest importer of European dairy products. The investigation is said largely to be in response to the EV tariff imposed on 30 October after a series of negotiations and calls by China to look at the issue objectively and not politically. (“China widens EU dairy probe to more subsidy programmes,” Reuters, 22 November 2024)

EXTERNAL
China expands visa-free entry to nine countries
On 22 November, China granted visa-free access to nine countries Japan, Romania, Croatia, Bulgaria, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Malta, Estonia, and Latvia. The visa-free stay will be for 30 days, with now 38 countries on the list. The visa-free initiative goes back to 2023 when China implemented visa-free entry for citizens from Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, and Malaysia. Shortly after the announcement was made, there has been a surge of interest in China on the travel websites. With a 65 per cent hike in searches on European sites and a 112 per cent hike in Japanese sites. There also was an immediate surge in flight booking from Japan promoting agents to find additional flight seats to meet the demand. (“China to grant visa-free entry to citizens of more countries,” China org, 23 November 2024)

China’s World Internet Conference concludes with 130 countries participating
On 22 November, the World Internet Conference (WIC) of 2024 concluded in Wuzhen, China. The conferences were attended by 130 countries in hybrid mode. The theme of the conference was “Embracing a People-centered and AI-for-good Digital Future and Building a Community with a Shared Future in Cyberspace.” The summit focused on artificial intelligence and addressed concerns about AI development and governance. There were several activities held at the summit, like the demonstration on shared future cyberspace. The WIC Distinguished Contribution Award was established to honor outstanding innovation in the field of the global internet sector and further the development of the internet industry. They also launched the WIC Specialized Committee for AI aiming to create a platform for international collaboration. With that other initiatives like the WIC Think Tank Cooperation Program and WIC Digital Academy were kickstarted. (“2024 WIC Wuzhen Summit concludes, new initiatives highlighted,” CGTN, 22 November 2024)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
China launches online cloud platform on remote sensing in public access
On 22 November, an open cloud platform was made public to support aerospace information applications and remote sensing data. GEOVIS Cloud Open Platform is aimed to support smart agriculture, environmental protection, urban planning, traffic monitoring, and natural disaster warning. The main aim is to allow access to aerospace information and remote sensing abilities. China has launched several satellites aiding the high-resolution observation system. Remote sensing satellites are empowering multiple industries with their ability to cover space and time. The capabilities cover land, meteorological, and marine satellites. In 2022, China had 294 civilian remote sensing satellites out of which 189 were commercial satellites. (“China launches cloud platform to share remote-sensing achievementsv,” CGTN, 23 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China is willing to engage in active dialogue with the US, says Vice Commerce Minister
On 22 November, China’s Vice Commerce Minister Wang Shouwen expressed China’s willingness to work with the US and have a dialogue. He stated that China wants to engage in active discussion based on the principles of mutual respect and to further bilateral economic/trade relations. He noted that China will be able to “resolve and resist” the probable shocks that might come after the initiation of the new US President Donald Trump. Shouwen said: “We believe that China and the U.S. can maintain a stable, healthy, and sustainable development trend in economic and trade relations.” Additionally, he noted that China is willing to expand on areas of cooperation and to deal with their differences. The statement comes as there are concerns that the US might impose over 40 per cent tariff on Chinese imports. There was a dip when Trump was President in his first tenure leading to a 12 per cent low due to the imposition of tariffs. (“China says it is willing to talk with US to push forward bilateral trade,” Reuters, 22 November 2024)

China Reader | 22 November 2024, Friday | Vol.1 No. 217
CHINA & AFRICA
Xi’s visits Morocco and meets the Crown Prince
On 21 November, after the G20 Summit in Brazil, China’s President Xi Jinping paid a short visit to Casablanca. There he was welcomed by Crown Prince Moulay El Hassan. This visit may be seen in light of the deepening economic ties between the two nations, with China increasing its investments in Morocco’s infrastructure and rail sectors. This coupled with its free trade agreements with the EU and US markets, has attracted significant investments from China, particularly about electric vehicles. The economic collaboration reached a milestone in June when Gotion High Tech announced an investment of USD 1.3 billion that would see it establish Africa's first gigafactory in Morocco. (“China's Xi visits Morocco, meets with the crown prince,” Reuters, 22 November 2024)

China’s naval hospital ship “Peace Ark” docks at Algiers port
On 21 November, China’s naval hospital vessel “Peace Ark,” carrying out Mission Harmony 2024, began a five-day technical visit to Algeria. It docked at Algiers Port at 1000 local time. An official welcome ceremony was arranged for the ship by Algerian military officials and Chinese diplomatic representatives. The stopover goes with planned activities including a ship tour for local doctors, Chinese residents, and business representatives; cultural exchanges featuring museum visits and a friendly soccer match between the ship's crew and Algerian naval officers. (“Chinese navy hospital ship 'Peace Ark' makes technical stop in Algeria,” China Daily, 22 November 2024)

CHINA & PACIFIC
China emerges as the second-largest Pacific Islands donor, reports Lowy Institute
On 20 November, China is now the second-largest donor to Pacific Island nations after Australia. According to the 2024 Pacific Aid Map by the Lowy Institute, China’s contribution came in at an impressive USD 1.5 billion. After a significant drop due to the effects of the pandemic, China boosted its financing by 6 per cent in 2022 and provided USD 256 million via a new “double-pronged approach” that focuses more on grants than loans. That strategy includes community-level initiatives such as vehicle donations and support for agricultural equipment. But fears remain over debt financing from China to places like the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu. The report indicates that geopolitics drove much of what Beijing was considering in pursuing its ‘One China’ policy, which has hurt Taiwan. The island nation lost a place in the donor list’s top 10 after several countries had switched diplomatic recognition to Beijing. Between 2008 and 2016, Chinese banks have provided the region with over USD 1.1 billion, fueling concerns over possible diplomatic pressure from Beijing. (“China reclaims position as second-largest donor to Pacific Islands, report finds,” VOA, 20 November 2024)

INTERNAL
China intensifies birth-friendly policies, says an editorial in SCMP
On 22 November, an editorial in the South China Morning Post reported that China is aggressively responding to plummeting birth rates. Hainan province is one example, with its inclusion of labour pain relief in government medical insurance. This touches on an important issue, where less than one-third of Chinese women received pain relief during childbirth in 2022. This is urgent as 2023 was marked by China’s having the lowest birth rate since 1949 with only 9.02 million newborns, below half of that in 2016, standing at 6.39 for every 1,000 people. The Yuwa Population Research Institute conducted a study in which it ascertained the financial cost of raising a child up to university graduation costs about RMB 680,000. This is 6.3 times China’s per-capita GDP. Whereas its is 4.26 in Japan, 4.11 in the US and 2.24 in France. Women suffer a significant drop in their earnings, whereby each child slashes earning capacity by 12 to 17 per cent. The People’s Daily emphasised the need to “reduce the costs of childbirth, childcare, and education” to encourage family growth. (Mandy Zuo, “Chinese province makes labour pain relief pledge to ease childbirth jitters,” South China Morning Post, 22 November 2024)
 
CHINA & EUROPE
Danish military monitors China’s vessel amid Baltic Sea cable investigation
On 21 November, the Danish military confirmed that it had been monitoring the Chinese bulk carrier, Yi Peng. It was reportedly present during recent undersea data cable disruptions in the Baltic Sea. NATO members Finland, Sweden, and Germany have launched investigations into the damaged cables connecting Finland to Germany and Lithuania to Sweden. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman Lin Jian claimed no knowledge of the ship’s activities, but he emphasised China’s right to “normal navigation” and a willingness to cooperate with relevant parties. According to VesselFinder.com, a Danish patrol boat was tracking the Chinese vessel at one nautical mile’s distance between Denmark and Sweden. This incident follows an earlier unexplained “purposeful” cable rupture between Sweden and Estonia through the Black Sea. Beijing stated that it is willing to cooperate in response to concerns that a Chinese vessel had been spotted in Danish waters and ongoing investigations by Finland and Sweden into damaged Baltic Sea telecommunication cables. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson, Lin Jian, stated that China is committed to collaborating with other nations to ensure submarine infrastructure security. The incident involved severed fiber-optic data cables in the region. (“Chinese Naval Hospital Ship 'Peace Ark' Makes Goodwill Stop in Algeria,” AP News, 21 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
Chinese NEVs gain momentum in South American markets, says an editorial in Global Times
On 21 November, an editorial in Global Times reported that Chinese new-energy vehicles (NEVs) achieved high profits in the South American markets, especially in Brazil. Major manufacturers like BYD and Great Wall Motor are also expanding their presence. Great Wall Motors is building a manufacturing facility that will come into operation by May 2025, while BYD already operates three since 2020. Brazil’s President Lula da Silva stated this as “fantastic”. In Lima, Peru Chinese NEVs are becoming visible, as BYD vehicles served as official transportation during the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting. The meeting strengthened this growth with the recent launching of the new Chancay Port in Peru and the proper landing of Chinese NEVs. Compared to it, increasing hostility is observed toward Chinese NEVs within Western markets like the US and EU. (Wang Cong, “Chinese NEVs gain popularity in Brazil, Latin America,” Global Times, 21 November 2024)

China-Brazil sign 38 new cooperation agreements
On 21 November CGTN reported that the state visit by President Xi Jinping to Brazil allowed the two countries to sign 38 comprehensive agreements. This was an important step forward in their bilateral relationship. The cornerstone agreement put their partnership at “a community with a shared future for a more just world.” The collaboration brings together China’s Belt and Road Initiative with Brazil’s development programs. Thai involves sectors from bio-economy and artificial intelligence to agriculture and tourism. This strategic alignment is concerned with sustainable development between the two economic powerhouses, industrial growth, and ecological transformation. (“China, Brazil sign 38 cooperation documents during President Xi's state visit,” CGTN, 21 November 2024)

US official alleges that China hacked into numerous telecom companies
On 21 November, US Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee Mark Warner informed that China allegedly made a breach into US telecoms companies. The breach he called the “worst telecom hack in our nation's history.” He said interference happened earlier this November when the US authorities linked this hack to China as they intercepted data on surveillance, which was only accessible to American law enforcement. It is reckoned that they targeted the now US President and Vice President, Donald Trump and JD Vance. Mark said: “This is an ongoing effort by China to infiltrate telecom systems around the world, to exfiltrate huge amounts of data.” Mark also alleges that the hackers were able to listen to conversations and had access to text messages, and warned that the “barn door is still wide open, or mostly open.” (“Suspected China-linked hack on US telecoms worst in nation's history, senator says,” Reuters, 22 November 2024)

China Reader | 21 November 2024, Wednesday | Vol.1 No. 216
CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China-Brazil signs nearly 40 agreements and forms a strategic partnership 
On 20 November, China’s President Xi Jinping and Brazil’s President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva raised their bilateral relations to a higher level, establishing a “Community with a Shared Future” that underlines a strategic partnership. A total of nearly 40 cooperation agreements have been signed in areas like agriculture, energy, and communications following the diplomatic engagement. Having bilateral trade that exceeds USD 150 billion, the two nations are positioning themselves to be important players in the Global South. The Brazilian Agriculture Ministry projects USD 450 million in new exports, and Brazilian companies such as BRF are expanding into Chinese markets. The summit took place amidst a changing global landscape, with Xi leveraging diplomatic opportunities as the US changed leadership. Analysts note that China has become increasingly constructive in its approach to multilateralism, and diplomats see a more consensus-building strategy. Xi declared the China-Brazil relationship to be “at its best moment ever,” marking a new era in international collaboration. ( Ricardo Brito and Eduardo Baptista, “Xi and Lula elevate China-Brazil ties in state visit,” Reuters, 21 November 2024)

US crackdown on illegal Chinese immigration
On 20 November, the South China Morning Post reported that the United States has increased its immigration enforcement by hosting its third repatriation flight to China within less than six months. Newsweek reported that 109 Chinese nationals returned in the latest operation after earlier flights that carried 116 and 131 people. DHS stated that it remained dedicated to dismantling human smuggling networks and enforcing immigration laws. Since China eliminated Covid-19 restrictions along its borders in January 2023, Chinese nationals have emerged as the most rapidly growing group crossing the US-Mexico border illegally, with more than 37,000 arrests last year. The figures have been steadily decreasing, reaching a low of 1,326 in September-that is 40 per cent fewer than in June. High-level conversations between officials from both nations, including a video conference call between Minister Wang Xiaohong and Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas, have allowed these coordinated expulsions. (Vanessa Cai, “US deports a third group of Chinese nationals on repatriation flight,” South China Morning Post, 20 November 2024)

INTERNAL 
Women breaking barriers in home maintenance, says an opinion in The World of Chinese
On 12 November, an opinion in The World of Chinese stated that in China’s patriarchal home repair industry, women are breaking with tradition through digital platforms and grassroots efforts. Feminist collectives like FeyGal have taken the lead in developing training programs for women interested in maintenance work. Wang Yiran said: “It takes more than raw strength to be a maintenance worker.” New, female-only platforms such as Xiugou Wanshiwu have come up, reaching more than 50,000 users who are mainly based in cities. Xiao Ya is a licensed maintenance worker and she recounts her experience of being one of the only two women in a class of 100 and being discriminated against by some clients. The lack of standard rates and consistency of service adds to the problems with professional services for women. Despite these obstacles, women continue to build communities and share knowledge on social media. They are providing supportive networks to change the home maintenance landscape, supporting safety, skill, and professional respect. (Ana Chen, “Why Is China Struggling to Find More Female Maintenance Workers Amid Surging Demand?,” The World of Chinese, 12 November 20240

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
China’s “digital future” and Xi’s global internet vision at the 2024 World Internet Conference Wuzhen Summit
On 20 November, China’s President Xi Jinping addressed the 2024 World Internet Conference Wuzhen Summit. He emphasised that technological advancement and digital transformation are indispensable and that the development of cyberspace should be innovative, secure, and inclusive. Xi proposed a collaborative vision for a shared digital future that develops global communities’ shared interests. Concerning the already continuing technological revolution, he called on nations to accelerate digital, internet-based, and intelligent development trends in the rapidly evolving technological landscape. (“Xi sends congratulations to 2024 World Internet Conference Wuzhen Summit,” The State Council of the People’s Republic of China, 20 November 2024) 

ECONOMY
Novo Nordisk’s strategic entry into China’s weight-loss market
On 18 November, Danish pharmaceutical giant Novo Nordisk launched Wegovy in China, targeting the country’s massive obesity market of over 180 million people. For RMB 1,400 (USD 193.27) a month, the drug enters a competitive landscape with Eli Lilly as the companies intensify the race for market dominance. Initially, the drug will be targeted towards out-of-pocket willing patients, since it has remained outside national healthcare insurance. Still, Novo is looking for affordability options via the channel of commercial insurance. The steps are taken after the successful global expansion for which the market capitalization has achieved a whopping USD 449 billion. Analysts say that the weight-loss market alone will touch USD 150 billion a decade down the line. (Maggie Fick, “Novo Nordisk launches obesity drug Wegovy in China,” Reuters, 18 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
Jimmy Lai’s high-stakes national security trial Unveils Political Tensions
On 20 November, the 76-year-old pro-democracy activist and founder of Apples Daily Jimmy Lai testified in his landmark national security trial, stating that he never colluded with foreign forces. He was accused of conspiracy to engage foreign governments in hostile activities. Charged, Lai stated that he supported freedom and understanding and not against Hong Kong and China. His dealings with US officials Mike Pence and Mike Pompeo were described as informational, rather than demands for interference. Lai did not change his stance on his commitment to Hong Kong’s democratic requirements despite Beijing labelling him an “agent of anti-China forces.” The trial has drawn international diplomatic attention as it was convened in a broader crackdown on pro-democracy activists, with 45 recently jailed in a separate national security case,  marking the high-profile prosecution of the democracy activist. Lai, who has been in pre-trial detention for over 1,400 days, continues to assert his belief in the rule of law and fundamental freedoms. (James Pomfret and Jessie Pang, “Tycoon Jimmy Lai denies asking US to act against HK, China in landmark trial,” Reuters, 20 November 2024)

US escalates crackdown on illegal Chinese immigration
On 20 November, the South China Morning Post reported that the United States has increased its immigration enforcement by hosting its third repatriation flight to China within less than six months. Newsweek reported that 109 Chinese nationals returned in the latest operation after earlier flights that carried 116 and 131 people. DHS stated that it remained dedicated to dismantling human smuggling networks and enforcing immigration laws. Since China eliminated Covid-19 restrictions along its borders in January 2023, Chinese nationals have emerged as the most rapidly growing group crossing the US-Mexico border illegally, with more than 37,000 arrests last year. The figures have been steadily decreasing, reaching a low of 1,326 in September-that is 40 per cent fewer than in June. High-level conversations between officials from both nations, including a video conference call between Minister Wang Xiaohong and Secretary Alejandro Mayorkas, have allowed these coordinated expulsions. (Vanessa Cai, “US deports a third group of Chinese nationals on repatriation flight,” South China Morning Post, 20 November 2024)

China Reader | 20 November 2024, Tuesday | Vol.1 No. 215
CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
China and Pakistan to hold first joint counterterrorism exercise in five years 
On 19 November, VOA reported that China and Pakistan are to hold their first joint counterterrorism exercise in five years later this month and early December as troops from China’s Western Theater Command are set to participate in the Warrior-VIII exercise. This military collaboration is reported amid rising unease over attacks on Chinese nationals in Pakistan in recent times, including the killing of seven Chinese in separate suicide bombings. Chinese Ambassador Jiang Zaidong expressed sharp concerns and said: “It is unacceptable for us to be attacked twice in only six months.” Though Pakistan described news on Chinese pressure for joint security management as “media speculation,” dialogue exists between the countries on protecting Chinese citizens and projects. The exercise coincided with Pakistan’s growing concerns about TTP militants allegedly operating from Afghanistan, a matter discussed during Chinese special envoy Yue Xiaoyong’s recent visit to Islamabad. (Ayaz Gul, “China, Pakistan to hold first anti-terror drills in 5 years amid rising attacks,” VOA, 19 November 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
China and France affirm strategic partnership on the sidelines of G20 Summit
On 19 November, China’s President Xi Jinping and French President Emmanuel Macron reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening bilateral relations when they met on the sidelines of the G20 Summit in Rio de Janeiro. Xi emphasised the unique strategic significance of China-France ties and highlighted both nations’ roles as “independent, mature and responsible major countries.” Xi pledged China’s constructive role in seeking peace while opposing conflict escalation regarding the Ukraine crisis. Macron reaffirmed France’s intention to pursue bilateral arrangements and cooperation for the improvement of relationships in climate change, artificial intelligence, and many more. Both leaders agreed to enhance cultural and educational exchanges and economic ties. Their discussion underlined the shared commitment to managing trade disputes with respect and dialogue. (“Xi Jinping says China-France relations are of unique strategic significance, global influence,” CGTN, 19 November 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
India’s Foreign Minister meets with his Chinese counterpart at the sidelines of G20 summit 
On 20 November, The Indian Express reported that in the aftermath of agreeing on the disengagement at the Depsang Plains and Demchok friction points along the LAC in October. India’s External Affairs Minister Jaishankar met with his Chinese counterpart, Foreign Minister Wang Yi at the G20 Summit in Rio to discuss bilateral relations. The ministers agreed to further several initiatives, including the Kailash Mansarovar Yatra pilgrimage, direct flights, and enhancement in media exchanges. Plans are also afoot to mark 75 years of bilateral diplomatic relations. Jaishankar outlined that India will remain committed to the cause of “a multipolar world, including a multipolar Asia” but with independent foreign policy principles. The talks after Modi and Xi’s interaction in Kazan, Russia, agreed upon three agreements for upcoming Special Representatives meetings and Foreign Secretary-Vice Minister discussions. Both the ministers stated that the pullback along border areas has helped keep the region peaceful and tranquil. (Shubhajit Roy, “Jaishankar and Wang discuss next steps: resumption of Mansarovar Yatra, direct flights,” The Indian Express, 20 November 2024)

INTERNAL
China advances global governance through economic and security initiatives, says an opinion in CGTN
On 19 November, an editorial in CGTN reported that China’s global governance is highly multi-faceted by combining economic development with security measures. At the G20 Summit, President Xi Jinping reiterated the construction of equity-oriented global governance systems in the above sectors-in economics, finance, trade, and digital space. The Belt and Road Initiative, initiated in 2013, has brought together over 150 countries and 30 international organisations. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (ADB) has financed over 200 projects across more than 30 countries with an investment of over USD 40 billion. China’s commitment to security is visible through its global security initiative and other diplomatic efforts, such as a 12-point proposal for the Ukraine crisis. Notable achievements include its mediation in the 2023 Saudi-Iran reconciliation. At the same time, China’s knowledge of renewable energy is also seen in Saudi Arabia’s Neom project. This project took on a 1.3 GWh energy storage system to support Saudi Arabia's goal of 50 per cent renewable energy by 2030. (“How is China shaping a fair, equitable global governance system?,” CGTN, 19 November 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China clarifies Myanmar leader’s presence in Beijing is for medical treatment 
On 19 November, Beijing informed the public of the presence of Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army (MNDAA) leader Peng Deren, who is undergoing medical treatment in Yunnan province. This contradicted the media reports stating that he was under house arrest. The fact is that since 2009, Peng has been commanding the MNDAA, part of the Three Brotherhood Alliance, which launched the big attacks against Myanmar’s military junta in Shan State last year. The recently announced control of the Kokang region-the one that is open to China’s Yunnan province was claimed by the alliance. China has been involved in the conflict, especially as a peace broker since the region faces problems involving human trafficking, drug trade, and online scam operations involving Chinese nationals. However, the situation remains unstable as a Beijing-brokered ceasefire earlier this year collapsed with the military junta facing immense difficulties controlling the place after it seized power in 2021. On the other hand, Beijing has committed technical support for Myanmar’s approaching elections. (Victoria Bela, “China says Myanmar rebel chief in Yunnan for medical care, contrary to detention reports,” South China Morning Post, 19 November 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
“China regards Germany as an important partner,” says Xi Jinping
On 19 November, China’s President Xi Jinping and German Chancellor Olaf Scholz had an opportunity to improve relations between the world’s second and third-largest economies during their respective meeting at the G20 Summit in Rio. It was after Scholz visited China in April, that both countries made tremendous progress in green development and sustainable transportation and African agricultural endeavours. Xi emphasised China’s stable policy toward Germany, highlighting opportunities for shared development through economic interdependence. The leaders focused their discussion on promoting cooperation in digitalisation, intelligent technologies, and low-carbon development. The issue of the EU’s tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles was placed into dialogue, with Xi saying that he would resolve them through dialogue, and Scholz was willing to make active efforts toward negotiation. (“Xi says China, Germany need to view ties from long-term, strategic perspective,” CGTN, 19 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS 
China and Bolivia discuss bilateral partnership through Belt and Road Initiative
On 19 November, during the G20 Summit in Rio, China’s President Xi Jinping met with Bolivia’s President Luis Arce to discuss plans for the alignment of China’s Belt and Road Initiative with Bolivia’s 2025 development plan. The two nations, as they are about to enter their 40th year of diplomatic relations, promised to enhance cooperation on infrastructure, high-altitude agriculture, green development, and digital economy. Luis Arce commended China for its achievements in modernisation and showed appreciation regarding cooperation in countering COVID-19. Xi called for deepening interlocution in all spheres - state, legislative, and sub-national bodies - while promoting cooperation through multilateral formats, such as BRICS and the China-CELAC Forum. The partnership seeks to strengthen unity and development in the Global South, with Bolivia being particularly interested in infrastructure connectivity projects in the wake of the inauguration of Peru’s Chancay Port. (“Xi Jinping: China will align Belt and Road cooperation with Bolivia's 2025 development plan,” CGTN, 19 November 2024)

China Reader | 19 November 2024, Tuesday | Vol.1 No. 214
INTERNAL
Hong Kong sentences 45 pro-democracy activists 
On 19 November, the High Court in Hong Kong handed prison sentences to 45 pro-democracy activists, ranging from four to ten years in a closely watched trial under a Beijing-imposed national security law. Identified key organiser Benny Tai received the longest jail term of 10 years while activist Joshua Wong was sentenced to four years and eight months. Pro-democracy activists were accused of subversion for planning the unofficial 2020 primary election to elect pro-democracy candidates. Critics, including the US, called the trial “politically motivated,” asking China to release those who were arrested. Australia’s Foreign Minister Penny Wong expressed “grave concern” and urged China to stop crackdowns on Hong Kong freedoms. A crowd of supporters gathered outside the West Kowloon Magistrates’ Court amid a strong police presence. Many were vocal in their declaration of support, with some expressing the “injustice” that they felt the activists had been subjected to. (James Pomfret and Jessie Pang, “Hong Kong jails 45 democracy activists in landmark national security trial,” Reuters, 19 November 2024)

Third mass attack in two weeks: An SUV crashes into a school
On 19 November, an SUV driver crashed into pedestrians and students outside a Changde primary school in southeastern China today, injuring multiple people. Some videos showed panicked children fleeing into the school for safety. This is the latest in a string of deadly vehicle attacks. Last week, such an attack in Zhuhai left 35 dead and 43 injured. Social media has been stirred by recent attacks, with some citizens questioning the increasing frequency of public violence featuring students. A Weibo user said: “Why are such incidents happening more frequently…always involving students?” Authorities blamed some of the recent attacks, including a fatal stabbing at a Wuxi vocational college, on individuals reportedly struggling with economic pressure and mental health issues. Security has been heightened in major Chinese cities, with President Xi Jinping calling for proactive monitoring of potential risks after the Zhuhai attack. (“Students hurt in China school crash as nerves fray over recent attacks,” Reuters, 19 November 2024)

MARITIME
China’s first sea drilling vessel “Meng Xiang ” can reach record depth
On 18 November, CGTN reported that China’s brand-new deep-sea drilling vessel, Meng Xiang can drill down into the water and reach a record-breaking depth of 11 kilometres. It surpassed the JOIDES Resolution which is owned by the US, measuring 7.5 km, and Chikyu of Japan, measuring 9.5 km. Guangzhou Marine Geological Survey’s (GMGS) Zhou Yang stated that despite its gross tonnage being measured at 33,000, this vessel comes equipped with nine specialised labs, making it a “mobile national laboratory”. Meng Xiang is for ambitious scientific purposes, including the Moho discontinuity boundary between the Earth’s crust and mantle. Drilling operations will address critical scientific issues of deep-sea energy development, marine disaster prevention, and Moho exploration. The Chinese Academy of Sciences’ Wang Chengshan stated that with advanced facilities such as a hydraulic lifting rig it will significantly contribute to global science programs. (“China's first deep-ocean drilling vessel expected to make breakthroughs in sea exploration,” CGTN, 18 November 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
China-Europe freight train celebrates a decade of trade transportation
On 18 November, on its 10th anniversary, the Yiwu-Madrid China-Europe freight train, spanning 13,000 kilometres, departed Yiwu with 110 containers bound for Madrid. This route is among the world’s longest and has become a lifeline enhancing trade between China and Europe. CEO of Yiwu Timex Feng Xubin said: “The Yiwu-Madrid route has significantly boosted economic ties, especially with Zhejiang's imports from Spain up by 170.9% and exports by 87.6%.” Yiwu International Trade Market’s Kong Zhijian stated that sea freight is 25 days slower and not reliable. Over the last decade alone, over 1,800 trips transported 145,500 containers worth over USD 8 billion. China Railway Group stated that the trade itself has transformed, with exports increasingly consisting of high-value goods like smart appliances and electric vehicles, signalling increases in both the volume and quality of trade goods. (Zhang Yiyi, “Yiwu-Madrid freight train service marks 10th anniversary, strengthening trade connectivity between China, Europe,” Global Times, 18 November 2024)

China Reader | 18 November 2024, Monday | Vol.1 No. 213
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
China announces USD 24.5 billion in green investments COP29 
On 17 November, China showed its environmental commitment at COP29 and announced a USD 24.5 billion funding package for climate projects in the Global South in 2016. The nation has established the world’s largest new energy industry chain, and remarkable progress has been made in implementing renewable energy. NDRC official Wen Hua stated that China has constructed a system of carbon reduction and realised its wind and solar power targets ahead of schedule. The country’s green initiatives extend to urban development, with over 90 per cent of new buildings meeting eco-friendly standards. The electric vehicle production is expected to exceed 10 million units in 2024. However, experts such as Ma Jun and Xin Qiang stated that China may claim its difficulties in phasing out fossil fuels. Developed countries, the US included, cannot make sufficient climate finance disbursements. (Zhang Han and Shen Sheng, “COP29 showcases China’s progress in the green transition,” Global Times, 17 November 2024)

CHINA & THE PACIFIC
President Xi Jinping endorses inclusive growth and innovation at APEC Summit 
On 18 November, an editorial in CGTN reported that President Xi Jinping during the 31st APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting in Peru outlined China’s vision for regional development and said: “Asia-Pacific countries carry greater responsibilities” as the world faces more challenges. Xi advocated people-centered economic globalisation by citing it through initiatives like the newly inaugurated Chancay Port project. Domestically, China has managed to make achievements by lifting 800 million people out of poverty and providing more than 40 per cent of the world’s renewable energy capacity since 2013. The country continues opening up its sectors across telecommunications and healthcare while seeking to join significant agreements such as CPTPP and DEPA. At the summit, China launched the Global Cross-Border Data Flow Cooperation Initiative, which stated that technological innovation was key for economic growth. Xi stressed that true balanced development is the prerequisite for global prosperity and said: “true development means common development of all countries.” He also assured the world of measures to promote digital trade and regional SMEs. (“How China empowers the development of Asia-Pacific region,” CGTN, 18 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
Xi and Biden’s final meeting discuss the future of their bilateral relations
On 17 November, BBC reported that China’s President Xi Jinping and US President Biden addressed the future of US-China relations as Trump prepares to return to office. Xi said: “A new Cold War should not be fought and cannot be won.” He also warned against treating each other as enemies. While both leaders recognised progress in easing tensions on the trade and Taiwan fronts during Biden’s tenure, including agreements on narcotics and climate change, there are still challenges ahead. Trump’s plans for 60 per cent tariffs on imports from China and his appointment of China hawks signal potential tensions. While Biden continues some of Trump’s policies and has fortified his Asian defence alliances, he remains “frank” and “candid” with Xi in three face-to-face meetings. (Frances Mao, “Xi says he will work with Trump in the last meeting with Biden,” BBC, 17 November 2024)

INTERNAL
Second mass attack in China left eight dead and 17 injured 
On 17 November, knifing spree by a 21-year-old ex-student of Wuxi Vocational College in eastern China left eight people dead and 17 injured. This attack was instigated by exam failure. Zhuhai city witnessed another incident at nearly the same time, where a 62-year-old man reportedly killed 35 people and injured 43 when he drove his car into a crowd. Both perpetrators were motivated by personal setbacks. Fudan University’s Professor Qu Weiguo stated that these cases shared common elements of less privileged individuals with mental health issues who felt unheard. The incidents sparked censored online discussions about China’s mental health and economic slowdown. President Xi Jinping responded by calling on police to identify at-risk individuals. Meanwhile, trends such as “the garbage time of history” reflect growing pessimism about jobs and opportunities. The government introduced stimulus measures to alleviate economic concerns. (Brenda Goh, “China's second mass attack in a week spurs soul-searching,” Reuters, 17 November 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China strengthening regional ties through new “Lancang-Mekong Visa” initiative, says an editorial in Global Times 
On 17 November, an editorial in Global Times reported that China announced an important visa policy update of five-year multiple-entry visas to Myanmar’s business personnel and their families, effective up to 180 days per visit. This policy is extended to all Lancang-Mekong countries in the name of regional integration, including Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam, under China’s regional integration guarantee. The Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) cooperation mechanism, established in 1992, has provided important economic cooperation at a time of increasing global protectionism. Since November 2022, the negotiations for the China-ASEAN FTA 3.0 target have strengthened the cross-industrial chain cooperation of the member states. The members acknowledged that further regional connectivity is necessary in overcoming post-pandemic challenges such as protectionist measures and vulnerabilities of the supply chain, in the 8th GMS Summit Declaration. This visa program is one of China’s examples of providing the benefits of economic growth for the development and prosperity of neighbouring countries through improved institutional arrangements and infrastructure development. (“GT Voice: Lancang-Mekong Visa reflects deepening win-win cooperation,” Global Times, 17 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
President Xi underscores partnership between developing countries at the 19th G20 Summit
On 17 November, during the 19th G20 Leaders’ Summit in Brazil and a state visit, President Xi Jinping underlined the strong partnership between the two major developing countries. On his fourth visit to Brazil in three decades, Xi argued how despite geographical distance, both countries deepened political trust and practical cooperation. Xi said he looks forward to “in-depth exchanges” with President Lula as they celebrate China and Brazil’s 50th year of diplomatic relations. He also emphasised renewing a commitment to strengthening bilateral ties and pursuing common interests. Xi described their role in amplifying the voice of the Global South at international institutions and in promoting world peace. At the G20, Xi will likely appeal for “an equal and orderly multi-polar world” together with inclusive economic globalisation. (“Xi says looking forward to further enhancing China-Brazil ties,” CGTN, 18 November 2024)

China-Latin America green energy partnership, says an editorial in Global Times
On 17 November, Global Times reported that Chinese and Peruvian business leaders at the APEC CEO Summit pointed to growing opportunities for China-Latin America cooperation on green energy. LONGi Green Energy’s President Li Zhenguo stated that though the company is projecting a 50 per cent growth in 2024, there is potential in sustainability for the mining sector. The newly inaugurated Chancay Port shows the strength of the new relationship. This is marked by China’s “new three” exports of electric vehicles, photovoltaic products, and lithium batteries traded in for Peruvian agricultural products. The National Society of Industries of Peru’s President James Callao stated that the country has a lot of potential to make a transition from gas to solar and wind power. The President of LONGi LATAM, Zhu Jiang, emphasised the complementarity that exists between Chinese technology and Latin America’s emerging market. (Wang Cong, “China-Latin America cooperation in new energy holds great potential: business leaders,” Global Times, 17 November 2024)

China Reader | 16 November 2024, Saturday | Vol.1 No. 212
OUTERSPACE
China’s Tianzhou-8 cargo successful docked at the space station 
On 16 November, CGTN reported that China’s Tianzhou-8 cargo spacecraft docked with the space station’s Tianhe core module in a critical space operation. This was the third resupply run since the operational phase of the station, launched on 15 November night from Hainan’s Wenchang site aboard a Long March-7 Y9 rocket. The spacecraft carried six tonnes of cargo, including festival gifts and essentials. It reached orbit within ten minutes of its launch. The crew from Shenzhou-19 will soon enter Tianzhou-8 to perform cargo transfer. However, the steady track of China in exploration space is being sustained. (“China's Tianzhou-8 cargo spacecraft docks with space station combination,” CGTN, 16 November 2024)

CHINA & TAIWAN
China condemns US military support to Taiwan 
On 15 November, China’s defence spokesman Zhang Xiaogang criticised the United States’s plans to arm Taiwan with HIMARS units and train the Taiwanese military. Zhang said such moves, combined with the Democratic Progressive Party’s pursuit of foreign aid, may push Taiwan “closer to the brink of war.” In his response, he emphasised that the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) will heighten its combat readiness to respond to both internal forces pushing for Taiwan’s independence and external meddling. He also demanded US military aid be halted. (“Chinese defense ministry urges U.S. to stop arming Taiwan,” CGTN, 15 November 2024)

OUTERSPACE
Chang’e-6 Mission reveals ancient volcanic activity on the far side of the moon
On 15 November, Global Times reported that recent analysis of the samples brought back from the lunar far side by Chang’e-6 mission scientists revealed remarkable information about volcanic activity on the far side of the Moon. Professor Li Qiuli’s team found that two significant volcanic activities happened. One was about 2.8 billion years ago and another 4.2 billion years ago. Among 108 pieces of basalt, one sample was proved to be the oldest to date that has been precisely dated from the Moon. It is indicated in the study that far-side volcanic activity took place for at least 1.4 billion years, with different mantle sources being behind every eruption. Concurrently, Professor Xu Yigang’s study revealed that even though the crust of the South Pole-Aitken Basin was thin, its depleted mantle composition restricted volcanic eruptions. These result in hemispheric disparities of the Moon and produce crucial calibration points for lunar crater chronology. This might affect our understanding of very early dynamics in the Solar System. (Leng Shumei, “Chang’e-6 lunar samples reveal 2.8-billion-year-old basalt with depleted mantle source: latest study,” Global Times, 15 November 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
CLSA shifts investment strategy from China to India 
On 15 November, Business Standard reported that international brokerage CLSA reversed its October stance, with an increase in India allocation and some selloff in Chinese exposure. The brokerage firm did this, as reported in “Pouncing Tiger, Prevaricating Dragon,” when China is faced with multiple challenges, including the fear of Trump-era tariffs and growing domestic economic troubles of deflation and high unemployment among youths. India has seen an outflow of Rs 1.14 lakh crore in foreign investors since October. Still, CLSA feels that it has been relatively insulated from the growing US trade tensions. One brokerage points out the strong ownership of India’s domestic market at 83 per cent, robust foreign-exchange reserves of USD 700 billion, and positive correlation between corporate earnings and economic growth. India, while sensitive to energy prices and potential Iran-Israel tensions, has benefited as a “China plus one” beneficiary and has considerable domestic retail strength. CLSA specifically declares that most international investors believe the correction now offers the right opportunity to increase their level of exposure to the Indian market. (“In U-turn, CLSA shifts focus back to India and reduces China exposure,” Business Standard, 15 November 2024)

CHINA & THE PACIFIC
China-Australia trade relations to strengthen, says China’s Commerce Minister
On 15 November, China’s Commerce Minister Wang Wentao addressed a China-Australia economic forum in Sydney and emphasised China’s commitment to expanding market access and improving its business environment for global partners. More than 220 representatives from the two countries attended the forum. This highlighted the bilateral economic partnership that continues to bring mutual benefit to both countries. Four other significant events include a 4.1 per cent year-on-year growth in bilateral trade for the year. China has been Australia’s biggest trading partner for 15 consecutive years. Furthermore, an unprecedented level of Australian business participation at the just-concluded China International Import Expo shows increasing optimism about bilateral relations. This positive momentum was enhanced by the visit of Wang to Shanghai where he met with the Australian Trade Minister Don Farrell to pursue the interest of both countries in improving their economic cooperation. (“China ready to share development opportunities with the world, including Australia: MOFCOM Minister,” Global Times, 15 November 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
China-Europe freight train service achieves 100,000-trip milestone
On 15 November, China-Europe freight train service marked a significant achievement as its 100,000th journey departed from Chongqing to Duisburg. It transported goods worth over USD 420 billion from the start. The network now covers 125 Chinese cities and links them with 227 European cities across 25 countries and over 100 Asian cities in 11 nations. The service has shown remarkable growth with annual trips rising from only 1,702 in 2016 to over 17,000 in 2023 The cargo value exploded from USD 8 billion to USD 58 billion-plus in 2024. Other innovations include express routes running at 120 km/h reducing travel time to Europe by five days. The service particularly benefits cities such as Chengdu, which serves 15,000 global companies and facilitates cold-chain logistics for agricultural products. This network has now become essential for connectivity under the Belt and Road Initiative as 50,000 types of goods across 53 categories are transported. (Zhang Yiyi, “China-Europe freight train trips hit 100,000, boosting cross-border connectivity and efficiency,” Global Times, 15 November 2024)

China Reader | 15 November 2024, Friday | Vol.1 No. 211
ECONOMY
China’s APEC trade hits record milestone in 2024
On 13 November, China’s economic ties with APEC reached an all-time high, and trade exceeded RMB 21 trillion early in 2024. This ten-year partnership summed up the total volume of trade into USD 30.62 trillion from 2014 through 2023. China is the biggest trading partner of 13 APEC economies while eight APEC members feature in China’s top 10 trading partners, reflecting the broad extent of integration in the region. (“China-APEC trade volume over past 10 years,” CGTN, 13 November 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China-Philippines tensions escalate in South China Sea over maritime claims
On 14 November, the South China Sea dispute intensified with China conducting coastguard patrols around Scarborough Shoal, which was protested by the Philippines when the latter enacted new maritime laws. In retaliation, China published coordinates for 16 base points around the disputed shoal and named 64 regional islands and reefs. Chinese Ambassador Huang Xilian described the moves as a “necessary response,” and he asked Manila to halt “unilateral actions.” The President of China’s National Institute for South China Sea Studies Wu Shicun, stated that the dispute has moved beyond diplomatic channels, giving special attention to increasing US and Japanese activity. He warned that a second arbitration case by Manila would trigger “tough countermeasures.” The dispute arises from China’s expansive nine-dash line claim, which was turned down by a UN arbitration ruling in 2016 that Beijing has referred to as “illegal.” Recent tensions have manifested in clashes between coastguards and fishing boats near various shoals, with Philippine Defense Secretary Teodoro accusing Beijing of escalating pressure tactics. (Meredith Chen, “China’s coastguard circles Scarborough Shoal after Philippines stakes its legislative claim,” South China Morning Post, 14 November 2024)

EXTERNAL
Global South think tanks unite in alliance to reshape international cooperation
On 14 November, an alliance of over 200 think tanks from developing nations and emerging markets was formed in Nanjing, China, taking a step towards greater South-South collaboration. The launch of the founding members has exceeded expectations with more than 400 participants from over 100 countries as part of the Global South Think Tanks Dialogue. The alliance is led by the IDCPC and co-founded with key Chinese institutions, namely China Media Group (CMG) and leading universities, to pool expertise for reforming global governance. IDCPC Minister Liu Jianchao stated that China is committed to coordinating human development issues with nations of the Global South. Notable personalities, such as Nepal’s Bimala Ghimire noted that the countries of the Global South have become agents of change. Cuba’s Hurtado Perez welcomed President Xi’s vision of a shared future community. CMG’s Fan Yun committed to using their 80-language network to amplify Global South voices globally. (“Global South Think Tanks Alliance established to promote South-South cooperation,” CGTN, 15 November 2024)

ECONOMY
Foreign investors face a triple challenge in China’s evolving market landscape, says an opinion in East Asia Forum
On 13 November, an opinion in the East Asia Forum stated that an analysis of 70 foreign investments across 19 industries in China from 2013 to 2019 indicated three sectors of investment decline. Foreign firms that initially dominated all the 19 sectors began to lose their first-mover advantages as the local players gained strength rapidly. A prime example can be cited in the automotive sector in China, where local manufacturers are as strong as international brands. The regulatory change and strategic sectors like pharmaceuticals added another dimension of challenges for foreign companies. For instance, the 2018 National Centralized Drug Procurement Scheme sent many international companies packing as profits became uneconomical. Cultural differences are the third one, such as in the case of Diageo's failed attempt at setting up whisky culture centers across major Chinese cities. These developments advise foreign firms to reorient their strategies for the sake of the competitive markets which Chinese policymakers need to preserve as investment incentives to keep valuable international relationships and knowledge exchange. (Qiuling Gao, Lin Cui, Sihong Wu, Yoona Choi and Di Fan, “Foreign investors reconsider their commitment to China,” East Asia Forum, 13 November 2024)

CHINA & RUSSIA
Russia-China military ties strengthen as Shoigu attends Chinese defence exhibition
On 14 November,  the appearance of Russian Security Council Secretary Sergei Shoigu at the military exhibition in Zhuhai testifies to the strategic strengthening of the ties between Moscow and Beijing. Modern Chinese stealth fighters, from the J22 and J35A categories, are here as competitors to US aircraft. This visit comes after the unlimited partnership agreement signed before Russia invaded Ukraine back in February 2022. While China has not directly supported Russian troops with military aid, it continues to provide dual-use technologies to Russia and remains an important energy customer even with the Western sanctions. The partnership manifested through joint military exercises and aligned foreign policies challenging Western supremacy, even as Russia turned to North Korea for military support. (“In sign of unity, Russian official visits China's premier military showcase,” Business Standard, 14 November 2024)

China’s Zhuhai Air Show showcases military might and commercial aviation advances
On 14 November, the Zhuhai Air Show made it clear that China’s influence in military and commercial aviation is increasing. Russia demonstrated its Su-57 stealth jet, and its international debut, and Saudi Arabia made its first appearance with an inaugural pavilion. Military strength included the unveiling of China’s J-35A stealth fighter and advanced helicopters, drones, and missile defence systems. An analyst from the Australian Strategic Policy Institute Malcolm Davis stated that these developments enhance China’s counter-intervention capabilities. In the commercial aviation space, COMAC named Air China as its launch customer for the C929 widebody jet while receiving preliminary commitments from Hainan Airlines for 60 C919 narrowbodies and 40 regional jets it ordered on an attractive, rebranded C909 designation. Airbus discussed A330neo certification progress with a focus on international participation and Embraer was exploring supply chain opportunities, highlighting China as Brazil’s largest trading partner. (Gerry Doyle and Sophie Yu, “Top Russian official Shoigu visits Zhuhai air show on final trade day,” Reuters, 14 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China’s USD 1.3 billion Chancay port in Peru shows economic promise and local concerns
On 14 November, the inauguration of Peru’s Chancay mega port, majority-owned by Chinese shipping giant Cosco, marks a significant milestone in China-Peru relations. Presidents Xi Jinping and Dina Boluarte witnessed the ceremony via livestream. The USD 1.3 billion project promises to transform a quiet fishing town into a strategic Pacific hub connecting South American resources with Asian markets. While the government estimates millions to be generated from the 15 quays and an industrial park intended to come in at USD 3.5 billion, locals are very concerned. Fishermen like Julius Caesar feel this is ruining the fishing grounds from dredging. Others worry about environmental impact and still fear the overall changes to their community. The port is an example of China’s growing footprint in Latin America, with Xi emphasising it as a successful Belt and Road Initiative project that could “forge a new land-sea corridor between China and Latin America.” Even with local resistance to the project, the authorities of the port concede there is a development gap. Manager Mario de las Casas promised to address community needs in a town where one-third lack running water. ( Isabel Debre And Franklin Briceño, “China’s president unveils a megaport in Peru, but locals say they’re being left out,” AP News, 15 November 2024; “President Xi eyes new stage of China-Peru comprehensive strategic partnership,” CGTN, 15 November 2024)

US Representative John Moolenaar introduces a bill to revoke normal trade relations with China
On 14 November, US Representative John Moolenaar introduced a bill aiming to revoke the normal trade relations with China. The measure would impose a minimum 35 per cent tariff on Chinese imports and let the duties rise to 100 per cent, allowing the US president to phase the change in over five years. The bill would also strip de minimis treatment of China for lower-value packages, exempting value under USD 5800 from import duties, taxes and rigorous screening. Moolenaar said: “Having permanent normal trade relations with China has failed our country, eroded our manufacturing base and sent jobs to our foremost adversary, The CCP has taken advantage of our markets and betrayed the hopes of freedom and fair competition that were expected when its authoritarian regime was granted permanent normal trade relations.” In September this year US Senators Tom Cotton of Arkansas, Marco Rubio of Florida and Missouri’s Josh Hawley, had introduced a similar bill. Rubio stated that the trade deficit with China has quadrupled and the US has exported millions of jobs by bringing the trade relation to an end. (“US lawmaker introduces legislation to revoke China’s trade status, South China Morning Post, 15 November 2024)

China Reader | 14 November 2024, Thursday | Vol.1 No. 210
EXTERNAL
China’s President Xi Jinping heads to Peru for APEC Summit 
On 13 November, China’s President Xi Jinping left for Lima to attend the 31st APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting. There he will express China’s reform measures and its vision of Asia-Pacific cooperation. The “Empower. Include. Grow.”, themed summit, is set to pull in some 5,000 delegates and 1,200 CEOs, thus possibly making it one of APEC’s biggest meetings. China’s trade with APEC economies has risen to RMB 21.27 trillion in the first ten months of 2024, accounting for 59.1 per cent of its total trade. The country enjoys a sturdy economic relationship in the region and is the largest trading partner for 13 APEC economies while having free trade agreements with 15 member nations. APEC Policy Support Unit director Carlos Kuriyama stated China’s crucial role in regional cooperation, while local Peruvians expressed enthusiasm for strengthening bilateral relations. The summit will discuss climate change, sustainable energy, digital economy, and trade facilitation among the 21 member economies, which will account for nearly two-thirds of global GDP and half of world trade. (Wang Qi and Wang Cong, “Xi leaves for Peru for APEC meeting, state visit,” Global Times, 13 November 2024)

OUTERSPACE
China launches Ocean salinity detection satellite
On 14 November, China had a big success in space with the successful launch of the Ocean-4 01 Satellite. The Ocean-4 01 is specialised for accurate salinity detection in the oceans. It was launched via the Long March-4B Y53 carrier rocket from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center and it is the Long March series’ 545th flight. This scientific research satellite will enable the advanced capabilities of the country to focus on marine environmental monitoring, climate research, and precise soil moisture measurements. The CNSA highlighted that it will improve the degree of precision of marine forecasts significantly and meet other diverse sectors, such as agriculture and disaster mitigation, and meteorology. (“China launches new satellite for ocean salinity detection,” CGTN, 14 November 2024)

INTERNAL
Former Chinese Defence Minister Liang Guanglie dies at 83
On 12 November, China’s Defence Minister from 2008- 2013, Liang Guanglie, died in Beijing. At age 18 when he enlisted in 1958, Liang rose through the ranks of the military by taking part in the Sino-Vietnamese War in 1979 and later becoming an influential figure in the People’s Liberation Army’s military diplomacy. He served in critical times as Defence Minister and managed the “pivot to Asia” strategy of Washington and also engaged with US Defence Secretaries Robert Gates and Leon Panetta. Xinhua extolled him as an “outstanding leader in China's national defence construction and military work.” His notable achievements included leading research on Taiwan while commanding the Nanjing Military Region. This culminated in the publishing of “The Study of Sailing Across the Strait,” which analysed historical amphibious operations. During his career, Liang took prestigious positions, including as a member of the Central Military Commission. (Sylvie Zhuang, “Former Chinese defence minister and military leader Liang Guanglie dies aged 83,” South China Morning Post, 13 November 2024)

EXTERNAL
China to coax G20 nations against potential sanction, says an opinion in SCMP
On 14 November, an opinion in the South China Morning Post stated that a new report from the Atlantic Council and Rhodium Group revealed that Beijing is coaxing G20 countries into its financial network as insurance against possible Western sanctions over Taiwan. This is according to analysis as President Xi Jinping and Joe Biden prepare for their final in-person multilateral talks- at G20 in Brazil this week, followed by APEC talks in Lima. Analysis indicates that Chinese economic relations would be cheaper for G20 countries in a “moderate escalation” situation. However, in a “high escalation” situation, G20 countries would tend to follow the Western sanctions. Beijing, with its control over nearly 60 per cent of the world’s rare earth elements, is looking to alternative financial systems to reduce its reliance on US dollars. Co-author Logan Wright stated that China could develop more financial tools to counter Western sanctions and offer “positive inducements” through increased G20 investment. Based on the report, South Korea, Brazil, and Indonesia will be explored concerning possible actions, considering the complex economic interdependencies between both superpowers amidst rising tensions in the Taiwan Strait. (Kawala Xie, “China to court G20 nations to bypass US-led sanctions in potential Taiwan conflict: report,” South China Morning Post, 14  November 2024)

DEFENCE
15th China International Aviation and Aerospace Exhibition’s joint demonstration by the PLA Navy, Army, and Air Force 
On 13 November, the 15th China International Aviation and Aerospace Exhibition became a historic moment as it was holding its first-ever joint demonstration from the PLA Air Force, Navy, and Army. It had the premiere of the J-35A fighter jet, building on an Air Force quartet of main combat aircraft- J-10C, J-16, and J-20. Three stealth fighters were shown demonstrating their flight capabilities for the first time. Russia’s Su-57 saw the vehicle in China for the first time. Lieutenant Colonel Li Lanxing praised the top-class agility and good pilot-friendliness of the J-35A and its seamless pilot integration capabilities. It displayed varieties of military hardware-the Navy’s Y-8 anti-submarine patrol aircraft, Z-9F helicopter, air assault capabilities by the Marine Corps and its Z-20J and Z-8C helicopters, and the Army’s helicopter fleet in a long line from the Z-10, Z-20, to Z-8. (Guo Yuandan, “Chinese PLA Air Force, Navy, Army hold a joint press conference for first time in Zhuhai,” Global Times, 13 November 2024)

CHINA & MIDDLE EAST
China lauds growing Saudi-Iran diplomatic rapport 
On 13 November, China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Lin Jian highlighted the recent significant development in Saudi-Iranian ties. Their diplomatic thaw facilitated by China has helped to keep constructive interaction between the two countries at various levels, thus stabilising the region. The improved development was very much evident as Saudi netizens expressed support for Iran regarding potential Israeli threats and condemned actions in Gaza. Lin declared that China remains committed to supporting continued diplomatic progress between the two nations. He also stated that their ministry will continue backing efforts toward “lasting good-neighborly relations and friendship.” (“China supports Saudi Arabia, Iran in achieving lasting good-neighborly relations: FM,” Global Times, 13 November 2024)

CHINA & THE PACIFIC
Palau’s President voices concerns against the presence of Chinese research vessels 
On 13 November, newly inaugurated Palau President Surangel Whipps Jr voiced his concerns over the uninvited entry of Chinese research vessels into his country’s waters within the boundary of the maritime borders. The spokesperson for the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs Lin Jian explained that he was not aware of the situation but explained that China conducts its distant-water fishing and marine research lawfully. The diplomatic tension sharpened as Whipps secured his second term as the leader of the Pacific Islands nation after the country had its national election last week. (“Chinese FM responds to Palau’s accusation of China flouting its maritime border,” Global Times, 13 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China to further cooperation with Latin American countries, says China’s Foreign Ministry 
On 13 November, China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Lin Jian stated that China will continue to improve unity and cooperation with Latin American countries and give the people stronger fulfilment and happiness. Lin Jian stated that Peruvian craftsman Oswaldo Mamani once only had a one-story workshop with annual sales of a minimum of 100 items. Still, the workshop currently has three stories, and hundreds of craftsmen. Hinting at the benefit of China and Latin America’s bilateral cooperation. Lin said: “China and Latin America have all along prioritized major livelihood projects in their cooperation. The list of uplifting and touching stories, such as that of warmpaca, goes on and on.” Additionally, the electricity expressway Belo Monte UHV transmission project linking north and south of Brazil has provided ample power to industrial hubs but resolved the power shortage problem for over 22 million Brazilians. However, China also implemented a few projects in Latin America like the China-aided water supply projects in two cities of Costa Rica benefitting the local people’s economy. (“China to enhance solidarity, cooperation with Latin American countries,” CGTN, 14 November 2024)

Amazon launches cheaper online storefront to compete with Shein and Temu
On 13 November, The Guardian reported that Amazon launched a low-cost online platform featuring electronics, apparel, and other products priced below USD 20. Amazon stated that Amazon Haul storefront would mostly feature products that cost less than USD 10 and offer priceless delivery on orders over USD 25. It also plans to dispatch a few products to US customers from a China-based warehouse. Several types of products resemble items found in Shein and Temu. Amazon’s vice-president Dharmesh Mehta said: “Finding great products at very low prices is important to customers, and we continue to explore ways that we can work with our selling partners so they can offer products at ultra-low prices of worldwide selling partner services. It’s early days for this experience, and we’ll continue to listen to customers as we refine and expand it in the weeks and months to come.” (“Amazon launches under-$20 online storefront to compete with Temu,” The Guardian, 14 November 2024)

China Reader | 13 November 2024, Wednesday | Vol.1 No. 209
CHINA & EUROPE
China’s EV sales grew by 54 per cent with 1.2 million vehicle sale in October 
On 13 November, Global electric vehicle sales grew to 1.72 million units in October. China’s once-record 1.2 million vehicle sales expanded that growth by 54 per cent. US and Canadian markets grew by 11.4 per cent to 0.16 million units, and European sales showed a 0.8 per cent growth due to challenges from Chinese competition and high production costs. Rho Motion said: “The Chinese EV market shows no signs of slowing down” as it enters the traditionally strong year-end sales period. Volkswagen’s determination to close three German factories exemplifies the severe transitions the European automotive sector is undergoing. Industry experts forecast a possible fall in EV prices in Europe given the need for the manufacturers to meet the carbon emissions target of 2024. (Greta Rosen Fondahn and Alessandro Parodi, “Global EV sales up 35% in October, Europe ekes out a gain,” Reuters, 13 November 2024)

France-China to renegotiate duties on brandy and other alcohol 
On 12 November, after the negotiations at the Shanghai Fair, France and China reopened negotiations on anti-dumping practices by Beijing on Europe’s brandy imports to counter the EU’s tariffs on Chinese EVs. French spirits lobby groups have welcomed Beijing’s decision to accept bank guarantees as an alternative to deposits on Cognac and Armagnac imports and stated it as “a positive initial reaction.” French cognac producers stated that the probe on brandy launched in January affecting France’s cognac producers, is not a market-specific problem but part of a greater trade issue. The temporary measures were implemented shortly after the EU’s decision on Chinese electric vehicles. (“France, China have resumed dialogue on brandy duties, spirits groups say,” Reuters, 13 November 2024)

INTERNAL
Car rampage near Chinese stadium kills 35 dead 
On 11 November, in a tragic incident at Zhuhai Sports Center, a 62-year-old man identified as Mr Fan deliberately drove his vehicle into exercising crowds killing 35 people and injuring 45 others, including elderly and children. Witnesses say the car repeatedly circled the running track targeting people in all areas. The motivation behind the attack, reported to be the perpetrator’s dissatisfaction with a divorce settlement, led President Xi Jinping to require “severe punishment” and “all-out efforts” for how survivors are treated. The attack came as a major military airshow was currently taking place in the area, and security became tighter ahead of the event. Mr Fan, who inflicted the wounds that left him in a coma, was airlifted to an intensive care unit. Mourners started leaving tributes outside the venue. Chinese authorities have begun pulling witness videos from social media sites to limit the attack’s spread. (Stephen McDonell and Frances Mao, “Dozens killed in car rampage through Chinese stadium,” BBC, 13 November 2024)

China’s Singles’ Day shopping festival resulted in RMB 1.44 trillion sales 
On 11 November, China’s largest online shopping event of the extended Singles’ Day shopping festival was resilient as sales growth stood at RMB 1.44 trillion on major platforms. The event runs from 14 October through Monday and this year’s festival was also the longest. Alibaba Group also reported “robust growth” with 45 major brands along with Apple and Xiaomi, each exceeding RMB 1 billion in sales. JD.com reported that shopper engagement rose 20 per cent. Major trends included a very strong performance by household appliances, which keep riding a wave of sales on the back of an RMB 150 billion trade-in subsidy program. There was also surprising outperformance by collectable toys and gaming merchandise. However, consumer behaviour reflected economic concerns as the shoppers heavily focused on discounts. Jacob Cooke of WPIC Marketing + Technologies stated that recent government stimulus measures had a limited impact on spending. Unlike previous years, major platforms maintained a low-key approach, forgoing the announcement of total GMV figures. (Casey Hall, “China's Singles' Day wraps up super-sized sales event with volume, shopper growth,” Reuters, 12 November 2024)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
COMAC rebrands ARJ21 aircraft as C909 at Zhuhai Aerospace Expo
On 12 November, the Commercial Aircraft Corporation of China (COMAC) unveiled the rebranding of its ARJ21 regional jetliner as C909, following its current C919 and C929 lineup aircraft. The company announced big new orders during a presentation at the Zhuhai Aerospace Expo. Hainan Airlines would take 40 aircraft, Colorful Guizhou Airlines ordered 30 units, including 20 firm orders. Since 2016’s commercial launch, more than 17 million passengers have been transported across the 150 delivered units. The C909 is available in a variety of configurations, ranging from 78-seat two-class cabins to high-density layouts of up to 97 seats. It can run on sustainable aviation fuel blends up to 50 per cent. Market analyst Lin Zhijie stated that the rebranding “highlights COMAC's strong focus on domestic regional aircraft” and its commitment to expanding model diversity. Its performance in difficult conditions is challenging and thus ideal for frontier regions, Southeast Asia, and Africa. COMAC released seven aircraft at this exhibition in cooperation with more than 50 industrial partners. (Tu Lei, “ARJ21 has a new name of C909, winning 70 orders at the first day of Airshow China,” Global Times, 12 November 2024)

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT 
China launches a Pavilion at COP29 
On 12 November, Global Times reported that on the opening day of China’s Pavilion launch in COP29, Baku, Azerbaijan, the nation renewed its commitment to global climate action through a series of ten themed events set for throughout the conference. Vice Minister Zhao Yingmin stated that China is becoming an “an essential participant, contributor, and leader in global ecological civilization.” Special Envoy Liu Zhenmin pointed out in his keynote speech that climate change is one of the most important national strategies of China and displayed great achievements in green development. Liu requested developed nations to implement the funding commitments for supporting climate initiatives from developing countries. The message presented by the delegation included China’s commitment to multilateralism and fair climate governance, in line with “common but differentiated responsibilities.” The pavilion activities, from 11 to 12 November show how China is playing a big role in the global climate solutions. (“China Pavilion opens at COP29 in Baku,” Global Times, 12 November 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA 
China’s updated Sansha City map includes Xisha and Nansha districts
On 13 November, South China Morning Post reported that China’s Ministry of Natural Resources issued a new version of the map for Sansha city, which included the previously established Xisha and Nansha districts that administer the disputed Paracel and Spratly Islands. The city which was established in 2012 in the province of Hainan, has grown into a developed city with a population of 2,300 residents and all the necessary infrastructure. This update comes at a time of escalating regional tensions, especially with the Philippines which recently passed its Maritime Zones Act, proclaiming territorial rights over parts of the Spratlys. In response to this, Beijing released coordinates for 16 base points in the contested Scarborough Shoal. The current issue with territorial disputes is with Vietnam, Taiwan, Brunei, and Malaysia. China has also provided further administrative control that these areas have been allotted region identifiers and postcodes, and infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, and other civic amenities has been expanded. (Leopold Chen, “South China Sea: Beijing updates Sansha city map amid flaring tensions over disputed islands,” South China Morning Post, 13 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China-Peru relations shine at the 31st APEC economic leaders’ meeting, says and an editorial in Global Times
On 12 November, an editorial in Global Times reported that the China-Peru partnership is reflected in Lima as it prepared to open its doors to the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Economic Leaders’ Meeting under the theme “Empower. Include. Grow”. Chinese companies, such as Chinalco and Shougang Group, showed commitments through advertised investments and heavy investments-documented cases involving Chinalco’s USD 1.3 billion expansion of the Toromocho copper mine. Historical ties between the two countries are reflected in Lima’s “Chifa” restaurants, which is a Cantonese-derived term for Chinese eateries. This reflected Peru’s prominent Chinese immigrant heritage. As one of the first Latin American countries to have achieved a comprehensive strategic partnership with China and become part of the Belt and Road Initiative, Peru has taken bilateral cooperation in economic, trade, and cultural sectors to a new level. The APEC summit is the forum where 21 member economies representing nearly two-thirds of global GDP unite to address regional challenges. (Wang Cong, Tang Ya, Yun Tianhua and Wang Qi in Lima, “GT on the Spot: China-Peru cooperation on display in streets of Lima ahead of APEC meeting,” Global Times, 13 November 2024)

China Reader | 12 November 2024, Tuesday | Vol.1 No. 208
CHINA & EUROPE
China implements anti-dumping measures on EU brandy imports
On 11 November, CGTN reported that China’s Ministry of Commerce will apply provisional anti-dumping measures on the EU imports of brandy from 15 November following an investigation that started in January 2024. The Ministry found that products were dumped by the producers in the EU that harmed the domestic industry. The new rules will impose deposits between 30.6 and 39 per cent on the customs of China. Such levies will apply specifically to grape-based spirits in containers less than 200 litres imported into China from the EU. (“China to impose temporary anti-dumping measures on EU brandy imports,” CGTN, 11 November 2024)

INTERNAL
Xi at the Global South media forum said: “China has always been a member of the Global South” 
On 11 November, at the Global South Media and Think Tank Forum in Sao Paulo, China's President Xi Jinping reassured the world that China was firmly aligned with the aspiration of developing nations. Xi said: “China has always been a member of the Global South,” noting that the Global South was gradually taking its rightful place in human advancement. He called for true multilateralism and an equitable multipolar world order. The forum was co-organised by Xinhua News Agency and Brazil Communication Company and underscored development and revival. Xi called on participants to strengthen the role of the Global South as a force for peace, development, and cultural exchange. Brazilian President Lula da Silva also extended his congratulations to the forum. Brazilia’s President Lula da Silva also extended his congratulations to the forum. (“President Xi extends congratulations to Global South Media and Think Tank Forum,” CGTN, 11 November 2024)

EXTERNAL
Chinese public opinion reveals complex views on global security and foreign relations, says an opinion in ORF
On 11 November, an opinion in the ORF stated that a recent survey by Tsinghua University’s Center for International Security and Strategy reveals shifting perspectives among Chinese citizens. Nearly half of respondents aged between 18-44 feel there is not enough global security, markinfrom 20 per cent two years ago. Despite international concerns, 70 per cent of respondents continue to feel secure about Beijing’s place in the world, and 90 per cent believe global influence is growing. Other key issues covered in the study include Taiwan disputes and US-China tensions, for which support for military deployments has been seen to decline from 92 per cent to 76 per cent. India is featured only in this 2024 survey, and respondents found it had a "fair amount “considerable influence.” For global conflicts, 55 per cent blamed both sides or external parties for the Russia-Ukraine situation, while 40 per cent blamed Israel for what was happening in the case of the Israel-Palestine situation. The economic orientation seems fairly straightforward, with 65 per cent wanting domestic focus rather than achieving international engagement. Most notable though is that 90 per cent believe Washington is attempting to slow China’s ascent, an indication of the growing rivalry between the two powers. (Kalpit A Mankikar, “Chinese public opinion may have bearing on Asian security,” ORF, 11 November 2024)

DEFENCE
PLA Air Force marks 75th Anniversary with grand airshow display
On 11 November, China’s People’s Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF) celebrated its 75th anniversary at the 15th Airshow China. That airshow will feature an excellent military aviation show with 36 kinds of military equipment, including strong fighters of J-20 and J-16 with the newly introduced YY-20A. There will be a display of aerobatics by the Bayi Team and the Red Eagle Team. Nine JL-8 aircraft have been deployed for display under the Red Eagle Team and it is also getting ready for preparing three sets of aerobatic maneuvers. Air Force spokesperson Senior Colonel Xie Peng stated that the parade will include themed music performances and static displays. (“Chinese air force holds activities to celebrate its 75th anniversary,” CGTN, 11 November 2024)

NUCLEAR
China is working towards new nuclear aircraft carriers, says an editorial in AP News
On 12 November, an editorial in AP News reported that the latest analysis by the Middlebury Institute of International Studies reveals that China has taken a step toward using nuclear-powered aircraft carriers. This is in the light of a recently discovered land-based prototype reactor at Base 909 in Sichuan province. The development is being considered to match President Xi Jinping’s vision of having a “first-class” navy. Three carriers have been operational so far and there is still much to think about in terms of the maritime ambitions of the PRC. Nuclear propulsion would dramatically enhance operational capabilities, allowing extended deployments without refuelling and increased capacity for weapons and aircraft. Evidence suggested the 701 Institute, which handled carrier development, was involved in acquiring reactor equipment “intended for installation on a large surface warship.” China might join the United States and France as the only operators of nuclear-powered carriers. The Pentagon says this modernisation marks a turning point for China’s transition from an operational navy that restricts itself to regional waters into one that exercises its naval presence far beyond regional waters. ( David Rising And Didi Tang, “A look at the research revealing China’s work on prototype nuclear reactor to power aircraft carrier,” AP News, 12 November 2024)

MARITIME
China intensifies maritime enforcement at Huangyan Dao 
On 11 November, Global Times reported that the China Coast Guard (CCG) conducted comprehensive patrol exercises around Huangyan Dao, deploying both thousand-ton-class ships for extended operations and the agile hundred-ton-class vessels for rapid response. This exercise in maritime presence follows recent releases of territorial sea baselines and came in response to the new Maritime Zones Act of the Philippines. The CCG has raised serious concerns over reports of Filipino fishing vessels engaging in such fisheries-related harmful practices as poison fishing and endangering marine species. Ding Duo from the National Institute for South China Sea Studies stated that clear territorial baselines would enable more decisive responses to incursions. The CCG emphasised strengthening its promise to uphold the sovereignty of China by promising measures of firmer patrols based on the country’s laws. This included the Coast Guard Law and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, to better secure the ecological environment of the area and maintain the order of the sea. (Fan Wei and Lin Xiaoyi, “China Coast Guard conducts patrol enforcement drill in Huangyan Dao waters,” Global Times, 11 November 2024)

CHINA & RUSSIA
China-Russia strategic dialogue deepens after Russian Security Council Secretary visit to China
On 11 November, Russian Security Council Secretary Sergei Shoigu was in China from 11 to 15 November for critical bilateral meetings with important officials from China, Wang Yi and Chen Wenqing. The 19th annual strategic security consultation will cover international security, regional stability, and bilateral cooperation. Expert Wang Xiaoquan stated that the agenda will include US security policies, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, Middle East conflicts, and non-traditional security concerns. As strategic comprehensive partners, both countries have long been looking forward to promoting the enhancement of cooperation concerning the protection of global security and the establishment of international patterns. Shoigu will attend Airshow China 2024, where Russia will show its Su-57 fighter jet after a gathering in September in St Petersburg. Wang Yi emphasised that China looks forward to deepening bilateral strategic cooperation, demonstrating continued high-level mutual trust between the two nations despite changes in the global landscape. ( Zhang Yuying and Bai Yunyi, “Shoigu to attend 19th round of annual China-Russia strategic security consultation in China: FM,” Global Times, 11 November 2024)

CHINA & AFRICA
US-China competition intensifies over strategic African railway corridor, says an opinion in SCMP
On 12 November, an opinion in the South China Morning Post stated that the United States and EU are attempting to break into China’s dominance in Africa by funding a massive investment in the Lobito Corridor. That trans-African railway project will connect Angola’s Atlantic coast to the Indian Ocean by travelling through DRC and Zambia. As part of the USD 600 billion Partnership for Global Infrastructure and Investment, it aims to secure critical mineral supply chains in a region that accounts for 30 per cent of global reserves. China has managed to hold significant sway since 2002, having invested USD 46 billion in Angola alone, including rehabilitation of the Benguela Railway. The US has committed over USD 3 billion to the project in the last 18 months. President Biden had planned for his first African visit to Luanda in December. University of Cape Town’s Professor Carlos Lopes stated that this investment “highlights an attempt to promote infrastructure and trade routes that could reduce Chinese logistical dominance.” However, China stays involved through its 32.4 per cent share in Mota-Engil and the USD 1 billion commitment to the rehabilitation of the Tanzania-Zambia railway. (Jevans NyabiageandRalph Jennings, “Could China-US rivalry go off the rails in Africa over a resourceful train route?,” South China Morning Post, 12 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS 
Xi Jinping strengthens China-Brazil bond through “friendly personages”
On 11 November, CGTN reported that in letters from over 100 Brazilian dignitaries, including former Campinas Deputy Mayor Enrique Teixeira, China’s President focused on the long-lasting friendship between China and Brazil over its 50-year diplomatic relationship. Xi stated that he would like to make the two countries’ bilateral ties “a good example of solidarity” among major developing nations. Xi highlighted the friendship between the two nations through metaphors of the Yangtze and the Amazon rivers flow.  Xi also extended an invitation to Brazilians to experience modernisation in China, as a response to gratitude expressed by different Brazilian institutions towards the contributions of China. (“President Xi replies to friendly personages in Brazil,” CGTN, 11 November 2024)

China Reader | 11 November 2024, Monday | Vol.1 No. 207
CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
Xi-Prabowo strengthen China-Indonesia strategic partnership
On 09 November, a meeting in Beijing between China’s President Xi Jinping and the newly-elected Indonesia’s President, Prabowo Subianto strengthened their bilateral relations. Prabowo chose China as the first foreign destination after winning the election and taking office. Xi Jinping considered their friendship time-tested and said he would deepen cooperation in all five “pillars” of politics, economy, people-to-people exchange, maritime affairs, and security. Xi and Prabowo witnessed the signing of multiple cooperation agreements on joint development, blue economy, water conservancy, and minerals. Prabowo renewed a firm statement about Indonesia’s support for the one-China policy and non-interference stance on Xinjiang affairs and declared Indonesia would not join any military alliance against third parties. The two states agreed to put effort into promoting Asian values consistent with peace and cooperation. This is a momentous feat since 2024 marks the 70th anniversary of the Bandung Conference. The State councillor declared he is optimistic about Indonesia’s journey toward becoming an “Indonesia Emas 2045” and promised to sustainably develop all sectors of Indonesian life, including vocational education and scientific research. (“China, Indonesia ready to open new chapter in bilateral ties,” CGTN, 09 November 2024)

Vietnam threatens to block Chinese e-commerce giants over licensing requirements
On 11 November, Reuters reported that Vietnam issued an ultimatum to the two Chinese e-commerce platforms of Shein and Temu. This was done to compel them to register their operations with the trade ministry by the end of November or else face blockage of their domain and app in the country. Deputy Trade Minister Nguyen Hoang Long stated that despite the ongoing talks with both companies, they would take necessary technical measures if compliance with licensing standards is not followed. The moves seem driven by rising pressure over these companies’ aggressive pricing and local market product concerns. This situation particularly affects long-time market player Shein, and the newcomer Temu, which has only just launched its Vietnamese operation last month and is owned by PDD Holdings. Long said at a recent government meeting: “After the ministry's notification, if these platforms do not comply, the Ministry of Industry and Trade will coordinate with relevant agencies to implement technical measures such as blocking applications and domains.” (“Vietnam says Temu, Shein must register with govt or be blocked in country,” Reuters, 11 November 2024)

ECONOMY
China International Import Expo 2024 lead to deals worth USD 80.1 billion
On 10 November, CGTN reported that the seventh China International Import Expo (CIIE) in Shanghai was successful in acquiring several excellent achievements. This included settling tentative agreements amounting to USD 80.1 billion which saw a 2 per cent growth rate compared to the previous year. The CIIE was attended by 852,000 visitors and gave platforms for 77 countries from five continents, out of which 297 Fortune 500 companies were enrolled from 3,500 exhibitors from 129 countries. Some successes included holding more than 50 promotional trade events and matchmaking that resulted in over 260 agreements worth USD 9.4 billion. This year featured innovations in the special buyer corridor and selection meetings near the food pavilion. The 420,000 square metres of exhibition space showcased over 400 new products and technologies. The accompanying Hongqiao Forum addressed crucial topics like new energy vehicles, AI, and the digital economy. (“7th CIIE concludes with over $80 billion in tentative deals,” CGTN, 10 November 2024)

DEFENCE
China’s J-35A stealth fighter makes debut at Zhuhai air show 
On 11 November, Reuters reported that China made its aviation milestone in the Zhuhai Air Show with the public debut of the J-35A stealth fighter, coinciding with the PLAAF’s 75th anniversary. While the aircraft evolved from its J-31 predecessor that first flew ten years ago, experts are still uncertain regarding its true capabilities. Singapore’s S Rajaratnam School of International Studies’ Collin Koh stated on the typical “black box” surrounding PLA military developments while acknowledging that fighter jet technology has advanced considerably for China. An air supremacy variant is said to have been constructed in line with the carrier-based J-35 variant by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation. Both jets appear to be much smaller than China’s operational J-20 fighters. The jets copy most design features of the F-35 to be as stealthy as possible. Several reports continue to question the details of Chinese radar-absorbent coatings and its communication systems. Additionally, Chinese WS-19 engines, allegedly designed by China, may have an additional 10 per cent power output over the previous WS-13 engines. (Gerry Doyle, “China's J-35A stealth fighter is 'black box' despite splashy debut,” Reuters, 11 November 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
China-Italy educational partnership expands with student exchange initiative
On 10 November, China announced over 100 new exchange opportunities for Italian universities. This marks two decades of strategic partnership with five fully funded positions in each of the 22 participating Italian institutions. The Education Minister, Huai Jinpeng stated robust educational ties between the two countries. China is the largest source of international students for Italy and Italy ranks among Europe’s top five for sending students abroad to China. It has promoted 45 cooperative programmes for higher education and nine international research laboratories. In the Beijing dialogue, attended by board members and representatives of 50 universities, board member Tiziana Lippiello referred to Marco Polo’s heritage, focusing on a new emphasis on cultural exchange. The approach pursues an increase in existing collaborations through the diversity of offered programs, which include summer schools, joint training, and research centres. (“China to offer over 100 exchange spots to Italian universities,” CGTN, 10 November 2024)

China Reader | 08 November 2024, Friday | Vol.1 No. 207
CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China and Malaysia pledge closer strategic cooperation 
On 07 November, Chinese President Xi Jinping emphasised China’s strong bond with Malaysia as a “good neighbor, good friend, and good partner” while holding talks with Malaysia’s Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim in Beijing. While paying tribute to 50 years of diplomatic relations, Xi urged a strengthening China-Malaysia community with mutual growth, stability, and a shared vision. China gives its full support for Malaysia’s strategic autonomy and ASEAN leadership. Xi advocates alignment in development strategies, high-quality Belt and Road cooperation, and expanded trade. The China International Import Expo invited Malaysian products to China. During the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Summit, China’s Premier Li Qiang addressed goals in regional connectivity, policy synchronisation, and cross-border economic integration while announcing clean energy and smart city projects. Li stated that China is committed to promoting smooth infrastructure and policy ties across the Mekong nations. He stated that GMS has played an important role as a platform of economic integration as well as innovation in development. (“President Xi Jinping: Malaysia is China's good neighbor, friend and partner,” CGTN, 07 November 2024; “China decides to issue multiple-entry visas to qualified business individuals from Mekong countries,” Global Times, 07 November 2024)

CHINA & PACIFIC
China and Solomon Islands agree to a visa-free agreement
On 07 November, a visa-free travel agreement between China and the Solomon Islands signed by Ambassador Cai Weiming and Foreign Minister Peter Shanel Agovaka marks an important step forward in bilateral relations. The deal will open up opportunities for more tourism and trade exchanges between the two countries. With attractive aquaculture and tourism resources, the Solomon Islands will attract many visitors from China. Australian Studies Center director Chen Hong stated that this agreement will encourage more cooperation in the economic aspect and the exchange of products. Prime Minister Manele reiterated that the Solomon Islands adheres to the one-China policy and described the pact as a milestone in their bilateral relations. Ambassador Cai stated that the pact has supported their shared vision for modernisation and a community of shared future for mankind. (Li Yawei, “China and Solomon Islands waive visas to facilitate people-to-people exchanges,” Global Times, 07 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
US citizen arrested in Germany over alleged espionage for China
On 07 November, German authorities arrested a US citizen named Martin D, living in Frankfurt, for offering sensitive information about US military secrets to Chinese officials in 2024. The arrest was carried out with German intelligence in coordination because of the increasingly high concern of Chinese activities spying in the West. Germany has lately increased security activities due to increasing espionage-related incidents in the past months. This also includes the arrest of three Germans accused of promoting Chinese naval power and an EU staffer’s alleged ties to Chinese intelligence of an official of the EU. These incidents follow the allegations by the US and Britain against China on cyberespionage against politicians, academics, and defence contractors. A spokesperson at China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs termed the claims “hyped” attempts to “discredit and suppress China”. (“Germany arrests US national accused of spying for China,” Al Jazeera, 07 November 2024)

ECONOMY
China plans to announce fiscal stimulus for the coming year
On 08 November, South China Morning Post reported that China’s top legislature body, the National People’s Congress (NPC) is wrapping up its session. However, expectations of a major fiscal stimulus announcement stay in check despite earlier suggestions by vice-minister Liao Min that the intervention would be “quite a large scale”. Finance Minister Lan Foan proposed measures such as local debt swaps and special sovereign bonds for recapitalising banks, estimated at RMB 6 trillion to 10 trillion (USD 838 billion) on the market. Standard Chartered’s chief economist Ding Shuang suggested that Beijing may conserve resources for 2025. This is due to officials’ growing confidence in hitting the 5 per cent growth target following October’s improved economic indicators. The timing also goes into the hands of Donald Trump’s win for the US presidency, which is raising fears of over 60 per cent tariffs for imports from China. Macquarie Group’s Larry Hu pointed out that policymakers may take a wait-and-see approach to US trade policies. Details of the final stimulus are expected at the National People's Congress in March, where next year's budget will be debated. (Ji Siqi, “China to unveil fiscal stimulus plans on Friday, may hold fire until early 2025: analysts,” South China Morning Post, 08 November 2024)
 
DEFENCE
China’s Zhuhai air show with debut of the J-35A stealth fighter
On 08 November, an opinion in Reuters stated that the upcoming China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition in Zhuhai marked a milestone on the debut of the J-35A stealth fighter as an underpinning of Beijing’s growing aerospace capabilities. This six-day event made agreements worth USD 40 billion last year and coincided with the People’s Liberation Army Air Force’s (PLAAF) 75th anniversary. The J-35A, a carrier-capable variant that looks a lot like the F-35, is another step in China’s efforts for military technological advancement as regional tensions escalate. Russia’s involvement with its SU-57 fighter jet can be seen as the next step to intensify interregional cooperation. On a commercial level, the emergence of state-owned COMAC and the potential branding of ARJ21 as C909 reveal China’s eagerness to challenge Boeing and Airbus. International certification and engine development are also challenges for COMAC, however, some huge opportunities still lie within the domestic China market. Boeing says it will require 8,830 new planes by 2043. This is also China’s first major aerospace show since the pandemic as the country further eases COVID restrictions. (Lisa Barrington and Sophie Yu, “New Chinese stealth fighter to take centre stage at China's biggest air show,” Reuters, 08 November 2024)
 
CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
Niti Aayog Chief’s call for India’s joining China’s RCEP
On 08 November, Financial Express reported that Niti Aayog CEO BVR Subrahmanyam has called for membership in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP). He stated this as a “given opportunity” against the government decision in 2019 to exit the China-backed trade bloc. The country has FTAs with most members of RCEP except China and New Zealand. However, concern over the USD 85 billion trade deficit with China is paramount to bilateral trade worth USD 118 billion. Analysis by the World Bank shows that the RCEP will burden China disproportionately while increasing ASEAN’s deficit to USD 135.6 billion in 2023, as opposed to the USD 81.7 billion deficit recorded in 2020. According to Subrahmanyam, India has not exploited the “China plus one” opportunity better than Vietnam and Indonesia. This discussion makes more sense with Donald Trump winning the US presidency, who tagged India as a “tariff king” previously, and is expected to affect the trade negotiations as well as the policies of tariffs. (“India should join China-led RCEP, says Niti CEO,” Financial Express, 08 November 2024)
 
CHINA & RUSSIA
Putin affirms Russia-China partnership is non-confrontational in nature
On 07 November, CGTN reported that Russia’s President Vladimir Putin commemorated the unprecedented degree of trust between Russia and China in his speech to the Valdai Discussion Club. However, he insisted the partnership had no aims against third countries, including the United States. The collaboration ranges from energy and high technology, including mutual support on China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Putin dismissed concerns over regional competition, saying cooperation in Central Asia was “complementary rather than competitive”. He also talked about security issues and addressed the rising tensions in the Asia-Pacific region due to the provocations by Westerners, particularly NATO, and US-Japan military exercises. He also confirmed Russia’s commitment to the one-China policy, but then criticised Taiwan for perpetuating regional tension. (“Putin: Russia-China cooperation not targeting any third party,” CGTN, 08 November 2024)
 
CHINA & EUROPE
Italian President’s China visit marks a milestone in bilateral relations, says and editorial in Global Times
On 07 November, an editorial in Global Times reported that President Sergio Mattarella’s second visit to China took place on the occasion of the 20th anniversary of China-Italy comprehensive strategic partnership and the 700th anniversary of Marco Polo’s death. Mattarella visited three cities Beijing, Hangzhou, and Guangzhou in China. It included cultural highlights of viewing the “Marco Polo” opera and visiting the China Millennium Monument. China’s Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning stated that China wanted to deepen mutual trust and expand practical cooperation. A senior research fellow at the Institute of European Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Zhao Junjie stated that the relationship between China and Italy has been relatively sound despite challenges. He also said: “Many high-tech companies in Italy have made great achievements through cooperation with China, and the cultural, tourism, and educational exchanges between Italy and China have consistently maintained substantial collaboration.” This diplomatic engagement follows a July visit by Prime Minister Meloni, who established an action plan for 2024-2027 to strengthen bilateral relations. Zhao believes Mattarella’s visit represents the pragmatic, China-friendly mainstream trend in Italian politics. (“Italian President arrives in Beijing for state visit; Summer Palace first destination,” Global Times, 07 November 2024)

China Reader | 07 November 2024, Thursday | Vol.1 No. 206
ECONOMY
China International Import Expo 2024 attracted 3,496 exhibitors from 129 countries
On 06 November, CGTN reported that the seventh China International Import Expo demonstrates the country’s growing economic influence. The Expo attracted 3,496 exhibitors from 129 countries, including 297 Fortune Global 500 companies. A CGTN survey stated that there is a strong global confidence in China’s openness to the market with 60 per cent of the attendees affirming the same. The level of approval was particularly high in Africa at 86.6 per cent, the Middle East at 88.2 per cent, and Southeast Asia at 78.6 per cent. More than the figures, the exhibition impact has gone on to facilitate smaller nations to access the world market as it has presented 120 free booths to 37 least-developed countries, notes CGTN. China’s economic growth has stood the test by recording quarterly imports and exports at more than RMB 10 trillion for the first three quarters of 2024. The survey proved international acceptance, with 92.3 per cent of the respondents deeming China’s economic power, while at the same time, 89.2 per cent acknowledged its recent input into the world economy. 84.3 per cent believe the world needs China for stable global supply chains. (“CGTN Poll | "Import Expo benefits" keep growing, global respondents look forward to "big market" bringing "big opportunities"” CGTN, 06 November 2024)

China-ADB partnership to focus on strengthening regional development and green initiatives
On 06 November, during a meeting in Kunming with Asian Development Bank (ADB) President Masatsugu Asakawa, Chinese Premier Li Qiang emphasised expanding bilateral cooperation in numerous fields. The partnership focuses on environmental protection, green development, healthcare, and new industries. China, which is the largest developing nation, will look to share the role-modelled poverty reduction and digital economies that could be achieved through the ADB platform. Asakawa emphasised the point that China’s economic stability is the key to the recovery of the Asia-Pacific region and promised to support the high-quality development of China. The partnership deals with climate change, ecological diversity, and energy transition with the promotion of free trade. This meeting during the eighth Greater Mekong Subregion Summit affirms China’s commitment to regional prosperity and participation in Greater Mekong Subregion economic cooperation. (“Chinese premier expects China, ADB to boost cooperation,” CGTN, 06 November 2024)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Alibaba Cloud completes largest data migration in history from Xiaohongshu lifestyle app 
On 07 November, South China Morning Post reported that Alibaba Cloud became the world’s first cloud service provider to finish the largest data migration in history by shifting the 500-petabyte data lake from Xiaohongshu to its servers. The process took one year and 1,500 staff members to show Alibaba’s stronghold in the Chinese cloud sector which is seen as the country’s leading provider of clouds with a market share of 36 per cent. This scale is huge as each petabyte can hold approximately 11,000 4K movies which if played continuously, would take over two and half years to view. This migration represents the entire 11-year operational data history of Xiaohongshu, supporting 300 million monthly active users. Alibaba Cloud has already suffered outages in 2022 and 2023 affecting Hong Kong and Macau services. However, a successful migration has ensured it remains at the top of Asia Pacific’s cloud providers and now stands at third position in the world on revenue. (Ben Jiang, “Alibaba Cloud notches big with ‘China’s Instagram’ completing largest data migration,” South China Morning Post, 07 November 2024)

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
China’s annual Climate Action Report 2024 outlines new climate change initiatives 
On 06 November, China’s Ministry of Ecology and Environment published an annual climate action report. This is the eleventh annual report since 2008 start and adds to China’s global reputation for advancement in environmental protection activities and its initiatives at the COP29. MEE Official Xia Yingxian stated that the country remains committed to reforming its industrial and energy structure but on the other hand, is developing multilateral cooperation. Among its climate partnerships is with 42 developing nations through 53 memorandums of understanding, low-carbon demonstration zones, and exchange seminars. China visited Baku in November this year during COP29 in pursuit of actualising objectives of the UN Framework Convention and the principles of the Paris Agreement as a witness to commitment and dedication to global climate governance through South-South cooperation. (“China unveils climate change action report, states position on COP29,” Global Times, 06 November 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
Eighth Greater Mekong Subregion Summit 2024 to be held in Kunming, China 
On 07 November, an editorial in Global Times reported that the eighth Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) Summit, in Kunming, China brought leaders from all six Mekong countries and looked to advance regional cooperation. The theme cantered on innovation-driven development. Since its inauguration in 1992 by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the GMS group of China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam have all undergone remarkable development. Recent success stories include the performance of the China-Laos Railway, which has carried more than 16 million passengers and cargo tons, while the Phnom Penh-Sihanoukville Expressway has served 10 million users. Trade relations keep flourishing as China-Mekong commerce hit a record USD 200 billion in the first half of 2024 while registering a 12 per cent growth. Visas exemption schemes between China and Thailand, China and Laos, and mutual cultural understanding programs such as Lancang-Mekong Audiovisual Week and Youth Innovation Competition have increased the connectivity in the region. (“Greater Mekong Subregion converges tide of cooperation: Global Times editorial,” Global Times, 07 November 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
Lithuania's President calls to end the refit and normalise ties with China 
On 07 November, Lithuanian President Gitanas Nausėda stated that both the government and the new incoming coalition are ready to normalise ties with China after a three-year standoff in diplomatic relations. A break happened in 2021 after Lithuania allowed a “Taiwanese Representative Office”. Public opinion polls indicate widespread public support for reconciliation as 63.3 per cent of Lithuanians feel that their country should not interfere with China’s internal affairs, and 44 per cent are concerned about the economic implications if Chinese investment is not achieved. Statistics revealed trade figures had shrunk while bilateral trade has risen by 82 per cent from 2015 to 2020, and reached USD 2.135 billion. The Lithuanian goods sold to China have all been at all-time low export levels in the last few years. The prime minister-designate of Lithuania Gintautas Paluckas described this as “a grave diplomatic mistake.” (Wang Qi, “Lithuania expresses hopes to restore ties with China after rifts over Taiwan question,” Global Times, 07 November 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China-Latin America trade relations flourish through the CIIE platform, says an editorial in Global Times 
On 06 November, an editorial in Global Times noted that the seventh China International Import Expo will show how China and Latin America are increasing economic ties. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Mao Ning stated that market access opportunities are unprecedented. Regional products that win more and more ground in Chinese markets are Honduran shrimp, Nicaraguan honey, and Chilean Andes cherries. The Xiamen-São Paulo air cargo route has recently opened to make cross-continental trade easier. According to the ECALC data, this has come at a remarkable 35-fold growth between 2000 and 2022, compared to a fourfold growth in global trade in the region. This year China is seen as Latin America’s fastest-growing export market due to the success of the Belt and Road Initiative collaboration and the growing presence of the region in Chinese consumer markets. (“Latin America, Caribbean countries to unlock more opportunities in China market: Foreign Ministry,” Global Times, 06 November 2024)

China Reader | 06 November 2024, Wednesday| Vol.1 No. 205
EXTERNAL
China’s Premier at the 7th International Import Expo expresses openness to global trade 
On 05 November, at the 7th China International Import Expo opened in Shanghai China’s Premier Li Qiang made clear the commitment to improving market access in all industries, from telecommunications to health care. The expo attracted a record 3,496 exhibitors from 129 countries, including 297 Fortune Global 500 companies. Some of the more prominent attendees, such as Shiseido and FedEx, have shown great enthusiasm for China’s market and many of them have maintained their business here for dozens of years. The event is now a big global tradeshow having arranged various deals amounting to more than USD 420 billion from the previous six editions. This year’s expo showcased over 400 new products and technologies on show with the first one signed at USD 50 million worth. China has been noted to support developing countries. It offered 120 free exhibition booths to 37 least-developed countries and zero-tariff treatment for African nations with which it enjoys diplomatic ties. (Wang Cong, Qi Xijia, and Zhao Juecheng, “China committed to further opening-up as 7th CIIE opens,” Global Times, 05 November 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
Two Chinese workers attacked in Karachi, Pakistan
On 05 November, two Chinese nationals who were working at a textile mill in Karachi were injured when a security guard fired at them. This incident comes days after a suicide bombing that killed two Chinese nationals near the Karachi airport. Thousands of Chinese nationals working on Belt and Road-related projects in Pakistan have stepped up concerns about security in the province. Provincial Spokesperson Suhail Jokhoio stated that the guard was arrested. The Pakistan Ministry of Foreign Affairs emphasised that it would produce the culprit before justice and maintained close contact with the Chinese Embassy in Islamabad regarding the incident. (“A Pakistani guard wounds 2 Chinese workers in Karachi,” AP News, 05 November 2024)

CHINA & EAST ASIA
China and Mongolia affirm to build stronger trade and technological partnership
On 05 November, Mongolian Prime Minister Oyun-Erdene stated that Mongolia plans to deepen bilateral cooperation with China further. On the sidelines of the 7th CIIE in Shanghai, the two sides agreed to expand cooperation on all-emerging sectors such as artificial intelligence and green development. They also agreed to reinforce traditional sectors of mining and hydropower. Li stated that Mongolia is special for China’s neighbourhood diplomacy and he called for greater investment in infrastructure and port links. Mongolia reaffirmed its position regarding the one-China policy while taking a keen interest in partnerships in the energy sector, urban planning, and combating desertification. The parties agreed to strengthen cooperation under multilateral mechanisms, with a special focus on the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). The two countries promised to encourage the investment of Chinese companies in Mongolia. (“China, Mongolia to expand cooperation in trade and investment,” CGTN, 06 November 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China and Malaysia strengthen strategic partnership and cooperation in emerging sectors
On 05 November, at the meeting in Shanghai during the 7th CIIE, Chinese Premier Li Qiang and Malaysian Prime Minister Anwar Ibrahim set out plans to deepen bilateral cooperation. The Chinese Premier stated that the relationship entered a new stage of mutual respect and strategic alignment. The two leaders talked about ways forward in advancing key projects including the East Coast Rail Link and the “Two Countries, Twin Parks” initiative, among others. Anwar reaffirmed China as a very important partner, supported CPTPP membership for China, and committed to further developing the Belt and Road cooperation. With Malaysia hosting the ASEAN rotating chair next year, both parties agreed to boost regional cooperation through the digital economy, education, and cultural exchanges toward Asian economic integration. (“Premier Li: China, Malaysia should explore emerging fields cooperation,” CGTN, 06 November 2024)

Myanmar’s military leader visits China to strengthen ties 
On 05 November, Myanmar’s new Senior General Min Aung Hlaing, who assumed power in 2021, landed in China for his first official visit to discuss ways of further strengthening the bilateral relationship and economic cooperation. Myanmar has been one of the biggest trading partners of China and also its main arms supplier. Despite the investments, which include the infrastructure, mining, and energy sectors, challenges in the relationship have seen instability along the borders and online scams have been targeting Chinese citizens. The military regime is seeking to strengthen relations with Beijing as international sanctions and losses on the battlefield at the hands of rebel groups mount. Min Aung Hlaing is set to attend the Greater Mekong Subregion summit in Kunming. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs highlighted the need for “unity and cooperation” as global turmoil persists. His visit would be his first to China since the coup and also the first visit compared to multiple ones he has made to Russia thus far. (“Myanmar military government chief on first visit to ally China since the coup,” Al Jazeera, 05 November 2024)

CHINA & THE MIDDLE EAST
China to issue bonds in Riyad forging deeper financial ties with Saudi Arabia 
On 06 November, China’s Ministry of Finance stated that it would issue USD 2 billion in dollar-denominated bonds in Riyadh. This marks the first such offering since it issued USD 4 billion in Hong Kong last 2021. ANZ Bank’s Raymond Yeung stated that funding needs do not drive this move. It will increase offshore bond liquidity and support Belt and Road Initiative investors. Capital Economics’ Mark Williams stated that China aims to strengthen its position as Saudi Arabia’s key partner. The issuance follows China’s recent EUR 2 billion bond sale in Paris and aligns with Saudi Arabia’s efforts to develop its capital markets. (“China’s issuance of US dollar bonds to bolster ties with Saudi Arabia,” South China Morning Post, 06 November 2024)

CHINA & AFRICA
Kenyan President William and CCP’s Standing Committee Member discuss the Rironi-Mau Summit road 
On 04 November, Kenyan President William Ruto held talks with the Communist Party of China’s Standing Committee member Li Xi over the construction of the Rironi-Mau Summit Road project. The talks were postponed for the project which passed via the Rift Valley instead sponsoring the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) extension on the border with Uganda. However, a French syndicate won USD 1.4 billion as a contract for the construction of the 233-kilometer Rironi-Naivasha-Nakuru-Mau Summit Road during the earlier Kenyan government. In addition, China Exim Bank funded USD 5 billion for the construction of a 590-kilometer railway line. Additionally, on 03 November, Li visited the Standard Gauge Railway (SGR) Nairobi terminus and stated the possibility of funding to the Ugandan border, while the Chinese delegates held a close assessment of the project with Kenyan senior officials. Furthermore, David Shinn a China-Africa specialist at George Washington University’s Elliott School of International Affairs said: “China saw this as an inexpensive way to build personal relationships with key leaders in Africa. The Communist Party had a long and close relationship with South Africa’s African National Congress (ANC). It was now trying to build strong ties with the UDA in Kenya, especially following Ruto’s successful visit this year to Washington where President Joe Biden elevated Kenya to “major non-Nato ally” – perceived as a response to China’s growing influence in East Africa.” (“With Chinese official’s visit, Kenyan president says deal to fund and build highway is close,” South China Morning Post, 06 November 2024)

China Reader | 05 November 2024, Tuesday| Vol.1 No. 204
EXTERNAL
China pledges economic opening and trade expansion at International Import Expo
On 04 November, China’s Premier Li Qiang announced huge plans at the seventh China International Import Expo and reemphasised on opening up to combat rising global unilateralism. The third China International Import Expo attracted 3,500 exhibitors from 152 countries, including massive companies like L'Oreal and Siemens.Despite facing economic challenges like low domestic consumption and tensions in trade with the West, Li still expressed confidence that he would meet growth goals. He also promised the opening up of foreign investment access in telecommunications, education, healthcare, and cultural sectors. While hosting the first global business leaders from Synopsys and General Electric, Li pointed out that China is a source of investment and entrepreneurship instead of just being an export destination.Though last year’s expo reportedly announced USD 78.4 billion in potential deals, critics such as the European business chamber claim the event is more a tool of government propaganda than a real platform for deal-making. (Casey Hall, “China must open up further to combat rising unilateralism, premier says,” Reuters, 05 November 2024; “Chinese premier pledges broader opening-up for foreign-funded firms,” CGTN, 05 November 2024)

INTERNAL
China’s Minister of  Foreign Affairs spokesperson reaffirms one-China principle
On 04 November, China’s Minister of  Foreign Affairs spokesperson Mao Ning emphasised that at present, 183 countries have established diplomatic relations with China based on the one-China principle. Mao responded to the Palau-related issues that only a few countries are left that have diplomatic ties with Taiwan. She also stated that this ran counter to UN Resolution 2758 and infringed upon the sovereignty of China. Mao said: “Those who adjust to times with actions, those are wise.” and urged the nations to join the march of history. She also further said: “It's never too late to make new friends.” She also added that China was now open to building friendships with those who respect its sovereignty and one-China principle. (“China: Historical trend of endorsing one-China principle 'unstoppable',” CGTN, 04 November 2024)

China’s military warn young personnel against online risks and emphasise discipline
On 05 November, Reuters reported that China’s navy issued a warning on online security risks to the junior personnel born after 1990. The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Navy also cautioned against online military identities and warned against casual internet friendships and virtual gambling and described it as being “possessed by a demon”. This advisory comes among broader concerns about internal military discipline. President Xi Jinping emphasised on the “deep-seated” problems within the armed forces. Xi also stated at a June military conference that the Communist Party must have “absolute leadership” over the PLA and should have senior cadres engage in “soul-searching reflections” on upholding its core values while having strict discipline.  (“China warns young soldiers against online dating, gambling,” Reuters, 05 November 2024)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Chinese new energy vehicles manufacturers set new sales records 
On 03 November, Global Times reported that October was a milestone for China’s new-energy vehicle (NEV) sector as BYD achieved unprecedented monthly sales of 502,700 units, representing a 66.5 per cent year-on-year increase and including over 31,000 overseas sales. The company’s revenue reaches 201.125 billion yuan and its success extended to its quarterly performance by surpassing Tesla for the first time. Other ma manufacturers reported heavy gains like Seres’ growth increased up by 104.61 per cent from sales of last month. Top startups maintained strong performance, as Li Auto’s deliveries came in at 51,400 units. Nio and XPeng recorded deliveries of around 21,000 and 23,900 units. The Secretary General of the China Passenger Car AssociationCui Dongshu stated that the growth was mainly due to effective trade-in policies and strong domestic demand and that Western protectionism will not stop sector expansion. (“Chinese NEV producers see sales growth in October, BYD sets record,” Global Times, 03 November 2024)

DEFENCE
PLA Air Force to showcase advanced military aircraft at airshow China 2024
On 05 November, the J-35A is the new stealth fighter from China and is reportedly scheduled to make its international debut at Zhuhai Airshow China 2024. This will turn China into the world’s second country, after the US, operating two dual stealth fighter platforms besides the J-20. A total of six days of demos have been scheduled from 12 November, with military aircraft flying in 36 demo displays, which will also feature performances by both Bayi and Red Falcon aerobatic teams. Visitors will be able to see a variety of advanced equipment, including the HQ-19 surface-to-air missile system and a new reconnaissance drone. The cargo hold of the Y-20 transport aircraft will be accessible through a lottery system. Military expert Li Li pointed out that the J-35 series is designed for carrier operations. (Liu Xuanzun and Guo Yuandan, “PLA Air Force to debut J-35A stealth fighter jet at Airshow China,” Global Times, 05 Nivember 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
Trump to bring down drug trafficking if elected 
On 04 November, the Republican presidential candidate Donald Trump warned both Mexico and China that he would impose tariffs if he were elected unless both nations stopped supplying fentanyl to the United States. At a campaign in Pittsburgh Trump stated that he would bring down drug trafficking quickly occurring along the southern US borders with Mexico, he said: “We will immediately stop the drugs pouring across our border.” In addition to his speech, Trump stated that he would impose tariffs on Mexican goods at a rate of 25 per cent and similar would also be taken on China for exporting fentanyl. He said: “Every damn thing that they sell into the United States is going to have like a 25% (tariff) until they stop drugs from coming in.” (“Trump warns, if elected, he'll impose tariffs on Mexico, China over fentanyl,” The Economic Times, 05 November 2024)

China Reader | 04 November 2024, Monday | Vol.1 No. 203
OUTERSPACE
Chinese taikonauts of Shenzhou-18 crew complete six-month space mission 
On 04 November, the Shenzhou-18 crew safely ended its 192-day mission through a safe landing at the Dongfeng site in Inner Mongolia. Chinese astronaut Commander Ye Guangfu made history as he became the first Chinese to spend over one year on multiple missions inside space. During their time on board, the crew, which comprised first-time space travellers Li Cong and Li Guangsu, made history by doing pioneering research. They set up a space “aquarium” where they studied zebrafish behaviour in microgravity and kept a “space garden.” There were two spacewalks, with May excursion being the longest Chinese spacewalk ever done. The taikonauts conducted scientific experiments in physics, space medicine, and technology. They also studied emergency decision-making in orbit. Ye said: “Chinese astronauts have flown to space in successive missions. I believe that the record of the duration in orbit will be broken in the near future.” The success of the current mission opened up perspectives of upcoming Shenzhou-20 and Shenzhou-21 missions scheduled for 2025. (“Shenzhou-18 taikonauts safely return to Earth after completing six-month space station mission,” Global Times, 04 November 2024)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
China’s EV infrastructure expansion shows remarkable growth in September 2024
On 04 November, CGTN reported that China’s charging infrastructure for electric vehicles has skyrocketed as of September 2024. The number of charging piles in the country is 11.43 million and is growing by 49.6 per cent year-over-year. The distribution is spread across 3.33 million public and 8.1 million private charging facilities. This covers 28.09 million registered new energy vehicles, with a ratio of 1 charging pile per 2.46 vehicles. The first nine months of 2024 saw the net addition of 2.84 million charging piles while charging consumption increased by 12.4 per cent to 66.67 billion kWh. County and town facilities did not lag in this effort, with 417,000 units now added in rural areas. (“China reports sharp increase in EV charging facilities,” CGTN, 04 November 2024)

INTERNAL
China’s marriage registration fell in the first nine months of 2024 
On 03 November, Reuters reported that China’s efforts to boost its shrinking population failed as marriage registration fell significantly in the first nine months of 2024. According to statistics compiled by the Chinese authorities, only 4.747 million couples were reported to have been registered with marriages. This displayed a decrease from the previous year by 943,000. The divorce cases were reduced but minimally by 6,000 at 1.967 million. While emphasising women’s role in setting a “new trend of family,” President Xi Jinping promoted policies that simplify the procedures for marriage registration while making the process of divorce stricter. However, economic insecurity and the growing cost of living make young Chinese citizens avoid marriage and bear fewer children. This trend continues even as the government undertakes several initiatives in metropolitan cities that encourage a “new-era” marriage and childbearing culture. (“Marriage registrations in China drop for the first nine months of 2024,” Reuters, 03 November 2024)

Chinese state officials by law now required clear statements to journalist
On 03 November, South China Morning Post reported that new amendments to China’s Emergency Response Law require the officials in power to give a clear answer to the journalists about the situation. This puts an end to previous trends of saying “no comment”. The revised law enacted during this month promises protection from judicial persecution to reporters under obligation to report with timely accuracy, objectivity, and fairness. The All-China Journalists Association warns that there is a risk of a ‘Tacitus Trap’. This refers to the Latin historian Tacitus, who wrote that Rome’s rulers had become so secretive that people lost confidence in government regardless of actions. Still, experts express cautious optimism about the new law. A Communication University of China lecturer Fu Zhijun stated that the legislation might create loopholes through which officials can avoid making direct answers. For instance, officials might claim that the case is still under investigation or simply say nothing concrete. In addition, the amendments cover false information, and Article 97 specifically addresses the public officials who spread false information. (William Zheng, “Chinese officials told to stop avoiding media questions about emergencies,” South China Morning Post, 03 November 2024)

ECONOMY
China’s Ministry of Commerce announces consumption promotion campaign
On 03 November, CGTN reported that the Chinese Ministry of Commerce is introducing a wide-ranging consumption promotion campaign, focusing on five major international consumption centres Shanghai, Beijing, Guangzhou, Tianjin, and Chongqing. This initiative was announced by Vice Minister Sheng Qiuping, who also declared food festivals, camping events, and cultural activities supplemented by incentives from local governments and consumer vouchers. The consumption carnival will take place in Shanghai, parallel with the China International Import Expo. The campaign rides on positive momentum since retail sales were 35.4 trillion yuan during the first three quarters of 2024, or 3.3 per cent year-on-year growth. The trade-in program in operation has processed 1.68 million applications for automotive subsidies and facilitated sales of 24.03 million household appliances. (“China launches consumption promotion events in November,” CGTN, 03 November 2024)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Debunking the myth of China’s EV dominance states an opinion in Business Standard
On 04 November, an opinion in Business Standard stated that the common assumption that the key to China’s success in electric vehicles (EV) is government subsidies does not have much evidence. The financial books of major Chinese car manufacturers indicate their direct subsidies are equivalent to, or even less than, those of Western rivals. Volkswagen’s North American subsidies for 2023 surpassed those of all Chinese carmakers combined. But it offers favourable tax rates of 15 per cent in the case of hi-tech sectors, as opposed to the regular rate of 25 per cent. Even such an incentive leaves Chinese producers at a higher tax rate than their international competitors. The idea of state lending with low interest is not sound and only 6 per cent of China Development Bank lending accounts for manufacturing. First-class firms like BYD have capital costs higher than their international competitors, and they fund themselves through equity rather than debt. According to Ford CEO Jim Farley, their new mid-sized electric pickup shows Western manufacturers’ ability to compete and claims that it “matches the cost structure of any Chinese auto manufacturer building in Mexico.” While China’s EV industry initially benefited from government support, its current success extends beyond state aid. ( David Fickling, “China's EV success isn't all about subsidies, it's time rivals compete,” Business Standard, 04 November 2024)

Chinese AI firm DeepRoute.ai gets USD 100 million in investments 
On 04 November, autonomous driving developer DeepRoute.ai, based in Shenzhen, secured USD 100 million from a Chinese automaker looking to compete with Tesla’s upcoming Full Self-Driving system. DeepRoute.ai develops systems without expensive high-definition maps and enables smart EVs priced as low as 150,000 yuan. The company, backed by Alibaba, projects it will have nearly 200,000 such vehicles by 2025 compared with the current 20,000. Zhou said: “China has more complicated traffic situations with pedestrians walking on motorways and millions of scooters rushing to deliver their goods.” Founded in 2019, DeepRoute.ai plans to launch over 10 models with its partners in 2025. This will include vehicles under the Geely-Mercedes smart brand while eyeing an expansion into Europe, Southeast Asia, and Middle East markets by 2027-2028. (“Chinese autonomous driving firm DeepRoute.ai raises US$100 million as adoption accelerates,” South China Morning Post, 04 November 2024)

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
Chinese solar manufacturers adapting to US tariffs states an editorial in Reuters
On 04 November, an editorial in Reuters reported that Chinese solar manufacturers are shuffling their operations to evade the increasingly stricter US tariffs, which have exceeded 300 per cent for a few. Although the main plants in Vietnam by industry leaders Longi and Trina Solar have started production cuts and laying off staff, new manufacturing sites sprung up in Indonesia and Laos. These new facilities have a combined capacity of 22.9 gigawatts, enough to supply about half of last year’s US panel installations. A former Clinton administration trade official, William A. Reinsch said: “It's a huge cat and mouse game” and “The design of the rules is such that the U.S. is usually one step behind.” China currently dominates about 80 per cent of global solar shipments, with US imports tripling since 2012 to reach USD 15 billion last year. Chinese companies are also building domestic US production facilities, targeting 20 GW of annual capacity within a year. The US market remains particularly attractive, pricing 40 per cent above its Chinese counterpart over the past four years. (Lewis Jackson, Phuong Nguyen, Colleen Howe and Nichola Groom, “Chinese solar firms go where US tariffs don't reach,” Reuters, 04 November 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
India’s External Affairs Minister notes that India-China relations are moving ahead
On 04 November, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar on his visit to Brisbane stated that India-China relations were moving ahead and pointed to recent efforts at disengagement along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in eastern Ladakh. While speaking to the Indian diaspora, he admitted that Chinese troop deployments were still much higher than pre-2020 levels however, verification patrolling had begun in Demchok and Depsang on mutually agreed terms. Jaishankar said: “We do think the disengagement is a welcome step. It opens up the possibility that other steps could happen.” He also discussed ongoing global conflicts and described the Russia-Ukraine war and Israel-Iran tensions as “very, very worrying situations,” in which India is actively working to promote diplomatic ties. He stated that in discussing India-Australia relations, Prime Minister Modi had shown an interest in enhancing bilateral ties in 2014 and stated that this relationship “did not happen on auto-pilot.” His current tour is a visit to inaugurate the fourth Australian consulate in Brisbane and co-chairing the 15th Foreign Ministers’ Framework Dialogue, followed by Singapore engagements with ASEAN. (“Some progress, opens the possibility for other steps: Jaishankar on India-China disengagement,” The Indian Express, 04 November 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
A University in Switzerland criticised for restricting Chinese students’ admission
On 31 October, Switzerland’s ETH Zurich (Federal Institute of Technology Zurich) was criticized for restricting the admission of Chinese students. According to the university’s latest security policy, the admissions will affect applications from doctoral and master’s students along with guests, and new staff. ETH Zurich stated that the rules were implemented to reduce the risk of technology and knowledge exploitation at the institute which might be used for military purposes. Additionally, ETH Zurich said: “If certain foreign students, employees or guests could gain access to dual-use goods or key technologies, a security screening of their applications must therefore be carried out. There are neither hard exclusion criteria nor automatic mechanisms; each application is examined individually.” There are 17 Chinese research institutions that are considered security risk, among which seven universities are affiliated with the Chinese Industry and Information Technology Ministry. Other than that there are 23 universities from Iran, Russia, and North Korea who have also been listed. According to robotics scientist Geng Tao, the move was unprecedented and ridiculous, he further said: “As far as he knew, this was the first time a Swiss university had publicly announced such wide-ranging scrutiny of Chinese students and fears other universities might follow suit. ETH itself does not impose sanctions, stressing that the regulations are published to ensure compliance with the rules given the rapidly changing geopolitical environment.” (“Swiss university’s not-so-neutral policy to restrict applications from Chinese students,” South China Morning Post, 04 November, 2024)

China Reader | 02 November 2024, Saturday | Vol.1 No. 202
ECONOMY
China eases foreign investment rules for listed firms
On 01 November, China updated its rules to ease foreign investment in listed companies by lowering entry thresholds and expanding investment methods to attract high-quality global capital.  The Ministry of Commerce (MOFCOM) now allows strategic investments by foreign individuals rather than just legal entities. The asset requirement for non-controlling investors is reduced to USD 50 million from USD 100 million. While for assets under management, it is reduced to USD 300 million from USD 500 million. New channels involve tender offers, privatisations, and even private placements. MOFCOM stated that the changes from this law help foster the advancement of Chinese industries, attract cutting-edge technology abroad, and raise the capital market development level of China. The risk controls created in return are also high and the coordination between investment security reviews and antimonopoly reviews ensures national interests under government policies. The Digital-Real Economies Integration Forum’s Hu Qimu said: “This institutional opening-up creates more opportunities for global investors to benefit from the Chinese market.” (“China relaxes rules for foreign investment in listed firms,” Global Times, 01 November 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
China and Slovakia forge strategic partnership
On 01 November, CGTN reported that during the official visit of the Slovak Prime Minister, Robert Fico, to Beijing, Chinese President Xi Jinping formally declared that the two would take the bilateral relations to a strategic partnership. This marked the 75th anniversary of their diplomatic ties. Xi announced four major proposals that highlight high-level exchanges, practical cooperation, cultural exchange, and multilateral collaboration. China issued a 15-day visa-free policy for Slovakian citizens. Fico underlined that Slovakia adheres to the one-China policy and does not exclude plans to invest in infrastructure and new energy sectors of China. Leaders discussed Ukraine’s situation and Slovakia expressed readiness to join the “Friends of Peace” platform. The leaders also talked about the next 50th anniversary of China-EU relations. Xi Jinping stated that mature diplomatic relations should be formed between China and Slovakia so that the new leadership of the EU would pursue pragmatic policies and not politicise economic issues. (“President Xi, Slovak PM meet in Beijing, agreeing to elevate ties,” CGTN, 01 November 2024)

ECONOMY
China’s Commerce Ministry reveals major policies across five key cities
On 01 November, China’s Commerce Ministry stated that it would implement massive consumer promotion initiatives in Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Tianjin, and Chongqing. Vice Minister Sheng Qiuping stated that a comprehensive scheme would be launched targeting the debit economy, retail sector, and commercial circulation pilots within 20 cities. Five metropolitans with retail sales that exceed 13 per cent of the country and import over half of consumer goods will have all their activities, ranging from festivals to sporting events. To encourage the opening of stores and consumer vouchers, local authorities will offer incentives. The policy corresponds to the initiatives of China. It is primarily grounded on economic revival policies because it has been effective in the past. Retail sales of consumer goods for the January-September 2024 period were 35.4 trillion yuan, growing 3.3 per cent year on year. The trade-in program handled 1.68 million applications for automotive subsidies and also enabled the sale of 24.03 million household appliances. (“China to introduce new policies in November to boost consumption: official,” CGTN, 01 November 2024)
 
POLAR
Sino-Russian Arctic collaboration, reports China Daily
On 01 November, China Daily reported that Sino-Russian cooperation would offer considerable opportunities in the Arctic, which contains huge untapped reserves of oil, gas, and minerals. Because China increasingly needs energy to fuel its growth, it will seek reliable suppliers in the Arctic. Russia is willing to engage because it controls this source of resources but lacks the capital and technology needed for its large-scale extraction. The Northern Sea Route, now melting ice permits greater access, shortens the distance between Asia and Europe, and follows China’s Belt and Road Initiative. However, looming geopolitical tensions are present because this kind of cooperation may provoke concern from the USA and its allies. (Hong Nong, “China, Russia navigate in Arctic cooperation,” China Daily, 01 November 2024)
 
CHINA & EAST ASIA
China navigating the growing Russia-North Korea alliance, says an opinion in BBC
On 02 November, China faces a gigantic diplomatic challenge, as two of its allies, Russia and North Korea, meet at China’s northeast corner, Fangchuan. The rapport between Putin and Kim Jong Un is deepening with rumours that troops from North Korea might provide support to the invasion by Russia in Ukraine. China currently accounts for more than 90 per cent of North Korea’s foreign trade and may be losing influence over the North as Kim becomes increasingly close to Putin, whom he refers to as “my closest comrade.” Kim is getting more intimate with Putin, for he has not met Xi since 2019 but met Putin twice recently. International Crisis Group official Christopher Green said: “China seeks a relationship with a reasonable, high level of control over North Korea” but such control seems to be eroding. The situation is particularly sensitive for Beijing, which is being accused by the US of helping Russia in its war effort at the time it is striving to maintain regional stability and repair ties with the West. Perhaps Kim is shifting the “lips and teeth” relationship to new slants as he is looking for new alliances. (Laura Bicker, “Kim Jong Un was China's ally - until he became the 'comrade from hell',” BBC, 02 November 2024)
 
CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
Thailand becomes first nation to join both US and Chinese space exploration program
On 01 November, SCMP reported that Thailand is participating in both the Chinese and American space exploration programs, which proves that these initiatives are not mutually exclusive. Following the MOU signed with China for the International Lunar Research Station in April, Thailand has now sanctioned joining the US-led Artemis Accords. A space expert John Sheldon stated that this dual participation could set a precedent for other nations. It is collaborating, for the first time, by supplying scientific instruments to China’s Chang’e-7 mission in 2026. Thailand changed its cooperation from a long time of satellite communications to this new ILRS aimed at establishing a lunar base in the mid-2030s. There are currently 47 signatories to the Artemis Accords who cooperate on best practices in space exploration. Although US-China space cooperation is currently limited to legislations like the Wolf Amendment, Sheldon believes that lunar survival may eventually demand the cooperation of astronauts from the two nations. (Ling Xin, “Thailand set to be the first country to join Chinese and US-led space initiatives,” South China Morning Post, 01 November 2024)
 
CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
India-China border disengagement agreement making progress, says China’s military spokesperson
On 01 November, The Indian Express reported that India and China are putting their latest disengagement agreement in eastern Ladakh. This is an achievement in India-China border relations. Chinese military spokesperson Zhang Xiaogang stated that “frontline troops of the two militaries are making progress” following resolutions reached through diplomatic and military channels. This development comes after the meeting of Prime Minister Modi and President Xi at the BRICS summit in Kazan. In a recent development sweets by Indian personnel were shared with the Chinese armed forces for Diwali. Showcasing goodwill and easing of ties. The disengagement process at Demchok and Depsang Plains has been finalized according to Indian Army sources and patrolling arrangements remain in the local commander discussions. This is the first and most important step towards de-escalation on the Line of Actual Control (LAC) since June 2020 when India suffered a serious clash with the PLA in Galwan Valley. However, verification processes continue still. (K J M Varma, “India, China troops making progress on disengagement, says Chinese military,” The Indian Express, 01 November 2024)
 
CHINA & THE AMERICAS
US lawmakers rally support to families caught in between China’s adoption ban
On 02 November, the South China Morning Post reported that a bipartisan group of 103 US lawmakers urged President Biden to intervene after China unexpectedly halted its foreign adoption program. This affected around 300 Chinese children already matched with American families. The surprise stops of the three-decade-old program announced in August left many families hanging in mid-air, particularly for the disabled children whose adoption chances are limited. The Chinese government has only offered vague reasons for deferring the process, yet analysts think this move would be partly driven by escalated tensions in the US-China relationship and also demographic developments. The case highlights some of China’s obligations before the Hague Convention on cross-border adoption, although politicians said adoptions are still legal for other countries. Adopted since 1999, over 82,000 Chinese children have already been taken home by their American parents, making it the favorite destination for American adoptions from China. It has suspended the event following its pause in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. (Lara Zhou, “China adoption fallout: US lawmakers urge Biden to help families after Beijing ends scheme,” South China Morning Post, 02 November 2024)

China Reader | 30 October 2024, Wednesday| Vol.1 No. 201
OUTERSPACE
China’s Shenzhou-19 mission marks a milestone with first female space engineer
On 30 October, China’s space program recorded another success when Shenzhou-19 docked at the Tiangong space station, carrying the country’s first civilian female astronaut and nuclear rocket scientist, Wang Haoze. The 34-year-old engineer is joined by veteran Commander Cai Xuzhe and first-time astronaut Song Lingdong for a six-month mission. The crew will perform experiments and spacewalks, supporting China’s ambitions on the moon by 2030. This will be one of China’s 100 missions planned this year. Wang had earlier designed nuclear-powered rocket engines and she stated that she had changed “from rocket engine designer to aerospace engineer but my purpose serving the country through space exploration is still the same”. The mission reflects the general ambition of China’s more comprehensive aspirations in space and Mars exploration and retrieval of lunar samples, although those advances have evoked worries in Washington as NASA head Bill Nelson commented on the space race underway. This ignited national pride as hundreds converged to witness the launch from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in the Gobi Desert. (Laura Bicker, “China declares success as its youngest astronauts reach space,” BBC, 30 October 2024; Holly Chik, “China’s first civilian female astronaut ‘never imagined’ she would voyage into space,” South China Morning Post, 300 October 2024)

ECONOMY
China plans a USD 1.4 Trillion fiscal package to revitalise economy
On 29 October, Reuters reported that China is considering passing an unprecedented fiscal package of over 10 trillion yuan (USD 1.4 trillion) to help address challenges in its economy. The Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress will discuss a proposal during its upcoming meeting on 04 to 08 November, and it is likely to be approved on the last date. The package includes special sovereign bonds of 6 trillion yuan over three years and up to 4 trillion yuan in special-purpose bonds for land and property purchases. In total, it adds up to 08 per cent of the GDP, as part of the stimulus measures for debt risks of local government bodies and economic growth. Interestingly, the package arrived at the time of the US presidential election, and reports indicate it may get more aggressive in case Donald Trump wins as he had proposed 60 per cent duties on Chinese imports. Other plans include consumption incentives and maybe capital injection into state banks. However, S&P’s Louis Kumis said: “Significant fiscal stimulus should buoy confidence. but it remains unlikely that we will see a substantial improvement of the economic growth outlook.” (“Exclusive: China considers over $1.4 trillion in extra debt over next few years,” Reuters, 29 October 2024)

CHINA & RUSSIA 
Russian Deputy Foreign Minister meets Chinese officials amid North Korea-Ukraine concerns
On 30 October, Russian Deputy Foreign Minister Andrei Rudenko met with Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi in Beijing. The meeting was held as NATO and South Korea raised concerns over North Korea’s possible military involvement in Ukraine. Rudenko was key in developing Russia-North Korea relations since the Ukraine invasion. He has also worked on Russian peace negotiation teams. Before the war he emphasised that Russia is committed to post-Soviet states and said: “They will always be a priority, among our geopolitical priorities, regardless of the geopolitical context.” The reasons for his visit to Beijing are still unknown, further fueling regional diplomatic speculations. (“Russia's deputy foreign minister meets China's foreign minister in Beijing, Russia's RIA reports,” Reuters, 30 October 2024)

INTERNAL
China’s President calls for sustained reform at party school study session
On 29 October, President Xi Jinping delivered a speech to the provincial and ministerial officials at the CPC Central Party School and urged steady reform implementation. The session focused on guidelines from the third plenary session of the 20th CPC Central Committee. Xi emphasised that China has achieved overall reforms in the new era. He underscored the guiding principles of the Party, Party leadership, and socialism with Chinese characteristics. He emphasised integrating reform with the rule of law and opening up, to bring China into international economic standards and to build a market-oriented business environment. Xi said: “Senior officials should strive to open new horizons for reform rather than shying away from risks.” Xi said. Members of the Standing Committee who attended included Li Qiang, Zhao Leji, Wang Huning, Cai Qi, Ding Xuexiang, and Li Xi, as well as Vice President Han Zheng. (“President Xi stresses advancing reform at study session for senior officials,” CGTN, 29 October 2024)

CHINA & EAST ASIA
China’s unprecedented ambassadorial vacancy in South Korea reflects complex diplomatic dynamics, says an opinion in SCMP
On 29 October, an opinion in the South China Morning Post stated that the post of Chinese ambassador to South Korea has been lying vacant for over three months, which is the longest period since diplomatic relations were established in 1992. Since Xing Haiming left the country on 10 July, the Beijing government has not named a successor and Fang Kun is serving as chargé d’affaires. The vacancy in the post matches the latest lengthy diplomatic gaps in the posts of the US and the EU. It may also reflect intricate geopolitical considerations, especially given the strengthening US-South Korea-Japan relationships. Renmin University’s Shi Yinhong stated that bilateral relations have sunk to a point not seen since 1992, pointing to challenges such as “North Korea's greatly accelerated nuclear missile development and Beijing's explicit appeasement.” Some analysts, including Bucknell University’s Zhiqun Zhu, warn against over-reading the significance of the vacancy. Others believe it is strategically timed amid regional tension. Meanwhile, Seoul has tapped former presidential chief of staff Kim Dae-ki to become its ambassador to Beijing, hailed for his “abundant policy experience.” (Vanessa  Cai, “China-South Korea ties: empty ambassador chair highlights complications in relationship,” South China Morning Post, 29 October 2024)

South Korean national and former Samsung employee detained in China amid escalating tech espionage tensions
On 29 October, China confirmed that it had detained a South Korean national on charges of spying. This is the first under the new July 2023 amended law on anti-espionage. News agencies report that the detainee was a man in his 50s said to be a former employee at Samsung Electronics whose activities were reportedly detected as suspicious in China where he was reported to have been caught last December allegedly leaking semiconductor information. The foreign ministry spokesman Lin Jian said that the arrest had been “done according to law” and pointed out that all rights of the suspect had been guaranteed. Relatives said that the person, who is diabetic, had been detained and interrogated for five months before the Ministry of State Security had taken over the case. The arrest followed hours after Seoul had detained another former Samsung executive, Choi Jinseog, accused of stealing chip technology for China. The case arises when tensions are on the rise between China’s enhanced counter-espionage efforts and its continued tech competition with the West. (Zhao Ziwen, “South Korean national arrested in China on suspicion of espionage,” South China Morning Post, 29 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China-Canada air travel set for major expansion following restriction removals
On 30 October, China and Canada are expanding their air connectivity followed by the successful dialogue between the two civil aviation authorities. Air Canada will increase its Vancouver-Shanghai service to seven weekly flights from 07 December. It will also resume its Vancouver-Beijing operation in January 2025. The Canadian Transportation Agency has removed all the restrictions imposed on Chinese mainland carriers that were allowed six weekly round-trips only since February 2022. This has drawn consumer interest with Qunar.com reporting increases in searches by 110 per cent for Toronto flights and 150 per cent for Vancouver routes. Chinese airlines, including Air China, China Eastern, and China Southern now can apply for increased frequencies. This will result in new flights in the coming period before the Spring Festival. It is assumed that the increase will bring down ticket prices and improve bilateral exchanges, bringing the country closer to service levels before 2019. (“China, Canada boost direct air flights following removal of prior restrictions,” Global Times, 30 October 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
China and Finland strengthen bilateral ties on “green transformation” and Ukraine
On 29 October, Chinese President Xi Jinping and Finland’s President Alexander Stubb strengthened their diplomatic relationship and emphasised that this could be a good example for international cooperation. The meeting is considered a giant leap since President Xi agreed to visa-free entry for Finnish citizens while encouraging cooperation in emerging technologies like green technology, AI, and digital economy. Xi emphasised: “As the world is changing at a speed unseen in a century we need the future-oriented new-type cooperative partnership.” The historical significance of Finland being one of the first Western nations to develop diplomatic relations with China emphasised the meeting’s importance. While referring to the situation in Ukraine directly, Stubb said: “Russian aggression has violated international law” but sought peaceful solutions. Several cooperation agreements were signed in education, environmental protection, and agricultural products, along with a joint work plan for 2025-2029. The bilateral trade between the two countries reached USD 8.2 billion last year, with a decrease of 16.5 per cent from 2022. The leaders also discussed climate change, biodiversity, and global sustainable development and stressed their commitment in maintaining world peace and stability. (“President Xi Jinping hails 'future-oriented new-type' China-Finland cooperative partnership,” CGTN, 29 October 2024; Zhao Ziwen, “China’s Xi seeks closer ties with Finland on green energy, peace plan for Ukraine,” South China Morning Post, 29 October 2024)

China issues a complaint to the World Trade Organisation against the increased EV tariffs  
On 30 October, South China Morning Post reported on the possibility of an intensified trade war between China and the European Union. This comes after Beijing issued a complaint to the World Trade Organization about the EU’s increased tariffs on China-made electric vehicles. The European Commission published a final ruling on the same which stated that 35.3 per cent would be applied to EVs from Chinese state-owned company SAIC Motor and its subsidiaries and 10 per cent duty to all EV imports. Major Chinese-owned carmakers like BYD and Geely are set to face extra duties of 17 per cent and 18.8 per cent respectively. Additionally, China’s Ministry of Commerce said: “China advocates resolving trade conflicts through dialogue, adding that it was conducting a “new phase of consultations” with the European bloc. We hope that the European side will work with China in a constructive manner … and reach a solution acceptable to both sides as soon as possible to avoid escalating trade frictions.” Furthermore, EU’s Vice President Valdis Dombrovskis stated that the bloc members welcomed the competition, which must also be supported by impartiality. He further said: “By adopting these proportionate and targeted measures after a rigorous investigation, we are standing up for fair-market practices and for the European industrial base.” (“China-EU trade war erupts as Beijing files WTO complaint over EV tariff hikes,” South China Morning Post, 30 October 2024)

China Reader | 29 October 2024, Tuesday| Vol.1 No. 200
INTERNAL
Chinese kindergarten numbers fall amidst declining birthrate
On 28 October, The Guardian reported that the number of kindergartens in China had declined by 5 per cent.  According to a bulletin by the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China, there were 274, 400 kindergartens across China in 2023. This was a decline from 289,200 kindergartens present in 2022.  Additionally, the number of children studying in kindergartens fell to 40.9 million in 2023, a decrease of over 11 per cent from the previous year. The decline adds to concerns about the declining population and falling birthrate in China. Several regions in China have begun offering subsidies for families to have second or third children. For instance, a village in the Guangdong province offers bonuses of CNY 10,000 for a second child and CNY 30,000 for a third child. An economist and demographer, Lian Jianzhang argued these measures were not enough. Lian proposed monthly subsidies of up to CNY 3,000 for third and subsequent children and a one-time cash reward of CNY 10,000 for new babies. ( Amy Hawkins, “China’s kindergarten numbers shrink as policymakers struggle to arrest falling birthrate,” The Guardian, 28 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
Brazil decides not to join BRI 
On  29 October, SCMP reported that the Government of the Federative Republic of Brazil had decided not to join the Belt and Road Initiative(BRI) by the Government of the People’s Republic of China. The Special Advisor for International Affairs to the President of Brazil, Celso Amorim informed that Brazil wanted to use alternative methods for collaborating with Chinese investors. Amorim informed the aim was to use the BRI framework to find synergy between  Brazillian infrastructure projects and investment funds associated with it, without formally joining the BRI. He further stated that Brazil did not want to use Chinese infrastructure and trade projects as an insurance policy.  The decision by the Brazilian government against joining BRI contradicted plans by the Chinese government to make the joining of BRI a centrepiece of the state visit by the President of China, Xi Jinping to Brazil. The Brazilian government believes joining the BRI will not bring any tangible benefits for Brazil. Additionally, it is of the view that Brazilian membership in BRI would make relations with the US difficult if Donald Trump returns to the presidency. ( Igor Patrick, “Brazil backs away from joining China’s belt and road but keeps funding door ajar,” South China Morning Post, 29 October 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
Finland President arrives in China for a state visit
On 28 October, the President of Finland, Alexander Stubb arrived in China for a four-day state visit.  Stubb is visiting China from 28 to 31 October, at the request of the President of China, Xi Jinping. Stubb is scheduled to discuss China-Finland bilateral relations and issues of mutual interest with the Premier of China, Li Qiang, and the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress, Zhao Leji. The visit by Stubb also coincides with the 74th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and Finland. (“Finnish President arrives in Beijing for state visit,” CGTN, 28 October 2024)

INTERNAL
Xi chairs CPC meeting on disciplinary inspection report
On 28 October, the President of China Xi Jinping chaired a meeting by the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee. The objective of the meeting was to review a report on the third round of disciplinary inspections launched by the 20th CPC Central Committee. According to a statement by the Committee, the inspection results showed the CPC building of central Party and state departments and centrally administered financial institutions was strengthened.  However, the statement also informed issues remained, that needed to be addressed for the promotion of high-quality development. Additionally, CPC members were requested to improve political responsibility and carry out reform tasks with determination. The meeting also stated the root causes and enabling conditions of corruption needed to be eradicated. (“Xi chairs CPC leadership meeting to review disciplinary inspection report,” CGTN, 28 October 2024)

OUTERSPACE
China to launch manned spaceflight mission with first female engineer
On 29 October, Global Times reported that the Government of the People’s Republic of China had informed it would launch the Shenzhou-19 manned spaceflight mission. The mission is to be led by veteran astronaut Commander Cai Xuzhe. Additionally, another astronaut Song Lingdong and the first Chinese female spaceflight engineer Wang Haoze are part of the mission. The Sixth Academy of Chinese space contractor China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp (CASC) is scheduled to escort the astronauts with its engine products, like main propulsion and attitude-orbit control engines. A spokesperson for the China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), Lin Xiqiang informed the batch of Chinese astronauts would be responsible for executing the manned lunar missions of China. Lin also stated the astronauts underwent rigorous training, including mastering specialized skills like space science experiments and extravehicular activities. ( Deng Xiaoci and Fan Wei, “China introduces its first female spaceflight engineer as it unveils launch time, crew for Shenzhou-19 manned mission,” Global Times, 29 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
Chinese experts state India's External Minister's remarks show mutual efforts needed for China-India border dispute resolution, reports Global Times
On 28 October, Global Times reported that Chinese analysts had stated the recent remarks by the Minister of External Affairs of India, S Jaishankar showed both China and India needed to make mutual efforts for a resolution to the border dispute. Jaishankar had earlier stated that the disengagement of troops at two border areas was the first step. According to Jaishankar, the next step of de-escalation would occur only if China made efforts towards the same as well. A professor from the School of International Relations at Sichuan International Studies University, Long Xingchun stated that Jaishankar must not put unilateral blame on China for the dispute. The Deputy Director of the Centre for South Asian Studies at Fudan University, Lin Minwang stated that the remarks by Jaishankar showed there was still a lack of mutual trust between China and India. Lin also informed that the Government of the People’s Republic of China had always adhered to the principles of equality and mutual respect during negotiations. ( Liu Xin, “Jaishankar’s remarks show joint efforts needed to overcome accumulated mistrust, implement resolution on China-India border issues: expert,” Global Times, 28 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China urges more ASEAN collaboration to improve biosecurity, reports SCMP
On 29 October, SCMP reported that the Government of the People’s Republic of China had encouraged more collaboration with countries from Southeast Asia, on the issues of improving biosecurity and the governance of bioweapons.  A spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Lin Jian informed 11 Southeast Asian countries and China had agreed to improve communication in biosecurity governance during a regional workshop in Shenzhen. Additionally, Lin stated the countries had agreed to improve the implementation of the United Nations-backed Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). Additionally, Lin stated China and the Southeast Asian countries would improve mutual understanding, and promote the modernisation of the biosecurity governance system through building a political consensus. The Deputy Director of the Global Biosafety Governance Research Centre at China Foreign Affairs University, Li Fujian informed that China needed to strengthen cooperation with its neighbours, to tackle biosecurity issues like infectious diseases and animal epidemics. The Head of the Arms Control Department at the Chinese Foreign Ministry, Sun Xiaobo stated the Chinese government was open to contribute more towards global bioweapon control efforts. ( Zhao Ziwen, “China calls for closer Asean cooperation to lower biosecurity and bioweapons risks,” South China Morning Post, 29 October 2024)

Vietnamese approach to China emphasises cooperation and protection of interests, states an op-ed in East Asia Forum
On 28 October, an opinion in East Asia Forum stated that the Government of Vietnam was following a nuanced approach, concerning its relations with the Government of the People’s Republic of China.  The Vietnamese government maintains close political and economic ties with China. However, it is also strict about protecting its interests and resisting the growing Chinese encroachment in the South China Sea. This approach uses the geographical proximity and historical ties of Vietnam to China, to promote growing economic interdependence and strong political ties between the two countries.  The opinion mentioned how the Vietnamese and Chinese communist parties had party-to-party channels to foster cooperation However, this strategy also uses military modernisation and closer defence cooperation with regional powers to offset Vietnam’s lack of formal allies and its proximity towards China. The op-ed stated that the Vietnamese government focused on upgrading its navy and consolidating defence cooperation with regional partners like the US. However, the op-ed also informed the Vietnamese government was aware of its weaknesses with China, preferring not to publicise encroachments by the Chinese coast guard. The op-ed concluded that Vietnam needed to maintain the balance in relations, and a major shift in relations would occur only when the government saw a balance in its favour. ( Hanh Nguyen, “Cooperation and struggle define Vietnam’s approach to China,” East Asia Forum, 28 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
John Mearsheimer expresses hope for cordial China-US ties
On 28 October, Global Times reported that professor and international relations scholar John Mearsheimer expressed his desire for China-US ties to improve in the future. During an interview with Global Times, Mearsheimer stated that the structure of the international system had changed fundamentally, with a multipolar world the reality now.  He also informed the relationship between China and the US was intensely competitive and expressed fears the relationship would escalate into a war. According to Mearsheimer, the foreign policy of the US with actions like bringing Ukraine to the NATO alliance and not pushing for a Palestinian state promoted chaos rather than global stability. Additionally, he stated the functioning of international politics meant that two powerful states like the US and China would end up fearing each other and competing with each other. Mearsheimer also informed the security cooperation between China and the US would not go away. He stated major crises were likely as a result of the security competition between the two states. (Liu Xin, Zhao Juecheng, Zhang Changyue and Yang Sheng,  “John Mearsheimer says he hopes future China-US ties could prove him wrong on tragedy of great power conflict,” Global Times, 28 October 2024)

Republican Party members oppose China despite own business ties, states an op-ed in The Guardian
On 28 October, an op-ed in The Guardian informed that several candidates from the Republican Party had taken a tough line over the threat which China posed to the US economy.  However, several Republicans hold close business and investment links with China themselves.  An example of this is the Republican candidate for the US Senate in Pennsylvania, David McCormick. Despite McCormick’s opposition to business ties with China,  the Chinese holdings of the hedge fund Bridgewater Associates increased from USD 1.6 million to USD 1.77 billion while McCormick was the Chief Executive Officer (CEO).  Similarly, the family of the Republican candidate for the Senate from Wisconsin Eric Hovde attempted to launch an investment vehicle in China, despite Hovde accusing China of buying up land around military bases.  There are other Republican Senate candidates too like Mike Rogers in Michigan and Tim Sheehy in Montana who have stated opposition to China, despite business interests of their own with Chinese firms. Another example is the current Senator and former Governor of Florida, Rick Scott who previously supported Chinese investment in the US despite profiting off Chinese commerce personally. ( Martin Pengelly, “Many Republicans take a tough line on China despite their own business ties to Beijing,” The Guardian, 28 October 2024)

Bridgewater CEO with a large perspective on patriotic hazards, reports The Guardian
On 29 October an opinion in The Guardian titled “Many Republicans take a tough line on China despite their own business ties to Beijing,” looked into the Republican candidate for the US Senate in Pennsylvania’s statement that the CEO of Bridgewater Associates had a larger perspective and opinion about the moral and patriotic hazards of running a business in China. According to a CNN report from 2017 and 2021, uncertainties did not stop McCormick from supervising the Chinese increase of assets from USD 1.6 million to USD 1.77 billion. As a Deputy National Advisor for international economic affairs under George W Bush, it was believed that McCormick managed investment in a Chinese fentanyl producer and benefitted from Chinese trade policies which he helped to shape. Rejecting allegations of any offence McCormick pitches claims of two facades back at his opponent, the incumbent Democrat Bob Casey, over his links for investing in Chinese companies and other countries. In Michigan, the former US House Intelligence Committee stated that McCormick raised the alarm on Chinese threat over economic and national security, while the Detroit News reports said: “That intelligence committee chair Mike Rogers and his wife have gained hundreds of thousands of dollars in wealth through companies that have partnered with Chinese firms. Heartland Signal has highlighted Rogers’ ties with Nokia, a Finnish telecoms firm that “has conducted extensive business deals with Chinese tech companies like Huawei, which is subject to US sanctions.” However, Rogers denied any sort of misconduct and alleged that Elissa Slotkin had signed an NDA with an electric vehicle battery plant in Big Rapids to be built by a Chinese Communist party. Additionally, a Scottish spokesperson confronted the outlet and stated that the senator would be happy to put charges against Democrats pushing Joe Biden’s pro-China agenda.” (“Many Republicans take a tough line on China despite their own business ties to Beijing,” The Guardian, 29 October 2024)

China Reader | 28 October 2024, Monday| Vol.1 No. 199
CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
India and China initiate disengagement process after four-year military standoff
On 27 October, India and China began dismantling temporary structures at Depsang Plains and Demchok in eastern Ladakh. This is the first major de-escalation since the 2020 military standoff. External Affairs Minister Jaishankar stated that troops had been stationed under “very very unimaginable conditions” to defend Indian territory. The agreement revives patrolling rights at these friction points, where Chinese forces had earlier denied Indian access to patrolling points 10 to 13 in Depsang Plains and have maintained a presence at Charding Nullah in Demchok. According to reports, about 40 per cent of temporary structures have been removed, with expectations of 60 per cent clearance by Friday’s end. This development follows Prime Minister Modi and President Xi Jinping’s first bilateral meeting in five years at the BRICS 2024 Summit in Kazan, Russia. Modi stressed that “mutual trust, mutual respect and mutual sensitivity will guide bilateral relations.” Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lin Jian confirmed the process is “going smoothly,” though Jaishankar cautioned that full normalisation of relations would “naturally take time.” (“After India, China confirms troop disengagement along LAC: ‘Going smoothly at the moment’,” Indian Express, 27 October 2024; Surabhi Pandey “India, China to complete disengagement process by next week, 40% temporary structures removed along LAC,” Money Control, 25 October 2024)

INTERNAL
China quietly reverses stance on private tutoring ban amid economic concerns, says an editorial in Reuters
On 28 October, an editorial in Reuters reported that China is easing its position on its 2021 private tutoring ban without any previous acknowledgement. The original “double reduction” policy banned for-profit extracurricular tutoring for core subjects. It devastated a USD 100 billion industry and led to massive job losses at some of China’s largest providers like New Oriental and TAL Education. More recent developments suggest a shift in Beijing’s stance. Industry officials stated that there were fewer inspections and more visible policies of management, while parents expressed that tutoring centres are blatantly doing their business. One of the parents, Michelle Lee said: “When the policy first came out, tutoring organizations were a little scared so they would close the curtains during class. But it seems like they do not do that anymore.” Economical factors, especially alarming youth unemployment seem to spur the changes. Active extracurricular tutoring centre licenses increased by 11.4 per cent early in 2023, and major companies are hiring again. Most adapted by renaming core subjects, for example, marketing mathematics as “logical thinking”, while others switched to private home tutoring. (Casey Hall and Laurie Chen, “China's private tutoring firms emerge from the shadows after crackdown,” Reuters, 28 October 2024)

China’s plummeting birth rate triggers educational institution closures and demographic crisis, reports SCMP
On 27 October, the South China Morning Post reported that China’s demography problems are becoming more serious with kindergarten enrollment going down. This is with 5.35 million fewer children than last year enrolled, bringing the total to 40.9 million. It was seen that 14,808 closing kindergartens left only 274,400 operational and primary schools reported a reduction of 3.8 per cent. These closures reflect an even wider population crisis within China as births fell last year to an all-time low of 9 million. The fertility rate has fallen below 1.0 which is is far from the 2.1 replacement level needed for population stability and Shanghai has a mere 0.6. A recent survey in Ningbo was concerning where nearly half of the childless women wanted only one child and more than a third wanted no children at all. A demographer,  He Yafu concluded that kindergartens should look forward to “expanding early childhood education to include children under three and establishing an integrated care-education system.” (Luna Sun, “Thousands of Chinese kindergartens close as falling birth rate takes its toll,” South China Morning Post, 27 October 2024)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
China’s advanced deep-sea research vessel completes successful trial voyage
On 26 October, China’s pioneer vessel, Tansuo-3, performed better than the design expectations across the 30 test categories during the eight-day trial. This 104-metre ship of 10,000 tonnes represents a huge leap in the maritime technology of China. The vessel holds 80 people and travels a distance of 15,000 nautical miles in both directions at a pace of up to 16 knots with icebreaking features. This is a product of China that has an integration of deep-sea research capabilities with archaeological features and polar exploration. Tansuo-3 is set to be delivered in early 2025 and is an important step that China takes towards the expedition of the seas and in manned deep sea operations and polar research. (“China's first deep-sea research and archaeological ship completes trial trip,” CGTN, 28 October 2024)

ECONOMY
China’s central bank reveals new lending tool to address year-end liquidity challenges
On 28 October, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) introduced an open market outright reverse repo facility to support the liquidity of the banking system as 2.9 trillion yuan (USD 406.6 billion) in medium-term loans mature by the end of the year. The new instrument features tenors of three and six months and is the biggest modernisation effort undertaken so far in the monetary policy framework of China. The senior economist of the Economist Intelligence Unit, Xu Tianchen, said: “It's a step to modernize the PBOC's policy toolbox and bring it more in line with” Western standards. It goes beyond regular seven-to-28-day reverse repo operations, which it conducts monthly with the assistance of primary dealers. The move fits with the broader efforts Beijing announced in September to achieve the government’s 5 per cent growth target amid property market challenges and weak consumer confidence. (Joe Cash, “China launches new lending tool before year-end loan expiry,” Reuters, 28 October 2024)

Pakistan seeks additional Chinese funding amid economic challenges
On 27 October, the Finance minister of Pakistan, Muhammad Aurangzeb asked for an additional currency swap arrangement of 10 billion yuan (USD 1.4 billion from China). That is due to Pakistan using up an already available 30 billion yuan (USD 4.3 billion) facility that China offered to extend for three years. The proposal will take the total facility up to about USD 5.7 billion. This is during the visit of Chinese Premier Li Qiang for a major four-day visit to Pakistan. This is the first time a Chinese Premier has been to Pakistan in 11 years, where talks have been held regarding strengthening economic cooperation and acceleration of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor projects with President Asif Ali Zardari. (“Pakistan seeks additional 10 billion yuan loan from China: Report,” Business Standard, 27 October 2024)

India imposes anti-dumping duties on Chinese imports to protect domestic industry
On 23 October, Business Standard reported that India levied five-year anti-dumping duties on Chinese products of isopropyl alcohol, sulphur black, cellophane transparent film, thermoplastic polyurethane, and unframed glass mirrors. The duties are USD 82 to USD 389 per tonne for the items. The imports of cellophane film in 2023-24 stood at USD 60 million and has attracted a USD 1.34 per kg duty. The Directorate General of Trade Remedies has instituted probes against six other products from China, which comprises chemicals and electrical steel among others, at the complaint of the local industries. India plans to have equal trade policies in the region while offering protection to its indigenous firms against imports made available at lower costs than domestic pricing. India’s rising complaints about its heavy trade deficit against China to the tune of USD 85 billion during 2023-24 are on the backdrop that both belong to the WTO group of nations. (“Govt imposes anti-dumping duty on five Chinese products for 5 years,” Business Standard, 23 October 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
Finland’s President’s China visit marks new chapter in bilateral relations, reports Global Times 
On 27 October, Global Times reported that Finland’s President Alexander Stubb’s visit on 28 October marks the 74th anniversary of diplomatic relations between China and Finland. Stubb is scheduled to hold meetings with President Xi Jinping, Premier Li Qiang, and National People’s Congress Standing Committee Chairman Zhao Leji from 28 to 31 October. Finland is the third-largest Nordic trading partner of China to have achieved bilateral trade of USD 8.2 billion in 2023. It has pursued a pragmatic course in China-EU relations and abstained from recent Chinese EV tariff votes. A professor at Beijing Foreign Studies University Cui Hongjian, said Finland’s: “unique positions and policies when dealing with major powers” would lead to stable relations with China. The delegation, which includes the ministers of climate, agriculture, and foreign affairs aims to deepen the cooperation in technology, sustainable development, and green transformation. A director at the China Institute of New Economy Zhu Keli, insisted that there is also complementarity between Finland’s technological expertise and China’s manufacturing capabilities. (Fan Anqi, “Finnish President to start China visit; ‘move contributes to China-EU relations at time of turbulence’,” Global Times, 27 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China vows measures to counter US weapons sale to Taiwan, reports Al Jazeera
On 27 October, Al Jazeera reported that the Government of the People’s Republic of China had promised to take all necessary measures to assert its sovereignty over Taiwan. The remarks by the Chinese government came after the US State Department approved a USD 2 billion arms sale package for Taiwan, which included advanced surface-to-air missile systems and radar. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China accused the arms sale package of violating the sovereignty and security interests of China, alongside damaging China-US relations and endangering peace and stability in the region. The ministry further informed that the Chinese government would take all the necessary measures required to defend its national sovereignty, security, and territorial integrity. A spokesperson for the foreign ministry informed Beijing had voiced its opposition to the arms package with the US Government. (“China vows to take ‘necessary measures’ over $2bn US arms sale to Taiwan,” Al Jazeera, 27 October 2024)

China-born US citizens change political stance over land laws, reports AP News
On 27 October, AP News reported that a series of “alien land laws” passed in the US targeting Chinese nationals had compelled China-born US citizens to shift their political affiliations. At least two dozen states passed the laws, which impose restrictions on purchases of property and land by Chinese nationals and companies. The status of China as an adversary for the US is cited as the reason for the ban, which is primarily initiated by the Republican Party.  Similarly, the US House of Representatives controlled by the Republicans approved a bill that would flag as reportable sales of farmland from countries deemed US adversaries, including China. However, Chinese-born US citizens who voted for the Republicans feel alienated as a result of these laws and are leaning towards the Democratic Party. The Chinese diaspora mobilised against the law, with organisations like the Florida Asian American Justice Alliance and United Chinese Americans helping drive civic engagement. The board chair of United Chinese Americans, Hua Wang informed individuals from the diaspora were becoming interested and organised politically for the first time; as a result of the laws perceived as discriminatory. ( Terry Tang and Didi Tang, “State alien land laws drive some China-born US citizens to rethink their politics,” AP News, 27 October 2024)

China Reader Daily Wire | 26 October 2024, Saturday  | Vol.1 No. 198
OUTERSPACE
Chinese outer space startup sells first tickets for commercial tourism
On 25 October, a Jiangsu-based startup called Deep Blue Aerospace sold its first two tickets at 1.5 million yuan (USD 210,000) each for a 2027 suborbital flight. The journey will take 12 minutes with five minutes of weightlessness. Tickets were sold out within 20 minutes on Taobao. Chairman Huo Liang said even lower prices would be achievable when reusable rocket technology becomes available, and space travel will be within reach of the masses. The company will undertake extensive safety trials over the next two years before starting to launch commercially. The product is already competitively placed at the price point when you compare it with Virgin Galactic which charges USD 600,000 for a seat. There is excitement for the relatively more affordable prices on social media. One Weibo user said: “It seems that Chinese companies might soon drive down prices in the space tourism sector, making space travel far more affordable.” The company acknowledges that there is complexity and risk but remains committed to safety through proper testing protocols. (Meredith Chen, “Chinese space tourism set for 2027 take-off with the aerospace firm offering US$210,000 seats,” South China Morning Post, 25 October 2024)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
China holds BeiDou Navigation System Summit with 1800 global experts
On 24 October, the third International Summit on BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) in Zhuzhou witnessed more than 1,800 global experts. They explored China’s satellite navigation system which has grown fast since its establishment in 1994 and completion into the third phase in 2020. Since its full implementation, BeiDou established itself as the world’s third independent global navigation system. The National Development Reform Commission’s Xiang Libin stated that BDS applications have achieved over 90 per cent penetration in key industries like transportation and emergency response. Its products and services have covered over 130 countries, indicating the international nature of the system. According to the White Paper on the Development of China's Satellite Navigation and Location Services Industry (2024), the output value of the industry was 536.2 billion yuan in 2023, with an increase of 7.09 per cent compared to the previous year. (“China hosts summit to boost homegrown BeiDou navigation system applications,” CGTN, 26 October 2024)

INTERNAL
Chinese Court sentence death penalty to child trafficker
On 25 October, BBC reported that a recent verdict from a Chinese court confirmed the death sentence of Yu Huaying, who had shocked the nation with her child trafficking business in the 1990s. She was first accused of selling 11 children. Later on, the investigation found she had sold 17 children, including her son for a sum of 5,000 yuan. Perhaps the most interesting part of this is when Yang Niuhua, who was sold for 3,500 yuan in 1995, uses Douyin to search for her family, only to find out her parents have died. Yu’s operations formed a complex network of extracting children from Guizhou, Yunnan, and Chongqing provinces and selling them in Hebei Province. There was also the case of Luo Xingzhen who waited twenty years at her shoe repair stall for two children who never came back. Luo’s crimes were considered “particularly heinous” with “extremely deep subjective malice” even though she had confessed. Yu received a sentence that included a lifetime loss of political rights and all property. (Joel Guinto, “Chinese child trafficker with 17 victims sentenced to death,” BBC, 25 October 2024)

ECONOMY
Chinese banks implement landmark mortgage rate cuts to boost the housing market, reports CGTN
On 25 October, China’s major financial institutions rolled out significant mortgage rate reductions, with six leading banks cutting existing mortgage rates at least 30 basis points below the loan prime rate. The Central Bank Deputy Governor, Tao Ling stated that the adjustment is automatic, without the requirement of any customer application, and is expected to benefit 50 million households and save them approximately 150 billion yuan in interest payment. For instance, in Beijing, mortgage rates have been lowered from 4.4 per cent to 3.55 per cent, saving a person millions of yuan. For example, a 25-year, million-dollar mortgage will save 469 dollars a month and more than 140,000 yuan in total interest. The stimulus program, as part of bigger stimulus packages, has already begun to pay off. Major cities’ housing sales are up, supporting China’s goals of boosting domestic consumption and investment. (“China's banks cut existing mortgage rates to support real estate,” CGTN, 25 October 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
EU and China to further navigate negotiations over EV tariffs, reports Reuters
On 25 October, reports Reuters that the European Union is preparing to implement up to 35.3 per cent tariffs on Chinese-built electric vehicles. China and the EU are intensifying diplomatic efforts to find alternative solutions. The parties agreed to conduct further technical talks, building on eight previous rounds of negotiations after a video conference between EU trade chief Valdis Dombrovskis and Chinese Commerce Minister Wang Wentao. The sessions consisted of potential minimum price guarantees and alternative investment options for Europe. Although China invites EU negotiators and demands price guarantees as the preferred solution, it advises against separate negotiations with companies. The EU maintains its right to negotiate directly with single exporters via the China Chamber of Commerce for the Import and Export of Machinery. Other tensions continue in the investigations by China on EU brandy, pork, and dairy products which Dombrovskis termed “unsubstantiated,” though China defends them as WTO-compliant. (“EU, China agree to more talks on potential alternatives to EV tariffs,” Reuters, 25 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China-Cuba relations strengthen through high-level party dialogue and cooperation
On 25 October, CGTN reported that the visit of the Head of the CPC Central Committee’s Publicity Department Li Shulei, to Cuba marked significant progress in bilateral relations between the two nations. During meetings with Cuban President Miguel Diaz-Canel and other key officials, Li conveyed greetings from President Xi Jinping and brought attention to the importance of implementing the consensus reached earlier between both sides. The discussion on deepening traditional ties while working towards a shared future will be on mutual core interests. Diaz-Canel thanked China for its support in Cuba’s development and promised to promote party-to-party exchanges and practical cooperation. Li’s schedule included meeting with National Assembly President Esteban Lazo Hernandez, Revolution leader Raul Castro, and attending a theoretical seminar in Havana titled “Advancing the Socialist Cause and Building a Shared Future.” (“Cuba's top leader meets senior Chinese official,” CGTN, 25 October 2024)

US Navy adapts PAC-3 for maritime defence against Chinese hypersonic threats, says an editorial in Reuters
On 25 October, an editorial in Reuters reported that the US Navy is going forward with plans to arm its ships with Patriot Advanced Capability-3 (PAC-3) Missile Segment Enhancement interceptors conventionally used by the Army to counter the evolving China hypersonic weapons capabilities. After successful tests conducted against a “virtual Aegis ship” in May, these Lockheed Martin-made interceptors have capabilities unmatched with highly manoeuvrable steering rockets and “hit to kill” technology. The proven capability of the PAC-3 in the destruction of advanced threats in Ukraine and the Middle East, including Russia’s Khinzal missiles, provides a good reason to introduce these interceptors into naval defence systems. The interceptors weighing 300 kg cost approximately USD 4 million each and are much lighter than the 1,500 kg SM-6 missiles. This directly responds to China’s expanding arsenal, especially the DF-27 missile tested in 2023, which can reach 8,000 km and employs an aerodynamic warhead designed to evade defences. The US has also partnered with Japan for joint missile production to meet increasing demand. (Mike Stone and Gerry Doyle, “Fearing China's hypersonic weapons, US Navy seeks to arm ships with Patriot missiles,” Reuters, 25 October 2024)

Anonymous tip alleges phones of Kamala Harris allies were targeted by Chinese hackers, reports Reuters
On 26 October, Reuters reported that an anonymous source had alleged that the phones of allies of the presidential candidate from the Democratic Party, Kamala Harris were targeted by Chinese hackers. According to media reports, the phones of the presidential and vice-presidential candidates from the Republican Party, Donald Trump and JD Vance were also targeted. The New York Times reported that during their presidential campaign, Trump was made aware of the targeting of phone numbers. The Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the United States responded to the hacking claims by stating it had no intention of interfering in the US elections. The embassy also stated it was opposed to all forms of cyber-attacks and cyber thefts. Additionally, the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the US Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency informed they were investigating unauthorized access to commercial telecommunications infrastructure by individuals affiliated with China. ( Trevor Hunnicutt and Jasper Ward, “Chinese hackers targeted phones affiliated with Harris campaign, source says,” Reuters, 26 October 2024)

US Secretary of Treasury and China’s Vice Minister of Finance discuss macroeconomic policy developments, reports SCMP
On 26 October, SCMP reported that the US Secretary of the Treasury, Janet Yellen, and the Vice-Minister of Finance of the People’s Republic of China, Liao Min had held a meeting where macroeconomic policy developments were discussed. The Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China informed that it had used the meeting to explain the current macroeconomic situation of China, and the stimulus measures introduced recently by the Government of the People’s Republic of China. The ministry stated it had voiced its concerns over US tariffs imposed on China, and sanctions related to Russia. Additionally, the ministry also informed the meeting had witnessed constructive and pragmatic talks on issues like cooperation to help low-income countries cope with liquidity challenges. The Treasury Department informed Yellen had reiterated concerns by the US Government about alleged industrial overcapacity in China, and its impact on American workers and firms. The meeting between Yellen and Liao is the sixth of a working group created last year, to facilitate better communication between the Chinese and US economies ( Khushboo Razdan and Alyssa Chen, “Janet Yellen, senior China finance minister discuss Beijing’s economic stimulus measures,” South China Morning Post, 26 October 2024)

China Reader Daily Wire | 25 October 2024, Friday | Vol.1 No. 197
BRICS  
Xi Jinping charts BRICS’ path toward global transformation at Kazan Summit, says an editorial in CGTN
On 23 October, an editorial in CGTN looked at the 16th BRICS Summit in Kazan, Chinese President Xi Jinping posed an important question on the world’s future direction, emphasising the choice between chaos and peace. The five-point agenda of BRICS leadership in peace, innovation, green development, global justice, and international exchanges was presented. Several new initiatives for China include new programs such as the BRICS AI Development Center and Deep-Sea Resources Research Center. Xi was calling for real multilateralism while highlighting the international movement of power that has yet to present a real change in the reformation of global governance. The meeting covered UN reform, financial security, and the blast of new technologies. Experts in Ethiopia, Balew Demissie and in Egypt, Nadia Helmy, welcomed Xi’s recommendations to solidify Global South cooperation. For 18 years, China has been enhancing BRICS trade, investment, and international institutional reform advocacy. (“Experts: President Xi's BRICS speech offers a roadmap for Global South cooperation,” CGTN, 24 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China states it wants a diplomatic resolution to the dispute with Indonesia, reports SCMP
On 24 October, SCMP reported that the Government of the People’s Republic of China had informed that it wanted to resolve its maritime differences with the Government of Indonesia through diplomacy. The statement came after the maritime patrol and rescue agency of Indonesia, Bakamla informed it had escorted a vessel from the China Coast Guard twice in the disputed North Natuna Sea area. China claims sovereignty over the entire South China Sea through the “nine-dash line” which cuts into the exclusive economic zone of Indonesia. Bakamla stated the vessel had disrupted seismic survey and data processing activities being carried out in the area. However, a spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Lin Jian informed the vessel was carrying out routine patrols in waters under the jurisdiction of China and in line with international law and the domestic law of China. Lin also informed that the Chinese government was ready to improve its communication and consultation with Indonesia through the use of diplomatic channels, and properly handle maritime disputes between the two countries. (Phoebe Zhang, “China looks to Indonesia for diplomatic resolution after coastguards’ Natuna encounters,” South China Morning Post, 24 October 2024)

ECONOMY
Hedge Funds pivot from China to US markets in October, reports Reuters
On 25 October, Reuters reported that Global hedge funds turned sharply in October, exiting Chinese and emerging markets while increasing their holdings of US equities. Goldman Sachs stated that funds have reversed about 80 per cent of their peak investments into Chinese equities to 23 October. Following the stimulus measures that enhanced China’s markets by 20 per cent last month, investor sentiment cooled off as the partial policies’ details were meager, with the risks due to the probability of a Trump presidency. The MSCI China index declined by 4 per cent in October while advancing 23 per cent the previous month. Funds also reduced their investments in India, Taiwan, South Korea, and Latin America. Hedge funds reduced leverage to its lowest level in a year as they expressed discontent over US election volatility. On the performance side, global stock-picking funds rose 0.6 per cent in October as systematic equity funds fell by 0.9 per cent. (Summer Zhen, “HEDGE FLOW Hedge funds have cut most Chinese stock purchase since late September, says Goldman,” Reuters, 25 October 2024)

DEFENCE
China reveals comprehensive dual-use export control regulations to balance trade and security, reports Ministry of Commerce
On 24 October, a spokesman from China’s Ministry of Commerce He Yadong stated that dual-use exports will cover “the products, technologies, and services with both civilian and military applications.” The rules, effective as of 01 December, 2024, represent an effort to strengthen China’s export control system while keeping the standard par with that of the world. The State Council decree, signed last month in September, gives attention to such issues as the increase of transparency and normalisation of rules concerning exports. The officials of the Ministries of Justice and Commerce stated that measures will not disrupt normal international trade and scientific cooperation, and they will not disrupt global chains of supply. The regulations also give concrete license management provisions, control lists, and mechanisms of supervision. As said by the authorities, it is quite a matter of balancing the promotion of trade and security, precisely about items that may have applications in weapons development. (“Dual-use items export control measures are in line with international norms: MOFCOM,” Global Times, 24 October 2024)

Advanced Twin-tailed Scorpion B drone set to headline Airshow China 2024, reports Global Times
On 24 October, Global Times reported that the latest unmanned aerial system from Sichuan Tengden Co is expected to be revealed for the first time during Airshow China 2024. It is currently scheduled to be held in Zhuhai. This heavy drone boasts a large 18-meter wingspan and carries a range of over 8,500 kilometers. It will boast superior short-range takeoff and high-altitude ability and capabilities such as emergency rescue and air transport missions. It weighs up to 1,950 kilograms at full capacity. Composite material is mainly used in its manufacturing. Chinese advanced drone technology will also be revealed including two new transport drones, a twin-engine model with a deployment capacity of two tons on the plateau, and the Twin-tailed Scorpion D, capable of carrying 1,000 kilograms. Aerospace Knowledge magazine’ Chief Editor Wang Ya'nan stated that these developments highlight China’s advanced drone technology and its commitment to developing the low-altitude economy. (Liu Xuanzun, “Twin-tailed Scorpion B, large transport drones to make debut at Airshow China 2024,” Global Times, 24 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China’s active intervention in Myanmar as rebel groups gain ground, says an editorial in Reuters
On 25 October, an editorial in Reuters reported that the successful holding of Operation 1027 by the Three Brotherhood Alliance drastically revamped Myanmar’s military landscape. This was especially after the historic takeover of Lashio in August 2023. China’s position has now changed from implicit acceptance of rebel activities to active intervention. It has enforced border closures and restricted supplies to rebel-controlled territories. The cause for concern here is that Myanmar’s military junta is deteriorating rapidly on Chinese radar. Instability is evident in the unprecedented rotation of commanders with 49 in post-coup and 36 in pre-coup, as per the reports of  MWRP. The worsening scenario following Lashio’s fall was such that Chinese Foreign Minister Wang Yi had to visit junta leader Min Aung Hlaing, reportedly stating China opposed chaos in the region. Rebel forces are looking to push toward Mandalay but the pressure from Beijing has already prompted the MNDAA to state its readiness to accept a ceasefire. US Institute of Peace analyst Jason Tower said:  “China has now become even more proactive and shifted its posture quite remarkably.” Discussion has focused on the way Beijing is increasingly playing a role in Myanmar’s conflict dynamics. (Shoon Naing, Wa Lone, Devjyot Ghoshal, Poppy Mcpherson, and Antoni Slodkowski, “How an anxious China is backing Myanmar's faltering junta in civil war,” Reuters, 25 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
Rising security concerns challenge China-Pakistan economic partnership, says an editorial in SCMP
On 25 October, an editorial in South China Morning Post reported that the recent attacks on Chinese citizens in Pakistan, the latest being the deadly Karachi airport blast, have raised questions over future bilateral investments. Despite investing USD 65 billion under the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), security challenges persist, especially in the Balochistan province. Lanzhou University’s Professor Zhu Yongbiao said: “this situation may lead to a fundamental change" in the investment pattern. While Chinese Premier Li Qiang’s October visit brought security pacts for bulletproof vehicles, China’s direct security involvement remains limited. Nanyang Technological University’s research fellow, Abdul Basit said: “Pakistan won't allow China to operate outside of the Pakistani security framework.” In other words, Pakistan still strictly controls the country’s security architecture and will not lightly open that to the Chinese or any other country’s influence. While these constraints are significant, there is still reason for optimism. Chinese investment in Pakistan increased by 16 per cent in 2022, albeit to only USD 700 million, far below 2018 levels. Due to the worsening security situation, particularly since the Taliban took power in Afghanistan, it remains a significant challenge to this important Belt and Road Initiative partnership. (Zhao Ziwen, “China-Pakistan economic ties could change ‘fundamentally’ if attacks on Chinese continue,” South China Morning Post, 25 October 2024)

CHINA & THE PACIFIC
Australian PM dismisses Chinese claims of systemic racism in Australia, reports The Guardian
On 24 October, The Guardian reported that the Prime Minister of Australia, Anthony Albanese had dismissed claims by the Government of the People’s Republic of China that Australia was plagued with systemic racism and hate crimes. Albanese informed that the Government of Australia would cooperate with China wherever it could; but would also stand up for its interests and raise the issue of human rights with China. The present dispute between the two countries began after the Ambassador and Permanent Representative of Australia to the United Nations, James Larsen gave support to a joint statement by 15 countries including Australia, the US, and the UK; expressing concerns over human rights violations in China. Larsen urged the Chinese government to release all individuals under arbitrary detention in Xinjiang and Tibet and allow independent observers with unrestricted access to the two territories. In response, a spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Lin Jian accused Australia and the other countries part of the joint statement of double standards by ignoring human rights issues in their own countries. Lin alleged that Australia suffered from systemic racism and hate crimes, and had violated the rights of refugees, immigrants, and Indigenous Australians living in Australia. ( Sarah Basford Canales and Karen Middleton, “Albanese dismisses Beijing’s claim Australia plagued by ‘systemic racism’ and ‘hate crimes',” The Guardian, 24 October 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
Germany eyes investment in India as a way to reduce economic reliance on China, reports Reuters
On 23 October, Reuters reported that the Federal Government of Germany was looking at increasing its investments and trade with India. The Chancellor of Germany, Olaf Scholz is leading a high-level delegation to India this week, for consultations with the Government of India. Amidst worries that a slowing Chinese economy and trade dispute between China and the EU could hurt Germany, the German government is looking to reduce its economic reliance upon China. German businesses and companies are optimistic that the high economic growth of India, skilled and young worker base, and cheaper cost base could benefit Germany. The Federal Minister for Economic Affairs and Climate Action of Germany, Robert Habeck stated the resilience of German companies and their supply chains to and from Asia needed to be improved; and India was a key partner playing a role in the diversification of the German economy. However, the Chief Executive of Foreign Trade at the Association of German Chambers of Commerce, Volker Treier informed that German direct investments in India were about 20 per cent of the volume invested in China. According to Treier, Germany would not completely move away from China, but India would become more important from an economic perspective. According to a study by consultancy firm KPMG and the  German Chambers of Commerce Abroad, German firms regard bureaucracy, corruption, and the Indian tax system as hurdles towards investment in India. However, 82 per cent of firms expect an increase in revenues in the next five years, and 59 per cent are planning to expand their investments. Business and investment deals have already been agreed upon between German and Indian firms, and trade between Germany and India hit a new record in 2023. (Christian Kraemer, “Germany bets on India to reduce reliance on China,” Reuters, 24 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
National Security Advisor of the United States expresses concern over Chinese usage of AI, reports Reuters
On 24 October, Reuters reported that the National Security Advisor of the United States, Jake Sullivan had informed the U.S. government was concerned over the usage of Artificial Intelligence (AI) by China. Sullivan stated that Washington was concerned that the Government of the People’s Republic of China was building its technological ecosystem with digital infrastructure. According to Sullivan, the infrastructure could be used by China for mass surveillance and censorship, spreading misinformation and coercing other countries; and could not protect sensitive data effectively.  Sullivan also informed that a new directive by the US Government on AI aimed to alleviate these concerns and offer alternatives to developing economies and other partners. (“US concerned about China’s use of AI, says it could make countries vulnerable to coercion,” Reuters, 24 October 2024)

China Reader Daily Wire | 24 October 2024, Thursday | Vol.1 No. 196
CHINA & AFRICA
China furthers its partnership with Egypt
On 23 October, President Xi Jinping stated his willingness for a close partnership with Egypt for joint development. He also congratulated Egypt’s first-time participation as a full member in the 16th BRICS Summit. Xi also vowed to support and safeguard Egypt’s national sovereignty, security, and development matters on the 10th anniversary of the China-Egypt partnership. Xi said: “China is also willing to strengthen coordination with Egypt to promote the steady and long-term development of greater BRICS cooperation, further volume up the influence and voice of the Global South, and safeguard the common interests of developing countries.” Egyptian President Abdel-Fattah al-Sisi congratulated Xi Jinping on the 75th anniversary of the founding of China. Sisi also expressed his gratitude to China for its support in paving Egypt’s way to the BRICS. He also stated that Egypt would follow China’s ‘one-China principle’. Xi expressed his worries about the conflict in the Middle East and also stated that Palestine’s issue is the central element of such chaos. The implementation of relevant UN resolutions in the region was also stated as an important matter. Furthermore, Xi extended his gratitude to Egypt for its promotion of a ceasefire in the region. (“Xi says China to be sincere friend, close partner for joint development with Egypt,” CGTN, 23 October 2024)

EXTERNAL
China wants BRICS to become a tool for Global South solidarity, reports CGTN
On 23 October, CGTN reported that the Government of the People's Republic of China had called for the BRICS bloc to become a tool to be used for greater solidarity amongst the countries of the Global South. The President of China, Xi Jinping stated that the member countries of BRICS needed to work together to ensure that BRICS became the primary channel for improving solidarity and cooperation among countries of the Global South and a vanguard for advancing global governance reform. Xi also states that the enlargement of the BRICS bloc was a landmark event in the evolution of the international scenario. The Chinese president also urged the BRICS countries to act as guardians of common security and uphold the principles of no expansion of the battlefield, no escalation in fighting, and no provocation by any party to work towards de-escalation of the Ukraine crisis. In a similar light, the Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to Russia, Zhang Hanhui stated that BRICS countries and the Global South stood on the side of peace, reconciliation, dialogue, and solidarity in the Ukraine crisis. Xi also urged an end to violence and an immediate ceasefire in Gaza and Lebanon, alongside increasing efforts for a lasting resolution to the crisis in Palestine. Another key point made by Xi was his demand for BRICS countries to advance the process of expanding membership and improve the representation of developing countries in global governance.  The ongoing BRICS summit in Kazan is the first to be held since Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, and the UAE became official members of the bloc. (“China calls for building BRICS into a channel for Global South solidarity,” CGTN, 24 October 2024)

China criticises double standards of US and Australia on human rights, reports Global Times
On 23 October, Global Times reported that the Government of the People’s Republic of China had criticized the hypocrisy shown by Australia and the US, in matters about human rights. A spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Lin Jian stated that the US, Australia, and a handful of other Western countries needed to address their own severe human rights problems, instead of politicizing the issues and using them as tools. Lin also urged the countries to play a constructive role in international cooperation in human rights. The Permanent Representative of the People’s Republic of China to the UN, Fu Cong accused countries like Australia and the US of double standards by ignoring the crisis in Gaza while smearing against China over human rights issues in Xinjiang. Fu stated this showed the true intentions of Australia and the US to use human rights as an excuse to interfere in the internal affairs of China and hamper its development. Fu also stated that the West ignoring the mass killings of Palestinians in Gaza showed it did not care about protecting the human rights of Muslims, as it claimed in the Xinjiang case. (“Chinese envoy criticizes Australia, US for ‘double standards’ on human rights, downplaying Gaza situation,” Global Times, 23 October 2024)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Apple CEO informs of plans to increase investments in China, reports The Indian Express
On 24 October, The Indian Express reported that the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of US tech conglomerate Apple, Tim Cook had informed that Apple would increase its investments in China. Cook made the remarks during a meeting with the Minister for Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China, Jin Zhuanglong.  Cook stated that Apple wanted to seize the opportunities provided by the opening up of the Chinese economy, and believed that increasing its investments in China would contribute to the high-quality development of industrial and supply chains. Jin also informed Cook that he hoped Apple would improve its presence in China, increase investment in innovation, and share the fruits of high-quality development with Chinese companies. Additionally, Jin and Cook discussed online data security management and cloud services during their meeting. (“Apple CEO Cook says the company will increase investment in China,” The Indian Express, 24 October 2024)

ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT
Steadfast improvement in China’s air and water quality, reports China’s Ministry of Ecology and Environment
On 24 October, CGTN reported that China’s air and water quality displayed signs of improvement for the first time in nine months. The spokesperson for the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Pei Xiaofei said: “During the January-September period, the average density of PM2.5 in 339 Chinese cities at or above the prefecture level stood at 27 micrograms per cubic meter, down 3.6 per cent year on year.” He also stated that the proportion of the air quality had increased by 1.6 per cent to 85.8 per cent from last year. Pei also stated that 88.5 per cent of surface water quality shows an increase of 1.4 per cent in quality making it above Grade III, whereas the previous year the surface water was monitored at Grade V, the lowest quality. (“China's air, water quality improves in first three quarters of 2024,” CGTN, 24 October 2024)

CHINA & MIDDLE-EAST
China to develop relations with Iran irrespective of changes in the region, stated China’s President
On 23 October, President Xi Jinping announced China’s cooperation with Iran despite changes in the regional and international situations during the 16th BRICS Summit. Xi stated that Iran is a valuable and strategic partner and highlighted the strong China-Iran relations. Iran receives China’s protection in national sovereignty, security, and national dignity as Iran furthers its socio-economic development.  Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian expressed his gratitude to China for Iran’s participation in the BRICS as a full member. He also stated the need to deepen bilateral and comprehensive cooperation in clean energy etc. Xi expressed his worries for the Middle East and suggested international cooperation to resolve this matter. (“Xi says China to develop friendly cooperation with Iran despite int'l situation changes,” Xinhua, 24 October 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
European Commission criticises China on “misinterpretation” of Resolution 2758
On 24 October, Focus Taiwan reported that the European Union (EU) executive branch, the European Commission stated that Chinese military activities near Taiwan have increased cross-strait tensions. The EU supported Taiwan stating the similarities between them and opposed China’s “One China” policy and said: “any unilateral actions that change the status quo by force or coercion.” The EU also highlighted that the peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait are of “strategic importance for regional and global security and prosperity.” European Commission officials stated China’s interpretation of UN Resolution 2758 for the first time. European Commissioner for Jobs and Social Rights Nicolas Schmit said: “United Nations Resolution 2758 is very short -- only 150 words,” “United Nations Resolution 2758 is very short -- only 150 words.”  The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) stated that this event carried significance due to the first time the EU “expressed its view.” European Parliament also criticised China’s “misinterpretation” of the UN Resolution 2758. (“European Commission joins Taiwan, U.S. in highlighting Resolution 2758,” Focus Taiwan, 24 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
US-China conflict on technology to escalate irrespective of the party in power says an editorial in Reuters
On 23 October, Reuters editorial reported that the US-China semiconductor and technology conflict is bound to escalate irrespective of the party in power in the upcoming US presidential election. However, presidential candidate Kamala Harris would use a more targeted and specific approach whereas Trump would use a blunter approach. Harris in her campaign said: “America, not China, wins the competition for the 21st century,” on the issue of chips and technology. Trump on the other hand proposed an increase in tariffs to oppose Chinese technology. A former national security official in the Biden administration, Peter Harrell said: “We're seeing the opening of a new front in the U.S. China tech cold war that is focused on data, software and connected devices.” The US proposed two necessary changes of keeping cars consisting of Chinese parts off the streets and also made a law to either buy TikTok or ban it completely from the coming year. A Commerce Department official under Trump, Nazak Nikakhtar stated that the Trump administration will be “much more aggressive about export control policies towards China.” She also stated that China will also be denied licenses to import US technology. A commerce secretary under Trump, Wilbur Ross stated that the US should be aware of its dependency on China for rare earths and be strategically stern with China as “it would be very dangerous to just try to cut them off.” ( Karen Freifeld, “US-China tech war seen heating up regardless of whether Trump or Harris wins,” Reuters, 24 October 2024)

Chinese social media bots attempt to influence voters, report published by Microsoft
On 23 October, Chinese-controlled social media bots attempted to influence the voters in Alabama, Texas, and Tennessee. New research published by Microsoft stated that fake accounts are criticising all Republicans, Alabama's representative Barry Moore, representative Michael McCaul of Texas, Tennessee Senator Marsha Blackburn, and Rubio. Microsoft stated that the fake accounts “parroted antisemitic messages, amplified accusations of corruption, and promoted opposition candidates.” The group responsible is associated with China’s Ministry of Public Security and is called Taizi Food. The Chinese embassy however stated that such allegations are “full of malicious speculations,” and that it “has no intention and will not interfere in the US election.” The bots are targeting Moore for his support for Israel and antisemitism. They also targeted Blackburn alleging that she received bribes from pharmaceutical companies. Spokesman Moore said: “We know that the CCP is antisemitic, so it isn’t surprising that they are targeting me and other politicians who support Israel to try to sow division in advance of the most important election in our lifetime.” The research report by Microsoft however did not mention any viewpoint of the Americans regarding this matter. (“China-linked bots targeting Republicans including Marco Rubio in the run-up to the election, Microsoft says,” The Guardian, 24 October 2024)

China Reader Daily Wire | 23 October 2024, Wednesday | Vol.1 No. 195
EXTERNAL
China’s envoy at UN calls for end to unilateral sanctions affecting developing nations
On 22 October, China’s permanent representative to the United Nations, Fu Cong China’s UN envoy called for an immediate end to unilateral coercive measures by Monday, citing harm caused to developing countries. Fu spoke on behalf of 28 nations at the United Nations General Assembly on these unilateral measures, which he said violate international law and disrupt global cooperation. He termed them “gravely affect food, energy, and financial security” in breaking apart the Sustainable Development Goals. Fu argued that secondary sanctions and over-compliance did nothing but perpetuate economic instability in affected regions and block foreign investment and technology into those areas. He stated that these things infringed upon the very fundamental human rights to health, education, and development and called on the global community to unite in opposition to them. Fu said: “The current circumstance calls for solidarity and unity rather than confrontation and division.” (“Chinese envoy calls for end to unilateral coercive measures,” CGTN, 23 October 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
Historic China-Vatican agreement on Bishop appointment
On 22 October, China and the Vatican renewed their landmark accord on bishop appointments for another four years following “friendly consultations”. The 2018 accord, which has already seen two renewals, allows Chinese authorities to nominate bishop candidates for the Pope’s final approval. Though specific terms remain private, the agreement marked Beijing's first recognition of the Pope as the universal head of the Roman Catholic Church. Around 12 million Catholics in China have been divided between state-run and Vatican-loyal churches. Foreign Ministry spokesperson Lin Jian reaffirmed the commitment to “promote the improvement of China-Vatican relations.” The Vatican stressed that it would continue to commit to “constructive dialogue” to be in service of the Chinese Catholic Church and people. Critics argue the deal compromises the loyalty of underground church members to Rome. Despite controversy, including past criticism from former US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, both parties aim for improved relations, with the Vatican hoping to establish a permanent mainland office. (Phoebe Zheng, “China and Vatican agree to extend deal on bishop appointments for 4 more years,” South China Morning Post, 23 October 2024)

ECONOMY
Chinese think tank proposes USD 280 billion for stock market stabilization fund
On 23 October, the Institute of Finance & Banking, a think tank under the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) proposed a 2 trillion-yuan (USD 280 billion) stock market stabilisation fund through special treasury bonds. This would maintain stability in the market by trading the blue-chip and Exchange-traded funds (ETFs) as cited by the institute’s quarterly economic report. While CASS has academic influence in China, the impact of this plan on policy is unclear. The proposal comes when China’s stock market has been greatly in motion as large-cap stocks have risen by about 24 per cent in the past month following recent stimulus policies. Central Bank Chief Pan Gongsheng had earlier confirmed studies were ongoing into such a fund plan. It also suggested an increase in investment opportunities for insurance companies and the national pension fund in the stock market. Apart from this, China’s central bank last month unveiled two funding programs, which might inject up to 800 billion yuan into the market, creating easier liquidity access for different financial institutions and facilitating share buybacks. (“China think tank proposes $280 billion stock market stabilisation fund,” Reuters, 23 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China and Laos strengthen strategic Cooperation and bilateral ties on BRI
On 22 October, Chinese President Xi Jinping reaffirmed China's commitment to strengthening ties with Laos during his meeting with Lao President Thongloun Sisoulith. Both leaders emphasised the importance of deepening the China-Laos Railway and the China-Laos Economic Corridor. Xi stated that the fruitful cooperation of the last year was about trade, connectivity, and cultural exchanges between the two countries. He reiterated that China will continue being a “trustworthy friend and partner” for Laos, with mutual support over key issues. Thongloun acknowledged that the Laos-China relations stand at their best by mentioning China’s valuable contribution to the development of his country. Thongloun has reaffirmed the one-China policy, with full cooperation on the Taiwan-Hong Kong-Xinjiang issues. Both sides agreed to improve multilateral coordination so that the interests of the developing countries could be well protected. Thongloun expressed his hope for further cooperation with China in ASEAN and other international forums. (“Xi urges China, Laos to forge model for BRI cooperation,” CGTN, 23 October 2024)

CHINA & AFRICA
Uganda-Turkish railway deal could revive stalled Chinese investment for Kenyan rail project, says an editorial in SCMP
On 23 October, an editorial in the South China Morning Post reported that the new USD 3 billion railway deal between Uganda and Turkish firm Yapi Merkezi for the 272 km Kampala-Malaba line may act as a catalyst to secure Chinese funding for Kenya’s incomplete Standard Gauge Railway (SGR). The Turkish project will replace the 2015 terminated deal with China Harbour and Engineering Company and has a fully electrified line, just like the European and American lines. The Ugandan government will commit to its piece of the project while the development could have an impact on China’s decision to fund Kenya’s Naivasha-Malaba section. He believes this development might bring comfort to Chinese financiers as SGR viability is bound to cross-border cargo flow. Even when Kenya’s President William Ruto had discussed railway expansion with Chinese President Xi Jinping at September’s FOCAC meeting, analysts in terms of Aly-Khan Satchu are still not too sure if China will commit to extending financing given Kenya’s accumulated debt burden. The undertaking is a component of the more extensive East African Railway Master Plan, which is to connect Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, South Sudan, and the DRC. (Jevans Nyabiage, “Could Ugandan rail deal convince China to help get Kenyan project back on track?,” South China Morning Post, 23 October 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
Chinese-European scholars discuss emerging human rights in the digital age
On 22 October, 60 participants from China and eight other European countries, including scholars and officials deliberated on the protection of new human rights. It was its eighth meeting since 2015, focusing on social rights, economic inequality, digital rights, and environmental protection. The Vice President of China Society for Human Rights Studies Ma Huaide expressed his commitment that China is focused on its quest for online security and environmental protection while further demanding greater cooperation.  Schiller Institute’s Helga Zepp-LaRouche stated that commended China’s initiatives for addressing modern human rights challenges. The event co-hosted by the China Society for Human Rights Studies and Central South University Human Rights Center assisted in opening up dialogue between civilisations. The Director of the Central South University Human Rights Center Jiang Jianxiang, spoke of how such diverse conceptions of emerging rights reflect international cultural diversity as he emphasised the need for scholarly collaboration between China and Europe. (“Chinese, European scholars discuss human rights issues,” CGTN, 23 October 2024)

Volkswagen executive expelled from China following positive drug test
On 22 October, Volkswagen’s China Chief Marketing Officer, Jochen Sengpiehl has been prohibited from entering China. This is due to the traces of cannabis and cocaine found in his blood during his vacation in Thailand. The German Foreign Ministry admitted it was aware of the case, saying its Beijing embassy has “regular contact with the person concerned and his family, as well as with the local authorities.” Germany’s Bild tabloid stated that Sengpiehl was subjected to hours of interrogation and remained in detention for more than 10 days until VW and officials from the German embassy intervened to win his release on the condition he left China immediately. Sengpiehl is in his 50s and has been an executive here since August 2022. Before that, he oversaw marketing for VW’s entire 10-brand portfolio in Germany. On China’s strict anti-narcotics stance, this contrasts with Thailand’s recent, though temporary, decriminalisation of marijuana in 2022. Volkswagen has refused to further comment on the matter. (“German VW executive Jochen Sengpiehl expelled from China over positive drug test,” South China Morning Post, 23 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
Shein partners with Mexican fintech Stori to launch first global branded credit card
On 22 October, fast-fashion giant Shein, estimated at USD 66 billion stated that it chose Mexico as the launchpad for its first ever-branded credit card in a tie-up with fintech company Stori. The tie-up has a double target to expand credit access in Mexico and raise Shein’s visibility in Latin America’s second-largest economy. Users of the Mastercard will earn points on purchases, with double points on Shein’s website. Mexican Online Sales Association stated that the push comes as Mexico’s e-commerce market leads global growth with clothing accounts for more than 40 per cent of online purchases in Mexico. Stori has added 3 million clients in Mexico over four years and is known for its high-yield savings accounts and credit cards accessible to all. The card is only one part of Shein’s larger plan for further regional expansion and a new Mexican manufacturing facility. (Kylie Madry, “Clothing retailer Shein launches credit card with Mexican fintech Stori,” Reuters, 23 October 2024)

China Reader Daily Wire | 22 October 2024, Tuesday | Vol.1 No. 194
OUTERSPACE
China successfully launches new satellite Tianping- 3, reports Xinhua
On 22 October, Xinhua reported that China had successfully launched a new satellite named Tianping- 3 into space. The satellite was launched from the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Centre in Shaanxi Province through a Long March-6 carrier rocket. The satellite successfully entered its preset orbit. It is expected to provide services like orbital prediction model corrections and atmospheric space environment surveys. (“China launches Tianping-3 satellite,” Xinhua, 22 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China lodges protest against Myanmar over China’s consulate attack, reports SCMP
On 21 October, SCMP reported that the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China had expressed its shock over an attack on the Chinese consulate in the city of Mandalay in Myanmar. A spokesperson for the Chinese foreign ministry, Lin Jian informed the foreign ministry and the Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in Myanmar had initiated the emergency response over the attack. Lin also informed China had lodged a solemn protest with Myanmar over the attack. The spokesperson urged Myanmar to enhance the security provided for Chinese institutions, projects, and personnel in Myanmar, and prevent such incidents from occurring again. Lin also urged authorities in Myanmar to carry out a thorough investigation of the attack and spare no efforts in bringing the perpetrators to justice. After the attack, the Consulate-General of the People’s Republic of China in Mandalay issued a security warning, urging all Chinese nationals, companies, and organizations to pay attention to local situations and improve security measures. ( Phoebe Zhang, “China lodges ‘solemn protest’ and demands justice from Myanmar over consulate attack,” South China Morning Post, 21 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
CPC delegation holds meeting with Nepali political party representatives, reports People’s Daily Online
On 22 October, People’s Daily Online reported that a delegation from the Communist Party of China (CPC) had concluded its visit to Nepal. A member of the CPC Central Committee, Chen Gang led the delegation that met the Prime Minister of Nepal, KP Sharma Oli; and held talks with the leaders of different political parties in Nepal. The CPC delegation also attended a briefing on the spirit of the third plenary session of the 20^th CPC Central Committee, which focused on sharing the opportunities presented through Chinese-style modernization and improving trans-Himalaya cooperation. The Nepali representatives expressed their commitment towards the one-China policy, and strengthening interparty exchanges with China. The representatives also stated they were committed to the further development of China-Nepal relations, and cooperation in various fields. (Zhang Kaiwei and Liang Jun, “CPC delegation visits Nepal on ties,” People’s Daily Online, 22 October 2024)

INTERNAL
Rise of second-hand and grey markets for luxury goods in China, reports Reuters
On 21 October, Reuters reported that the second-hand and grey markets for luxury goods in China were witnessing significant growth. The boom in the grey market came amidst an increase in prices charged by luxury brands in China. The price hike resulted in a decline in sales by luxury brands in China; with luxury group LVMH reporting a fall of 3 per cent in quarterly sales. Due to a weak economy, consumers were looking for cheaper ways to buy goods with the grey markets benefitting as a result. The Chief Executive Officer of luxury intelligence consultancy Re-Hub which tracked grey market luxury purchases in China, Max Piero stated price sensitive consumers would prefer the grey market, as long as a price gap existed between China and other countries. According to the founder of the second-hand luxury goods marketplace ZZER, Zhu Tainiqi, the increase in the number of sellers in the second-hand luxury goods market has contributed to a drop in the average purchase prices and average order values. The grey market is estimated to be worth USD 57 billion a year, helped by platforms like DeWu where luxury products are sold at discounts ranging from 20 per cent to over 50 per cent prices at Chinese flagship stores. However, top executives from luxury brands stated they did not plan to launch more affordable products, despite the decline in sales. ( Casey Hall, “China’s booming grey markets add woes to luxury brands,” Reuters, 21 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
India and China agree on border de-escalation agreement near LAC, reports BBC News
On 21 October, BBC News reported that the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of India had agreed upon patrolling agreements to de-escalate tensions on the India-China border. The Foreign Secretary of India, Vikram Misri informed about the agreement which would lead to disengagement and resolution of issues in the areas in the Line of Actual Control (LAC) which had arisen in 2020 after the Galwan clashes. However, Misri did not provide any details about the disengagement process, and whether it would cover all the points of conflict on the border. The new agreement is a breakthrough in talks between China and India over reducing tensions on the border, which have existed since the Galwan clashes four years ago. The clashes in Galwan, Sikkim, and Tawang after that have negatively impacted bilateral and business relations between China and India. (Vikas Pandey, “India and China agree to de-escalate border tensions,” BBC News, 21 October 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
Mercedes-Benz CEO reiterates opposition to prospective EU tariffs on Chinese EVs, reports Global Times
On 22 October, Global Times reported that the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of German car manufacturer Mercedes-Benz, Ola Kaellenius had requested the implementation of tariffs by the European Union (EU) upon Electric Vehicle (EV) imports from China be delayed. Kaellenius stated the proposed tariffs went against the spirit of free trade, and would fail to enhance the global competitiveness required by the EU for long-term economic growth.  Kaellenius also urged the EU to look for a balanced solution that would provide benefits for itself as well as for China. He also urged the EU to extend discussions to avoid an escalation in the dispute. The views of Kaellenius are in line with concerns by the German automotive industry at large and the Federal Government of Germany towards prospective tariffs. Germany fears the tariffs could lead to a trade war, which would threaten the economic interests of the EU. (“Mercedes-Benz CEO urges EU to delay tariffs on Chinese EVs,” Global Times, 22 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
US court awards USD 1.6 billion to Bahamas company in dispute with China Construction America, reports SCMP
On 22 October, SCMP reported that a court in New York had awarded a property management company from the Bahamas, BML Properties Ltd with USD 1.6 billion in a legal dispute over a tourism project in the Bahamas named Baha Mar. The dispute was against China Construction America (CCA), a subsidiary of the Chinese government-owned China State Construction Engineering Corporation Ltd. The project was placed in bankruptcy and sold to Hong Kong conglomerate, Chow Tai Fook Enterprises, the current owner. A key point debated in the trial was whether the huge losses of USD 1.5 billion faced by BML were a result of construction delays or its excessive debt. The New York court ruled that BML suffered damages amounting to its entire investment of USD 845 million; due to delays in construction as well as at least four instances of fraud committed by company representatives. The court also ruled that board members from CCA failed to take their responsibilities seriously, and delayed on purpose the Baha Mar project. Another key finding by the court was that the amount of USD 54 million requested from BML by CCA was used to buy the competing British Colonial Hilton hotel in the Bahamas. (Mark Magnier, “US court awards Bahamas firm US$ 1.6 billion in case against China Construction America,” South China Morning Post, 22 October 2024)

US adds six more Chinese companies to export blacklist for supporting Iran, reports SCMP
On 22 October, SCMP reported that the US Government had added six Chinese companies to an export blacklist, over support for the development of weapons of mass destruction(WMD) by Iran and the modernization of the Chinese military. The US Assistant Secretary of Commerce for Export Administration, Thea D. Rozman Kendler stated the US would cut off firms that acted against US national security and evaded their controls. The US Department of Commerce added the companies to the trade-restriction register known as the Entity List, for posing a threat to US national security and foreign policy. This prevents the companies from receiving US technology and goods without a special license. One of the Chinese firms added by the Commerce Department was Beijing Moreget Creative Technology which acquired US-origin items related to aviation-simulation technology in support of the military modernization of China. Another firm added was Small Leopard Electronics alongside the closely connected company Shenzhen Dragonfly Supply Chain, which reportedly engaged in evasive conduct while providing information to the Commerce Department during end-use checks. Additionally, three other Chinese firms were added for procuring or attempting to procure US-origin items for the WMD and drone-development programmes of Iran. ( Bochen Han, “US adds 6 more Chinese companies to export blacklist for boosting Iran, PLA,” South China Morning Post, 22 October 2024)

US tries to manipulate global market despite free trade rhetoric, states op-ed in People’s Daily Online
On 22 October, an op-ed published in People’s Daily Online stated the opinion that the US Government was trying to maintain a hegemony for itself in the global trade market. The op-ed provided the example of how Dutch semiconductor firm ASML witnessed a decline of about half in its third-quarter orders and stock prices. According to the op-ed, attempts by the US to impose export restrictions limiting the sale of advanced chip-making equipment to China had negatively impacted firms like ASML, where China accounted for nearly half of its global sales. The op-ed argued that the US used the façade of national security to weaponize trade policies against countries like China, with the ulterior motive of preserving its dominance of the trade market by constraining its foreign competitors. According to the op-ed, the US had used non-market measures against perceived rivals such as Japanese tech companies like Toshiba and French power and transportation conglomerate Alstom for long. The op-ed also stated the US worldview of trade freedom was dependent upon its own narrow interests rather than genuine market openness. According to the op-ed, the selective use of free-market principles by the US disrupted global supply chains, damaged trust and cooperation between economic partners, and stifled innovation, impacting multinationals like ASML which needed a stable environment to operate in. The op-ed concluded that economic coercion would not lead to long-term economic progress for anyone, and only genuine openness without a single country dominating would lead to a prosperous future. (Zhang Kaiwei and Liang Jun, “Commentary: Free trade or not? Washington calls the shots,” People’s Daily Online, 22 October 2024)

China Reader Daily Wire | 21 October 2024, Monday | Vol.1 No. 193
INTERNAL
Xi Jinping champions innovation and openness in China’s economic zones and calls for “innovation-driven breakthroughs”
On 20 October, President Xi Jinping emphasised state-level economic and technological development zones as a strategically crucial part of propelling the nation forward. While it is the four decades of China’s zones, President Xi called for ‘innovation-driven breakthroughs’, as he underlined their great contributions to China's economic systems and regional development. He pressed for fresh 'innovation-driven' advances as if the zones must be ahead drivers of high-quality growth and deeper reforms. Xi said the nation should participate in all aspects of Belt and Road initiatives and further expand international cooperation, as well as “Invest in China” into a famous brand. The president proposed the need to strengthen advanced manufacturing, promote green industries, and develop new productive forces that fit local conditions. Vice Premier He Lifeng at a memorial forum in Tianjin stated the core message passed down from Xi in a speech. (“Xi Jinping stresses promoting high-standard opening up for reform, development,”  CGTN, 20 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China and Indonesia reaffirm strategic partnership during Vice President Han’s visit
On 19 October, Chinese Vice President Han Zheng’s visit marked an important turning point in bilateral relations. While hosting the inauguration of the newly elected president-elect Prabowo Subianto, Han emphasised China’s willingness to deepen strategic coordination and ensure high-quality Belt and Road cooperation. The project of the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway was cited as an example of friendship and cooperation. Indonesian President Joko Widodo stated Indonesia's willingness to ensure the railway's efficient operation and further develop ties with China. Both sides recognised strong growth in their comprehensive strategic partnership over recent years. Han’s visit underlines the importance attached by China to its relationship with Indonesia, expecting the new government in Jakarta to continue consolidating those bonds. (“China, Indonesia vow to deepen ties, boost high-speed rail project,” CGTN, 20 October 2024)

CHINA & RUSSIA
Putin emphasises on China-Russia ties ahead of BRICS Summit
On 18 October, Russia’s President Vladimir Putin highlighted the strength of Russia-China ties during a recent press conference with representatives of BRICS media. The relations between China and Russia are built on “mutual respect” and “equality”. He mentioned the rapid growth in trade between the two countries and further outlined plans for an increase in cooperation in the energy sector, agriculture, and technology. Putin touched on recent expansion within BRICS, welcoming special features of all the new members from Egypt, Ethiopia, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE. He stated the importance of this diversity saying: “When new players... join any international organisation, they make their contributions.” Putin cautioned on US attempts to contain China stating that China-Russia ties are built on mutual respect. The debate framed against the backdrop of the BRICS summit is opening in Kazan this weekend. This stresses Russia’s intention to bolster inter-block relationships and ties with China. (“China-Russia ties built on mutual respect, says Putin in response to CGTN's question,” CGTN, 19 October 2024)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
China develops new imaging method that enhances precision for breast cancer surgery, says an editorial in SCMP
On 21 October, an editorial in the South China Morning Post reported that Chinese scientists have developed an innovative imaging technique that may revolutionize the concept of breast-conserving surgery in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer patients. This new approach targets the frequently overexpressed Trop2 biomarker for improved detection of the cancer margins pre- and intra-operatively. The technique that allows real-time visualisation of the tumour during surgery combines sacituzumab govitecan with zirconium-89 for PET imaging and indocyanine green for near-infrared fluorescence. In human tissue samples, the technique had an 86.96 per cent sensitivity when identifying the existence and nonexistence of malignant tumours in tissue within 15 minutes of analysis. Researchers said: “Compared with currently available tumor margin detection methods, this technology offers several advantages, including high-resolution wide-field imaging of whole-tissue specimens within a clinically relevant time frame.” There is however still further research needed. This approach may one day become the successor of intraoperative frozen sections, allowing for more precise management of breast cancer with lesser need for subsequent surgeries to examine margins. (Victoria Bela, “Chinese scientists say new imaging will protect healthy tissue in breast cancer surgery,” South China Morning Post, 21 October 2024)

ECONOMY
China’s economic growth at 4.6 per cent the slowest amid property decline and stimulus efforts
On 19 October, China’s economy grew 4.6 per cent in the third quarter, marking its slowest expansion since early last year and falling short of the government’s 5 per cent target. Slowing performance reflects severe challenges for the world’s second-largest economy-challenges including a deepening property crisis and eroding consumer confidence. The former head of the IMF’s China division, Eswar Prasad, stated that hitting the annual growth target now “appears in serious jeopardy”. New home prices declined at a pace last seen nearly a decade ago. Beijing has taken various measures to stimulate the economy with cuts in interest rates and increased funding programs. Moody’s Analytics’ Harry Murphy Cruise, feels that there is hope for attaining the 5 per cent target, other analysts point to more critical reforms. While China is facing these headwinds in its economic situation, with the former fully coming into effect within the next few months, the stimulus efforts will go a long way in determining the economic outlook of China. (João da Silva, “China's economic slowdown deepens,” BBC, 19 October 2024)

China’s central bank launches USD 42 billion share purchase lending scheme, reports Reuters
On 21 October, Reuters reported that the People’s Bank of China launched a re-lending scheme worth 300 billion yuan (USD 42.24 billion) so that listed companies and their major shareholders can raise shares at easy interest for share buyback or increase their stake. Already more than 20 Chinese listed firms have announced their plans to take the scheme. Analyst Wang Mengying stated that the program may be of great interest to companies with higher dividend ratios or net profit margins given its low 2.25 per cent interest rate cap. Among the participants are Sinopec, which secured share buybacks and purchases to the tune of 1.6 billion yuan, and COSCO Shipping Holdings, securing funds for 2 billion yuan in share buybacks. It may pump new money into the stock market and revive a rally that is slowing down. As more companies are expected to join, the program's impact on market dynamics will be closely watched by investors and analysts alike. (“China's listed companies rush to tap central bank funding for share purchases,” Reuters, 21 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
China protests over the opening of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre office in Mumbai
On 17 October, China strongly protested over the opening of the Taipei Economic and Cultural Centre office in Mumbai and lodged a diplomatic protest with New Delhi. Foreign Ministry spokesperson Mao Ning emphasised China’s position in a statement saying: “There was but one China in the world and Taiwan is an inalienable part of China’s territory.” The Chinese government sees this development as a breach of the one-China principle, which it considers the basis of China-India relations. The government objected to India and Taiwan holding their first naval exercise. Mao called upon India to “strictly abide by the commitments it has made” and not engage with Taiwan at the official level. This instance throws up the vulnerability of India in navigating its relationships with China and Taiwan. The latest office at Mumbai makes three offices that TECC has in India, and this might further complicate diplomatic ties between the two Asian giants. (“China protests to India over the opening of Taiwan's office in Mumbai,” Business Standard, 18 October 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
Europe’s auto industry faces China’s EV challenge, says an opinion in The Guardian
On 20 October, an opinion in The Guardian stated that Europe’s car industry, once the epitome of industrial muscle, now finds itself pushing back against China’s electric vehicle makers' fast rise. Broad industry opposition has erupted in the EU over the bloc’s decision to propose tariffs on Chinese electric vehicles. The CEO of Stellantis Carlos Tavares stated that plant closures in the Western region are going to accelerate as Chinese companies try to find new production bases in low-cost Eastern Europe. Ambitions by the Chinese to penetrate Europe were evident at the Paris Motor Show. BYD also announced its intentions to manufacture locally. Germany’s opposition to the tariffs showcases growing rifts within the EU. Some European brands are even cosying up to the Chinese rivals including PSA Group’s agreement with manufacturer Hainan Province Yidong Auto. This is causing growing anxiety about competition for them at home. Stax consultancy’s Phil Dunne said: “The Europeans have massive alarm bells ringing. They have recognised they need to do something pretty radical and they only have a couple of years to do it.” (Lisa O'Carroll, “Is China cannibalising the EU car industry?,” The Guardian, 20 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
US Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs presses Chinese counterpart over human rights concerns and collusion with Russia, reports the Guardian
On 19 October, The Guardian reported that US Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs David Lammy urged his Chinese counterpart over human rights concerns and China’s support for Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The Foreign Office stated the encounter raised several foreign policy and security matters including Chinese companies supplying equipment to the Russian military and the Middle East. Additionally, the statement discussed issues including the ill-treatment of Uyghurs in Xinjiang and the detention of British national Jimmy Lai in Hong Kong. However, the statement made no direct reference to Taiwan, while China held large-scale military exercises around the island. Furthermore, Lammy said: “The UK government would bring consistency to relations with China, adding there had not been sufficient contact between London and Beijing under his predecessors, particularly on human rights issues. It’s only in dialogue that we can bring about better understanding and change. I believe what you need is more diplomacy, not less. That’s why it’s so important to be here as a UK foreign secretary and to keep coming back and, of course, I was able to have a dialogue with the Chinese on areas where we disagree, areas like Hong Kong, areas like Taiwan, areas like human rights in Xinjiang, we were able to have those conversations and raise difficult, challenging issues, it was important to speak candidly about both areas of contention as well as areas for cooperation in the UK’s national interest.” (“David Lammy raises human rights and Ukraine in Beijing talks,” The Guardian, 21 October 2024)

USS Higgins and Canadian frigate the HMCS Vancouver transit the Taiwan Straits, reports Global Times
On 21 October, Global Times reported that a US destroyer the USS Higgins, and a Canadian frigate the HMCS Vancouver transited the Taiwan Straits on 20 October. Senior Captain Li Xi, said: “It’s a move that stirred up troubles and sabotaged peace and stability in the Taiwan Straits.” Additionally, The Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) monitored the US and Canadian warships throughout the transit on high alert with the situation following the law-and-order regulations. Li stated that the move by the US and Canada would stir up troubles and sabotage peace in the Taiwan Straits. Furthermore, Li said: “The troops of the theatre maintain a high level of vigilance at all times and are determined to defend national sovereignty and security as well as peace and stability in the region.” (“PLA Eastern Theater Command tracks, monitors US, Canadian warships through Taiwan Straits,” Global Times, 21 October 2024)

Chinese investments in Latin America provide more opportunities for the US, says an opinion in Global Times
On 21 October, an opinion in Global Times titled “GT Voice: China-Peru cooperation creates more opportunities for the region,” looked into how Chinese infrastructure investments in Latin America like Chancay Port raise concerns in the US over the regional influence race, while cooperation between China and regional countries offers more opportunities to the US rather than rivalry. An executive from COSCO Shipping said: “The port will initially serve a direct route to Shanghai and operate two container ships a week beginning late next month after its official inauguration.” Chinese collaborative projects with Peru are not intended to counter any other nation but would foster mutual benefits like the trade between China and Peru and larger parts of the South American region have proven potential growth. The construction of Chancay Port demonstrates the cooperation between the two sides and provides an expectation for 000many more collaborative projects. However, the Chancay Port will reduce the time taken to ship products from Latin America to Asia, while the new port would provide a more cost-effective route for trade. Additionally, Peru encourages infrastructure investment by several countries, including the US, while once Peru's Foreign Minister Javier González-Olaechea said: “The US is concerned about China's growing presence in Peru, then it should step up its investments.” Through investments coupled with advanced technology and financial support, China plays an essential role in supporting Latin American countries to boost their infrastructure and upgrade their industrial competitiveness. Furthermore, it is expected the US will stop identifying China's global development through aggression and rather will adopt a more constructive approach that would actively engage in global and regional development initiatives. (“GT Voice: China-Peru cooperation creates more opportunities for the region,” Global Times, 21 October 2024)

China Reader Daily Wire | 16 October 2024, Wednesday| Vol.1 No. 192
INTERNAL
Think Tank report highlights new opportunities for the Belt and Road Initiative, says the report authored by the Xinhua Institute
On 15 October, Xinhua reported the potential for enhanced cooperation among Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) partners. An eighty-one-page document titled “Eight Major Steps Heralds Promising New Decade of Belt and Road Cooperation” argues that changes were introduced by China for these eight major steps announced in October last year. It points out that connectivity projects, green development, and digital initiatives have made marked improvements since then. It foresees that the BRI’s second decade will usher in “higher levels of cooperation, greater investment returns, improved supply quality and enhanced development resilience.” It will become “a cornerstone in the construction of an open world economy, a driving force for collective development and an accelerator of global modernisation." To achieve these goals, it advocates green and digital growth, moves into emerging fields, and fosters innovation. It also puts out an alert against “systemic negative propaganda” from certain countries to cast the BRI as a “debt trap” or “neocolonialism” urging the partners to be cautious about such stories. (“China Focus: Think tank report urges closer partnership for new fruits of Belt and Road cooperation,” Xinhua, 15 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
Xi Jinping calls for cooperative US-China relations despite tensions
On 16 October, Chinese President Xi Jinping reached out to the United States with an olive branch, stressing that the two can have a win-win partnership. In a letter addressed to the National Committee on US-China Relations, Xi indicated that China was ready to be “a partner and friend” with the US. In his words, such a friendship would benefit both parties and the world at large. He reminded the global community of the importance of US-China relations and declared that those ties are very important to humanity. He called for a relationship based on “mutual respect, peaceful coexistence and win-win cooperation” even though there have been persistent frictions on national security, trade friction, and geopolitical issues such as Taiwan and the South China Sea. He portrayed China’s success as an opportunity for the US, rather than a threat, suggesting that both countries could enable each other’s development instead of hindering it. (“Xi says China willing to be a partner, friend with the US,” Reuters, 16 October 2024)

CHINA & CENTRAL ASIA
China and Kyrgyzstan strengthen ties and emphasise mutual development
On 15 October, Chinese Premier Li Qiang met with Kyrgyz Prime Minister Akylbek Zhaparov in the framework of the 23rd SCO Council to discuss deepening bilateral cooperation. In his statement, Li stressed how China is to work with Kyrgyzstan as “reliable and dependable partnerS in development and revitalization.” The leaders will try to follow the strategic goals by Presidents Xi Jinping and Sadyr Japarov set in July on connectivity, infrastructure, and trade. In his speech, Li pointed out possible spheres for cooperation in new energy, e-commerce, and artificial intelligence. Zhaparov expressed gratitude to China for its support for the development of Kyrgyzstan and said their country needed cooperation with China and cited a number of projects, including furthering the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway project and collaborating in all spheres of activity. The parties reaffirmed their commitment to the Belt and Road initiative and the “Shanghai Spirit” within the SCO framework. Kyrgyzstan expressed active support for China’s global initiatives, including the vision for a shared future for mankind. (“China ready to work with Kyrgyzstan to consolidate mutual support -- Premier Li,” Xinhua, 15 October 2024)

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
China’s nuclear journey from “Paper Tiger” to strategic deterrent, says an opinion in SCMP
On 16 October, an opinion in the South China Morning Post stated that the nuclear weapons program born of geopolitical tensions under China reached a turning point when it detonated its first atomic bomb on 16 October 1964. Codenamed “Miss Qiu”, this test in the Lop Nur desert in Xinjiang was executed during a time of economic hardship and strains in Sino-Soviet relations. Mao Zedong, who had once viewed nuclear arms as a “paper tiger,” eventually concurred that the country needed them, declaring: “Not only do we need more aircraft and artillery, but also the atomic bomb.” Even with internal debates and famine, the program remained on track, with Foreign Minister Chen Yi declaring: “We must get the atomic bomb even if we have to sell our pants.” China expanded its nuclear arsenal rapidly, including missile delivery systems, and tested a hydrogen bomb by 1967. Significantly, Beijing immediately declared a “no first use” policy on obtaining nuclear weapons. The combination of this position and the PRC’s pledge to maintain its nuclear forces “at the lowest level necessary for its national security” has guided its nuclear strategy since the early 1960s as it responded to managing complex deterrence and restraint within global geography. (Liu Zhen, “How China used a ‘paper tiger’ to emerge as a nuclear weapon superpower,” South China Morning Post, 16 October 2024)

CHINA & TAIWAN
China sanctions Taiwan individuals
On 14 October, China announced sanctions against Taiwanese businessman Robert Tsao and lawmaker Puma Shen for involvement with the “Black Bear Academy”  as a threat to cross-strait relations. The announcement of the sanctions comes when Beijing continues with the new wave of Chinese military drills around Taiwan, which it claims as its territory. Tsao, who funded millions of dollars on civilian defence programs and Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) legislator Shen, who has been serving at the academy’s training, are restricted from visiting China, Hong Kong, and Macau. Their allied businesses are also not allowed to engage in any business activities in China. The DPP labelled these moves as “intimidation,” but Shen dubbed them “provocation”.  Kuma Academy, or Black Bear Academy, is explained as an attempt to help Taiwan find self-governance. Tsao criticised China’s Communist Party and suggested that if the military move against Taiwan is initiated, it will be an apocalyptic end for Beijing. (“China sanctions Taiwan businessman Tsao, lawmaker for 'separatist' acts,” Business Standard, 15 October 2024)

China reaffirms stance on Taiwan amid escalating tensions
On 15 October, US News reported that China reiterated its unwillingness to renounce the use of force regarding Taiwan, following recent military drills and a visit by President Xi Jinping to a historically significant location. The spokesperson for China's Taiwan Affairs Office Chen Binhua said: “We are willing to strive for the prospect of peaceful reunification with the utmost sincerity and endeavour. But we will never commit ourselves to renouncing the use of force.” This stance, according to Chen, targets “external forces” and Taiwan separatists rather than the majority of Taiwan's population. Taiwan’s government, however, has remained adamant in rejecting China’s sovereignty claims. Taiwan National Security Bureau Director-General Tsai Ming-yen said that Beijing’s military activities have had the opposite effect-they have rallied international support for Taipei. Despite these tensions, Taiwan President Lai Ching-te offered yesterday to cooperate with Beijing on several global issues, including climate change. Beijing continues to maintain military deployments around Taiwan, with 22 aircraft and five navy ships reportedly detected recently, though tension has also escalated both sides to be on high alert. (“China Won't Renounce Use of Force Over Taiwan; Xi Visits Frontline Island,” US  News, 15 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
China's Premier’s Pakistan visit highlights economic ties amid security concerns
On 14 October, the complex relationship between China and Pakistan, where economic cooperation is weighed against security risks, indicates why Chinese Premier Li Qiang went to Pakistan. He officially opened a Chinese-funded airport in Gwadar, Balochistan, as part of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, which is worth USD 75 billion. The highway project, connecting the deep-sea port of Gwadar with China over 3,200 kilometres, has been opposed by separatists from the region. During a visit amid recent violence, including the killing of two Chinese workers in Karachi, Li and Pakistani Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif put forth continued collaboration, with Sharif saying: “This gift from our brother from China is yet another feather in the cap of the CPEC.” At the same time, Li will head to Islamabad for a meeting with the Shanghai Cooperation Organization. Representatives from different member countries will attend the meeting, including Russia and India. Recent attacks in Pakistan have increased security measures, such as police stations being attacked in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. (“China’s premier inaugurates a Beijing-funded airport at the start of a Pakistan trip,” AP News, 15 October 2024)

CHINA & THE PACIFIC
Zeekr targets the Australian market as Chinese EV makers seek new opportunities
On 16 October, Chinese electric vehicle maker Zeekr set its sights on Australia, launching its first model while planning another for 2024. The Geely-owned premium brand is targeting Oceania as the third key overseas market after Southeast Asia and Latin America. Zeekr Australia’s Managing Director, Connal Yan, reported strong initial interest, with over 2,500 expressions registered for their SUV X and MPV 009 models. Australia's appeal to Chinese automakers lies in its lack of a domestic car industry and unlikely protectionist measures, coupled with government support for EV adoption in 2022. This move comes as Chinese EV makers are running into trade barriers in Europe and the US. Australia’s small yet tantalising market selling 1.2 million cars last year makes it a good alternative. Zeekr is optimistic about future growth as its Australian customers will appreciate a new set of vehicle efficiency standards slated to begin in 2025. (“China's Zeekr launches EV in Australia, eyes New Zealand next,” Reuters, 16 October 2024)

CHINA & RUSSIA
Russia and China strengthen “no limits” military partnership amid global tensions
On 15 October, Russia and China held major talks on defence recently, further refining their “no limits” partnership. The Russian Defense Minister Andrei Belousov described a “very substantive” discussion with Zhang Youxia, vice chairman of China’s central military commission. According to Belousov, the two nations share a common understanding of global processes and necessary actions. This meeting comes as China conducted war games near Taiwan, which it said was a warning against “separatist acts”. A strengthening alliance between Russia and China, formalised in February 2022 just before Russia invaded Ukraine, has sparked an uproar in the West. Both countries pledged to deepen their “strategic partnership” and criticised US influence in Asia. While the US accuses China of helping out Russia’s war machinery by supplying dual-use goods, China maintains it has not supplied arms to any party to the conflict. (“Russia holds 'substantive' talks with China to bolster defence ties,” Business Standard, 15 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China’s motor car manufacturer plans to open factory in Brazil, reports SCMP
On 16 October, SCMP reported that the largest manufacturer of SUVs and pickup trucks in China, Great Wall Motors (GWM) planned to start manufacturing operations in Brazil in May. The information was conveyed via a report in the Brazilian newspaper Valor Economico. GWM had functioned as an importer in Brazil primarily and plans to start manufacturing operations now. The manufacturer has started a recruitment drive for 100 positions as preparation for its local operations and also plans to create an additional 700 jobs through collaboration with a local technical school. GWM also stated its focus in Brazil would be on producing the hybrid sports SUV Haval H6. The SUV has benefitted from a tax incentive programme in Brazil, which offers tax breaks based on factors like domestic sourcing, research and development investment, and emissions reduction. GWM also plans to use its factory in Brazil as an export hub for other countries in South America. (Igor Patrick,  “China’s Great Wall Motors to open factory in Brazil in May,” South China Morning Post, 16 October 2024)

Microsoft report alleges cybercrime network used by China and Russia to target West, reports AP News
On 15 October, AP News reported that tech conglomerate Microsoft had stated in its report on digital threats that China, Russia and Iran were relying upon criminal networks for cyberespionage and hacking operations. Microsoft analysts provided an example of how a criminal hacking group connected with Iran infiltrated an Israeli dating site and attempted to sell or ransom personal information; with the objectives of financial benefits and embarrassing Israel. Another hacking attempt found by Microsoft was an infiltration by a Russian criminal network into over 50 electronic devices used by the Armed Forces of Ukraine, to find information beneficial for Russia. The alliance between cybercriminals and countries like China, Russia and Iran has mutual benefits for both sides. For the governments, it allows them to improve the volume and effectiveness of cyber activities without added costs, while the criminal networks have new methods of gaining profits, alongside government protection. The Vice-President of Customer Security and Trust at Microsoft, Tom Burt stated there was no evidence so far that China, Iran and Russia were working with the same criminal networks, or sharing resources. However, Burt also stated the growing usage of private cyber “mercenaries” showed the lengths to which US adversaries would weaponise the internet. A spokesperson for the Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the US, Liu Pengyu stated the US was spreading disinformation about China partnering with cybercriminals. Liu also informed China was opposed to cyber attacks and cyber theft in all forms. (David Klepper, “Cyber criminals are increasingly helping Russia and China target the US and allies, Microsoft says,” AP News, 15 October 2024)

US welcomes giant pandas from China after 24 years, reports CNN
On 15 October, CNN reported that the US had welcomed pandas from China for the first time in 24 years. Two giant pandas called Bao Li and Qing Bao landed at the Dulles International Airport in Washington D.C., in a cargo plane known as “Panda Express.”  The pandas are supposed to remain on loan for 10 years at the National Zoo partnered with the Smithsonian Institution. However, they will be quarantined for 30 days and will not be open for viewing by the general public until 24 January 2025. The US Government will pay the Government of the People’s Republic of China USD 1 million annually to support conservation efforts in China. The panda diplomacy between China and the US has a rich history, having begun after the visit of the President of the US, Richard Nixon to China in 1972. (Nectar Gan, “One’s got a big appetite, the other’s a bit of an introvert. China’s new panda diplomats touch down in DC,” CNN, 15 October 2024)

China Reader Daily Wire | 15 October 2024, Tuesday  | Vol.1 No. 191
ECONOMY
Goldman Sachs revises China’s growth forecast after new stimulus measures, reports Business Insider
On 14 October, Business Insider reported that Goldman Sachs lifted its 2024 GDP growth forecast for China to 4.9 per cent from 4.7 per cent, getting close to Beijing's target of 5 per cent. The upgrade comes after the People’s Bank of China unveiled new stimulus measures, including more public spending and advanced pre-approval of projects next year. Analysts point to a “more backloaded fiscal impulse” and expect a larger growth rebound in Q4. Long-term challenges like demographics, debt deleveraging and global supply chain shifts continue to dent the country’s long-term outlook. Analysts said: “While we have upgraded our cyclical view… our structural view on China’s growth has not changed.” As positive as the upgrade is, it does not alleviate the qualms over the struggling property sector and anaemic domestic demand. The stimulus aims to address these issues, but Goldman Sachs cautions that structural headwinds are unlikely to be reversed by these policy measures. (Kelly Cloonan, “Goldman Sachs raises China growth outlook on optimism over Beijing's fresh push to revive the struggling economy,” Business Insider, 14 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
Xi and Widodo reaffirm China-Indonesia strategic partnership
On 15 October, in a recent telephone call between Chinese President Xi Jinping and Indonesian President Joko Widodo, the two leaders reiterated their commitment to their bilateral relationships. Xi expressed the desire of China to improve cooperation under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), especially in its key projects such as the Jakarta-Bandung High-Speed Railway. Leaders who met frequently over the past decade said their communications have fostered a “new pattern of comprehensive strategic coordination”. Anticipating the 70th anniversary of the Bandung Conference, Xi proposed joint efforts to promote the spirit of Bandung and support Global South countries. Widodo acknowledged China’s contribution to Indonesia’s economic growth and expressed confidence in the future of relations under his country’s incoming government. (“Xi Jinping says China willing to jointly promote high-quality Belt and Road cooperation with Indonesia,” CGTN, 14 October 2024)

CHINA & RUSSIA
Chinese exports to Russia growing at the fastest pace in the last nine months, reports Reuters
On 15 October, Reuters reported that exports from China to Russia had grown at the fastest pace in nine months. Data from the General Administration of Customs of the People’s Republic of China showed Chinese exports to Russia grew by 15.7 per cent in September, compared to a year earlier. This was also higher than the 10.1 per cent growth in Chinese exports in August. On the other hand, imports from Russia declined by 9.2 per cent in September, in comparison to the previous year. The increase was after the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation signed agreements in August to improve economic cooperation. (“China’s exports to Russia grow in September at the fastest pace in nine months,” Reuters, 15 October 2024)

ECONOMY
Plans for major debt relief plan to boost local government finances
On 12 October, China’s finance ministry announced a significant debt relief plan, labelling the effort as “the strongest measures taken in recent years.” The new program will enhance the ceiling for local government debts while exchanging repressed debts with government bonds. Finance Minister Lan Fo'an revealed that the plan could exceed 2.2 trillion yuan, with an additional 1.2 trillion-yuan quota arranged this year. This may cut down risks and enhance the spendable capacity of local governments. An analyst at Yuekai Securities Luo Zhiheng stated that high-cost, short-term debts are being replaced with lower-interest, longer-term bonds. This is so crucial because local governments account for 86 per cent of public expenditures. Chinese Academy of Social Sciences’ He Daixin thinks that it will let local governments work more efficiently, possibly stimulating consumption and business environment. The plan is set to heighten the confidence of the market and produce new waves in economic development. (“What to know about China's "strongest debt relief measures in recent years",” Xinhua, 14 October 2024)

CHINA & EAST ASIA
Japan condemns Chinese military activity near Taiwan and Yonaguni
On 14 October, Barron reported that Japan voiced its apprehension to China regarding recent military exercises around Taiwan. According to Deputy Chief Cabinet Secretary, Kazuhiko Aoki, Japanese fighter jets were scrambled in response to the naval activity of China off Yonaguni island. While two Chinese ships, including the aircraft carrier Liaoning, had been spotted south of Yonaguni, it was visible that jets were taking off and landing on the aircraft carrier. Aoki said: “China in recent years has been further expanding and activating its military activities around Japan.” This incident marks a continuation of a trend of aggravating relations, following August’s confirmed airspace incursion and September’s unprecedented transit by the Liaoning between Japanese islands. Japan’s subsequent naval transit through the Taiwan Strait further strained relations. (“Japan Told China Of 'Concerns' Over Taiwan Drills, Scrambled Jets,” Barron’s, 14 October 2024)
 

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
Philippines accuses Chinese vessel of deliberate collision in South China Sea
On 11 October, the Philippines’ Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) reported a deliberate collision between a Chinese "maritime militia" boat and a Philippine patrol vessel near Thitu island in the South China Sea. The incident happened during a routine maritime patrol and damaged the right-hand side of the bow section of the Philippine ship. Videographic proofs show the Chinese boat, designated 00108, drawing nearer before ramming into BRP Datu Cabaylo. This is the latest tussle between China and the Philippines on territorial issues in the region. Besides charging Beijing for its reported maritime militia, Manila has also accused China of having a maritime militia that Beijing denies. It happened at a time when Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos Jr has been calling for expedited talks over the code of conduct for the South China Sea. China’s expansive claims in that region have been rebuffed by a 2016 Permanent Court of Arbitration ruling to which China continues to object. (“Philippines says 'Chinese maritime militia' boat sideswiped fisheries vessel,” Reuters, 15 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
Chinese Premier wants to turn CPEC into a demonstration project
On 15 October, CGTN reported that the Premier of China, Li Qiang had stated the Government of the People’s Republic of China was ready to work with the Government of Pakistan to build the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) into a demonstration project for cooperation in the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). Li made the remarks while marking the completion of the New Gwadar International Airport project in Pakistan, alongside the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Shehbaz Sharif. Li stated the new airport was a key facility for the Gwadar Port to become a regional connectivity hub and an important symbol of the deepening construction of the CPEC. The Chinese Premier also stated the CPEC had achieved fruitful results through the efforts of both China and Pakistan; and had played a positive role in promoting the socioeconomic development of Pakistan. Li informed the Chinese government was ready to work with Pakistan in building a closer community with a shared future, following the principles of joint contribution and shared benefits. Meanwhile, Sharif stated the airport was a demonstration of the China-Pakistan friendship, and the Pakistani government was ready to join hands with China in improving cooperation. (“China, Pakistan to turn CPEC into demonstration project: Chinese premier,” CGTN, 15 October 2024)

CHINA & AFRICA
Chinese pharmaceutical firms expand facilities in Africa, reports SCMP
On 14 October, SCMP reported that Chinese pharmaceutical firms were setting up factories and expanding facilities in African countries. This is a part of increased investments in the health sector under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) of the Government of the People’s Republic of China; in what is known as the “health Silk Road.” An example of expanded health facilities under the Health Silk Road is a manufacturing facility for antimalarial drugs and facilities constructed by the Chinese pharmaceutical firm Shanghai Fosun Pharmaceutical in the city of Abdajan in the Ivory Coast. The facility is expected to produce 5 billion tablets annually and provide nearly 1,000 job opportunities, once completed. Another example of manufacturing opportunities under the health silk road is the establishment of a cholera vaccine production factory in Zambia, with the Jijia International Medical Technology Corporation of China and the Industrial Development Corporation from Zambia collaborating on the same. A China-Africa specialist, Lauren Johnston stated the health silk road aimed to improve health outcomes for citizens across BRI countries; while simultaneously creating opportunities for the healthcare industry in China through the construction of clinics and hospitals and the provision of medical supplies and equipment. ( Jevans Nyabiage, “Chinese pharmaceutical firms expand to Africa under ‘health silk road’,” South China Morning Post, 14 October 2024)

CHINA & THE MIDDLE EAST
Lebanon to import more electronics from China after pager attacks, reports SCMP
On 14 October, SCMP reported that Lebanon was planning to import more telecom products from China and reduce its dependence upon the West. The President of the Lebanese Chinese Business Association, Ali Al Abdullah informed that Lebanon and other countries would “turn east for technology” and reduce purchases of tech products from the West due to safety concerns. Al Abdullah also stated the pager explosions were a lesson for Lebanon and the world; and that Western companies would suffer major losses. According to Al Abdullah, some Chinese companies had stayed in Lebanon despite safety concerns due to the war; and this provided encouragement they would continue supporting Lebanon. However, there has been no official confirmation from the Government of the People’s Republic of China that telecom product imports to Lebanon would be increased. ( Meredith Chen, “Lebanon turns to Chinese electronics after West ‘lost credibility’ since deadly attacks,” South China Morning Post, 14 October 2024)

Chinese foreign minister holds calls with Israeli and Iranian foreign ministers, reports Global Times
On 15 October, Global Times reported that the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China, Wang Yi had held phone calls with the foreign ministers of both Israel and Iran, expressing his concern over the tensions in the region. During a phone call with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Israel, Israel Katz, Wang demanded an immediate, complete, and permanent ceasefire in Gaza; alongside unimpeded access of humanitarian aid to the region and the release of all hostages. During the phone call with Katz, the Chinese foreign minister also expressed his opinion that a “two-state solution” was the right way to achieve stability, lasting security, and peaceful co-existence of Israel and Palestine. Wang also stated the Government of the People’s Republic of China was not interested in geopolitical contests in the Middle East and stood on the side of peace and international law. During his phone call with the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Iran, Seyyed Abbas Araghchi; Wang expressed the same sentiments, calling for dialogue to resolve tensions. Wang also stated China was pleased to see the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran carry out mediation diplomacy and improve understanding and relations with regional countries. (“Chinese top diplomat holds phone calls with FMs of Israel and Iran, calls for immediate, complete and permanent ceasefire in Gaza,” Global Times, 15 October 2024)

CHINA & THE PACIFIC
Products sold by Temu fail Australian safety standards, reports The Guardian
On 14 October, The Guardian reported that several toys sold by Chinese shopping platform Temu had failed safety standards in Australia. Australian consumer advocacy group Choice made the revelations after carrying out tests on the toys. Choice carried out tests on 15 battery-operated toys, including watches, a cartoon projector, a writing tablet, and an electronic pet game. The tests were carried out by Choice after it was observed that some of the Temu products appeared concerning. The Chief Executive of Choice, Ashley de Silva informed most of the toys contained unsafe battery components and failed at least one requirement of mandatory button-battery safety standards. According to de Silva, the results were a reminder of the risk of these toys causing serious injury or death to Australian children. Temu is not a signatory to the online product safety pledge in Australia, which has made it difficult to keep a check on its products. (Daisy Dumas, “Battery-operated items from Temu tested by Choice fail Australian safety standards,” The Guardian, 14 October 2024)

CHINA & RUSSIA
China and Russia’s defence ministers agree to improve cooperation, reports Global Times
On 14 October, Global Times reported that the Minister of National Defence of the People’s Republic of China, Dong Jun, and the Minister of Defence of the Russian Federation, Andrei Belousov had agreed to deepen cooperation following a meeting. The meeting was on the occasion of an official visit by Belousov to China. Dong stated that the friendship between China and Russia had strengthened despite tests. He also stated ties were at an all-time high under the leadership of the President of China, Xi Jinping, and the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin.  Dong also stated the Chinese and Russian militaries must follow the direction provided by Xi and Putin to improve strategic coordination and cooperation, and the joint interests of both countries. Meanwhile, Belousov informed the Government of the Russian Federation was ready to work with the Government of the People’s Republic of China to improve cooperation and push bilateral military relations to a new level. (“Chinese, Russian defense ministers meet in Beijing, call for deeper cooperation,” Global Times, 14 October 2024)

China Reader Daily Wire | 14 October 2024, Monday | Vol.1 No. 190
CHINA & EUROPE
Chinese carmaker GAC explores the manufacture of EVs in Europe to avoid tariffs, reports VOA
On 13 October VOA reported that Chinese carmaker GAC exploring the manufacture of EVs in Europe to avoid EU tariffs. GAC still regarded Europe as an important open market despite attempts by the European Commission to impose tariffs on EVs made in China. Wei Heigang said: “The tariffs issue has an impact on us. However, all this can be overcome in the long term ... I am positive there is going to be a way to get it all resolved. Local production would be one of the ways to resolve this. We are very actively exploring this possibility.” Furthermore, the compact SUV on display in Paris, called ‘Aion V’ will be launched in some European markets in mid-2025 and priced at a range of USD 43,748 approximately, however, the next GAC vehicle in Europe will be a small electric hatchback planned to be released in late 2025. (“Chinese carmaker GAC considers making EVs in Europe as tariffs loom,” VOA, 14 October 2024)

INTERNAL
China crackdowns on Communist Party officials reading banned books, reports The Guardian
On 12 October, The Guardian reported that the Government of the People’s Republic of China was detaining officials from the Communist Party of China (CPC) for reading banned books. A bookshop owner from Hong Kong, Lam Wing-kee informed officials from the CPC to purchase books informing about ongoing events in China, changes in the governance structures, the hierarchy of top party officials, and struggles between them. According to Lam, the officials often bought books to know about the internal events within their party. However, now officials face accusations of procuring or reading banned materials as a part of corruption cases against them. A former municipal-level official in Heilongjiang, Li Bin was accused of privately reading an illegal publication containing contents undermining the unity and solidarity of the CPC. Li was expelled from the CPC as a result. Former CPC officials Yang Lei and Cheng Zhiyi faced accusations of losing their ideals and beliefs, through reading prohibited books and magazines. The list of books that the Chinese government is critical of includes writings on Chinese politics and history, such as on the policies of Mao Zedong and the Tiananmen Square massacre; or critical of the policies of the Chinese government. Books like The Memoir of Hillary Clinton and The Origins of Totalitarianism by Hannah Arendt are also on the list of banned titles. The book bans also come amidst an increasing crackdown on internal discipline within the CPC by the President of China, Xi Jinping. A professor from Seton Hall University, Margaret Hall stated it remained to be seen if cases for reading illegal titles would move beyond internal proceedings in the CPC towards criminal charges. ( Helen Davidson and Chi-hui Lin, “China cracks down on Communist party officials for reading banned books,” The Guardian, 12 October 2024)

ECONOMY
China promises more fiscal stimulus for economy, says China’s Ministry of Finance
On 12 October, Reuters reported that the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China had promised more stimulus and debt issuance to revive the economy. The Minister of Finance of the People’s Republic of China, Lan Foan stated the Chinese government would support local governments in tackling their debt problems. He also promised other measures such as recapitalizing banks, supporting the property market, and offering subsidies for individuals with a low income. However, the size of government investments in the stimulus package has not been revealed. This is likely to increase the tensions of investors for a clearer roadmap towards reviving the Chinese economy. The Managing Director for investment strategy at OCBC in Singapore, Vasu Menon stated the Chinese government did not announce the large-scale fiscal stimulus expected by investors. Menon also stated that the press conference by Lan was strong on determination but lacking in numerical details. The People’s Bank of China announced the most aggressive monetary support measures since the COVID-19 pandemic last month, including interest rate cuts and a liquidity injection of about CNY 1 trillion. However, investors are of the view the Chinese government needs to engage in structural reforms to boost consumption and improve market sentiment. The International Monetary Fund calculated China had an overall public debt of about USD 16 trillion, or 116 per cent of its total Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Lan promised the Chinese government would launch structural reforms, step-by-step. (Kevin Yao and Joe Cash, “China flags more fiscal stimulus for the economy, leaves out key details on size,” Reuters, 12 October 2024)

China’s plan to improve economic growth flawed, states op-ed in The Guardian
On 13 October, an op-ed in The Guardian argued the present approach by the Government of the People’s Republic of China to revive its declining economy was flawed.  According to the op-ed, the Chinese government had launched a series of economic stimulus measures for the fourth time in the past 16 years. The op-ed stated these measures had failed due to the Chinese government being focused on only the short-term outlook. The op-ed argued the Chinese government needed to resolve the long-term structural issues that the Chinese economy was plagued by.  The op-ed stated that the current measures announced by the Chinese government were extensions or variants of pre-existing governmental policies that had not left a positive impact. The op-ed also gave its opinion that the governmental measures announced now were not enough to stabilize the employment and property markets or help in income growth. The op-ed stated the economic agenda followed by the President of China, Xi Jinping was a Leninist one of “high-quality development” which focused more on using state and party-led industrial policies to allocate capital for dominating modern science, technology, and innovation in the global system. However, the op-ed believed liberal and open economic reforms were required to address the macroeconomic imbalances and troubles that hampered plans of technological dominance by China. The op-ed argued a sustainable expansion of the income and consumer demand shares of the Chinese economy, an end to deflation risk, promotion of private enterprise, income redistribution, and tax reforms were among the steps the government needed to take to improve the economy. The op-ed concluded that the Chinese government needed to move away from the focus on merely Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth and undertake structural changes. ( George Magnus, “China’s plan to boost flagging growth is the very definition of economic insanity,” The Guardian, 13 October 2024)

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
Chinese ultra-deepwater gas field records accumulated natural gas output, reports CGTN
On 14 October, CGTN reported that the first ultra-deepwater gas field independently developed and built by China, Shenhai Yihao or Deep-Sea No 1 had recorded a high level of accumulated natural gas output. The accumulated natural gas output amounts to over 9 billion cubic meters, while the oil output is over 900,000 cubic meters.  The oil field can operate at a maximum marine depth of over 1,500 meters. The China National Offshore Oil Corporation informed Shenhai Yihao would increase its peak annual output from 3 billion cubic meters to 4.5 billion cubic meters, once the phase II project aimed towards upgrading the oil field was operational. The phase II project involves facilities such as 12 deepwater gas wells, five submarine pipelines, and a comprehensive processing platform weighing over 14,000 tonnes. Shenhai Yihao is expected to be an important gas source for the energy security of China by then. (“Chinese deepwater gas field sees record-high oil, gas output,” CGTN, 14 October 2024)

CHINA & EAST ASIA
Japanese leader’s call for NATO-like nuclear sharing to deter China, reports SCMP
On 13 October, SCMP reported that the plans of the new Prime Minister of Japan, Shigeru Ishiba to create an “Asian version of NATO”, and engage in the sharing of US nuclear weapons in the Asia-Pacific could create a new nuclear race in the region. Ishiba stated an Asian version of NATO was required to deter the threat posed by countries like China, Russia, and North Korea. Japan has had a policy of no possession of nuclear weapons since World War II, and relies upon the “extended deterrence” nuclear umbrella of the US for protection alongside other US allies in the Asia-Pacific like South Korea and Australia. However, increasing military tensions in the region threatened to change the status quo. A non-resident Senior Fellow at the Atlantic Council Scowcroft Centre for Strategy and Security, Ryo Hinata- Yamaguchi stated nuclear sharing was being discussed despite the no-nuclear policy of Japan. Hinata-Yamaguchi also stated the US policy would decide the future of nuclear sharing in the region. He stated nuclear sharing involving Japan would increase tensions in the Asia-Pacific region, and lead to China escalating its military strategies towards Japan. A visiting fellow at the Japan Institute for International Affairs, Stephen Nagy stated nuclear sharing between Japan and the US was unlikely to take place in the next decade. However, Nagy also believed the Government of the People’s Republic of China would continue to acquire tactical nuclear weapons, based on its understanding that the US lacked adequate resources for conventional action against China and North Korea. Nagy believed there would be increased synergies and commitment between the US and its Asia-Pacific allies in terms of deterrence and security cooperation, due to the shared challenges. Senior Fellow at the S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, Collin Koh believed the increasing Western expansionism would result in the Chinese government prioritizing its nuclear build-up. ( Seong Hyeon Choi,  “Japan’s leader is calling for Nato-like nuclear sharing with the US. Will it deter China?,” South China Morning Post, 13 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China-Vietnam emphasise handling differences through diplomacy, reports CGTN.
On 13 October, CGTN reported that the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of Vietnam had stressed the need to handle their differences through consultation and diplomacy. The Premier of China, Li Qiang urged friendly consultation and proper handling of differences between the two sides during a meeting with the Prime Minister of Vietnam, Pham Minh Cinh. Li stated the Chinese government supported Vietnam in following a path suiting its national conditions and called for the alignment of development strategies like the Belt and Road Initiative of China and the One Economic Circle strategy of Vietnam. Li also stated Beijing was ready to improve cooperation with Vietnam in areas like connectivity, trade and investment, tourism, disaster prevention and management, digital economy, and green development. The Chinese premier also informed China was prepared to strengthen coordination and cooperation with Vietnam at multilateral platforms such as the United Nations and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, to promote fairer global governance. He also encouraged more cultural and people-to-people exchanges between China and Vietnam, to increase mutual understanding. Meanwhile, Pham Minh Cinh stated developing relations with China was a top priority and strategic choice for Vietnam. He also informed Vietnam was ready to manage ties between China and Vietnam in a friendly manner, and maintain exchanges in fields like cross-border infrastructure, education, and tourism. (“China, Vietnam stress handling differences via friendly consultation,” CGTN, 13 October 2024)

CHINA & RUSSIA
Russia-China blocks a proposed accord for the East Asia Summit, reports The Guardian
On 13 October, The Guardian reported on a US official statement that Russia and China blocked a proposed accord for the East Asia Summit by Southeast Asian countries over the South China Sea dispute. An official in the East Asia Summit meeting in Laos said: “ASEAN presented this final draft and said that, essentially, this was a take-it-or-leave-it draft, the United States, Japan, Australia, South Korea, and India all said they could support it. The Russians and the Chinese said that they could not and would not proceed with a statement.” Additionally, the Russian foreign minister, Sergei Lavrov stated that the final declaration had not been adopted due to stubborn attempts by the United States, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand to flip it into a complete political statement.” Furthermore, according to Reuters, it stated that the 2023 UN resolution in UNCLOS set out the legal framework for all ocean and sea activities. However, the Chinese premier, Li Qiang, said: “Beijing was committed to UNCLOS and striving for an early conclusion of a code of conduct while stressing its claims have solid historical and legal grounds. Relevant countries outside the region should respect and support the joint efforts of China and regional countries to maintain peace and stability in the South China Sea, and truly play a constructive role in peace and stability in the region. (“Russia and China accused of blocking ASEAN statement due to dispute over the South China Sea,” The Guardian 14 October 2024)

China Reader Daily Wire | 12 October 2024, Saturday | Vol.1 No. 189
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
China builds the world’s largest transparent spherical detector to detect neutrinos
On 11 October, China built the world’s largest transparent spherical detector to detect neutrinos that are often called “ghost particles”. The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory, 700 m beneath a hill in Guangdong Province, is centred by a 35.4-metre diameter acrylic sphere. This giant detector, capable of working for at least 30 years, watches neutrinos coming from nearby nuclear plants and cosmic phenomena to unravel the secrets of the universe. According to JUNO chief scientist Wang Yifang, it may indeed lift the veil from our understanding of neutrino mass hierarchy and how the universe has evolved. The facility’s construction has overcome many technological challenges, including creating an ultra-clean environment and developing highly sensitive photomultiplier tubes. Once operational in August 2025, JUNO will be sensitive to about 40 reactor neutrinos per day as well as atmospheric, geo-, and solar neutrinos. The experiment is an international collaboration that brings together over 700 scientists representing 17 countries and is based on China’s earlier successes with the Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment. (“China Focus: China builds huge underground transparent sphere to trap "ghost particles"” Xinhua, 11 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
Chinese envoy praises Bangladesh student protestors, reports SCMP
On 11 October, SCMP reported that the Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to Bangladesh, Yao Wen had praised the courage and wisdom of student protestors in Bangladesh. Yao made the remarks during a meeting with student leaders, some of whom have joined the new interim government of Bangladesh. The Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in Bangladesh informed Yao had encouraged the student leaders to positively contribute towards Bangladesh and return it to the right track of unity, stability, development, and prosperity. According to the embassy, the student leaders also praised China during the meeting, calling it a true and reliable friend which had sent an emergency medical rescue team to treat injuries during the protests. The student leaders also informed they would continue making positive contributions to develop the traditional friendship between China and Bangladesh. (Zhao Ziwen, “Chinese envoy praises Bangladesh student protestors while urging return to stability,” South China Morning Post, 11 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China and Vietnam reaffirm strategic partnership in high-level Beijing meeting
On 11 October, Chinese President Xi Jinping met with a senior Vietnamese Communist Party official, Luong Cuong in Beijing to deepen bilateral ties. Xi added that communist party leadership and socialism form the premise of their relationship and therefore China treats Vietnam at the top of its neighbourhood diplomacy. He called for in-depth cooperation and building a “China-Vietnam community with a shared future that carries strategic importance.” Xi pointed out that China and Vietnam need to maintain the right political orientation under international changes and seek greater exchange in governance, development strategy, and people-to-people relations. He stressed that the reforms China has initiated are also in the fundamental interests of Vietnam. Luong Cuong reflected on the stand of his counterpart saying that the creation of ties with China is a “strategic choice and top priority”. He asserted that Vietnam still adheres to materialising agreements which were already attained, developing cooperation, and resolving disagreements between the two parties. Both heads of state confirmed the importance of this strategic comprehensive cooperative partnership and the mutual spirit of building a community with a shared future between both countries. (“Xi Jinping calls for efforts to promote China-Vietnam community with shared future,” CGTN, 12 October 2024)

INTERNAL
China unveils draft law to strengthen private sector development, reports Ministry of Justice of the People’s Republic of China
On 11 October, the Ministry of Justice of the People’s Republic of China reported that a new draft law proposed represents an important step toward the development of China’s private sector. Draft legislation jointly published by the Ministry of Justice and the National Development and Reform Commission aims for private businesses to be equally treated and protected. Comprising 77 articles across nine chapters, it addresses key areas ranging from fair market participation and improved access to financing to support for technological innovation. In the draft, a harmonised negative list system for access to the market is established, encouraging investment in sectors of emerging and traditional industries by private enterprises. The draft also proposes private enterprises’ inclusion in national scientific research projects and major technological initiatives. The law imposes an obligation to effectively communicate between government and businesses. It also states that input from private enterprises should be sought when formulating regulations or making major decisions affecting entities within the market. If the legislation is passed, it will mark China’s first foundational law when it comes to private economic development. (“China solicits public opinion on draft law on private sector promotion,” Ministry of Justice of the People’s Republic of China, 11 October 2024)

ECONOMY
China signals potential for increased fiscal stimulus amid economic challenges, informs China’s Finance Minister
On 12 October, China’s Finance Minister Lan Fo’an hinted at the possibility of expanding government debt and deficit to bolster the economy during a press briefing. While specific details were not revealed, Lan emphasised that there is “rather large” room for deficit increase, suggesting that more stimulus measures may be possible. Additionally, the finance ministry intends to deal with local government debt problems, stabilise the real estate sector, and act for employment. Vice Minister of Finance Liao Min has also cited potential cuts for real estate tax and the ability to apply affordable housing subsidies to existing inventory. China remains under economic headwinds with modest retail sales growth and the suffering property market. Economists have been demanding more fiscal support, which can be between 2 trillion yuan and over 10 trillion yuan. All eyes will now be on the parliamentary meeting and also the third quarter GDP figures that are to be released on 18 October. These will have crucial implications for China’s immediate economic trajectory and any stimulus measures that will come out in the future. (Evelyn Cheng, “Chinese finance minister hints at increasing the deficit at highly anticipated briefing,” CNBC, 11 October 2024)

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
China’s technological leap from BeiDou to green innovation, says an editorial in Xinhua
On 04 October, Xinhua reported China took leaps forward in the area of technological innovation under the leadership of President Xi Jinping. This is seen in the completion of the BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System, new energy vehicles, and developments in renewable energy. Xi said: “Chinese modernization should be supported by sci-tech modernization,” a vision reflected in China’s rise to 11th place in global innovation rankings. The BeiDou system is now common to over 98 per cent of Chinese smartphones, which shows the measure of this country’s progress in ensuring that technology features the daily life of its people. China’s interest in green development can be seen in the renewable energy sector, where it accounted for more than 40 per cent of global annual installations over the last decade. This explains the drops in the cost of wind and solar power all over the world. Xi’s enterprise-led innovation has especially spurned new energy vehicle manufacturers, given the country exported 818,000 such automobiles in early 2024. (“Xi Focus: Leading the way to Chinese modernization through sci-tech innovation,” Xinhua, 04 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China and Laos reaffirm commitment to deepen strategic partnership
On 11 October, Chinese Premier Li Qiang and Lao President Thongloun Sisoulith vowed to keep their nations’ bilateral relationship strong at the meeting in Vientiane. Li assured Laos that China is in full preparation to develop a “community with a shared future characterized by high standards, high quality, and a high level of cooperation”. He also highlighted Laos’ special position in the neighbourhood diplomacy of China and called for the acceleration of the implementation of their joint action plan. In their speeches, the two leaders stated that further improvement of cooperation is called for in several areas, including trade, investment, and infrastructure, especially in the project of the China-Laos Railway. Laos Minister Thongloun Sisoulith praised President Xi Jinping’s reiterations of Chinese development achievements. He also described Laos’ devotion to the one-China principle and support for global initiatives and core interests pursued by China. High-level exchanges, consistent development strategies, and strengthening cultural ties were essential for both presidents. (“Li Qiang calls on China, Laos to enhance practical cooperation,” CGTN, 12 October 2024)

China and Singapore strengthen ties emphasising mutual development and cooperation
On 11 October, Chinese Premier Li Qiang and Singaporean Prime Minister Lawrence Wong reaffirmed their commitment to further bilateral cooperation in a meeting held in Vientiane. Li emphasised the willingness of China to cooperate with Singapore in mutual modernisation processes and urged strategic communication and mutual support. Since the two nations are in transitional phases of development, Li has called for advanced cooperation between the nations in the manufacturing, digital economy, and artificial intelligence sectors. Wong stated these views, remarking on progress in the areas of cooperation. He reiterated Singapore’s firm commitment to the one-China policy and supported China’s accession to trade agreements like CPTPP and DEPA. Both leaders stressed the need for strengthening economic ties and people-to-people exchanges and coordination multilaterally. In agreement with the approaching 35th anniversary of diplomatic relations, both agreed to lead their partnership in a quality, forward-looking way contributing to regional peace, stability, and prosperity. (“China ready to partner with Singapore on modernization: Premier Li,” CGTN, 12 October 2024)

CHINA & EAST ASIA
Chinese and Japanese premiers promise stable ties after meeting, reports SCMP
On 11 October, SCMP reported that the Premier of the People’s Republic of China, Li Qiang and the Prime Minister of Japan, Shigeru Ishiba had promised to maintain stable ties between their countries. The meeting between the two leaders took place on the sidelines of the ASEAN Summit in Laos, and was the first high-level exchange between China and Japan since Ishiba became Prime Minister. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People’s Republic of China informed Li had urged the promotion of strategic and mutually beneficial relations with Japan while maintaining stability in global supply chains. Li also stated the Government of the People’s Republic of China was ready to work with the Government of Japan to utilize their comparative advantages and cooperate in fields like scientific and technological innovation, green development, and the digital economy. Li also expressed concerns over export restrictions by Japan and urged joint efforts by China and Japan to protect the industrial supply chains and free trade system. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan informed the two leaders had agreed to continue communications at all levels, including summits. Ishiba also made clear his concerns over increasing Chinese military activity around Japan; as well as the fatal stabbing of a Japanese schoolboy in China. Ishiba urged the Chinese government to ensure greater security for Japanese expatriates and crack down on anti-Japanese content in social media. The new Prime Minister has proposed radical new plans to change the security landscape in Asia, such as the creation of a NATO-like framework in Asia, allowing the deployment of Japanese troops on US soil; alongside planning to upgrade the defence capabilities of Japan. These proposals have made the Chinese government wary. ( Alyssa Chen, China’s Li Qiang and Japanese PM Ishiba pledge stable ties in first meeting, South China Morning Post, 11 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
Maldives caught between India and China, states op-ed in Greater Kashmir
On 12 October, an op-ed published in Greater Kashmir stated the Government of the Maldives was having to rely upon both the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of India for economic ties and support. The op-ed informed how the President of the Maldives, Mohamed Muizzu had run an election campaign with the slogan “India Out”, and campaigned for removal of all Indian military presence from the Maldives. According to the op-ed, Muizzu was more sympathetic toward the Chinese government; and showed it through his actions after taking office such as visiting China and the elevation of China-Maldives ties to a Comprehensive Strategic Cooperative Partnership. However, according to the op-ed, Muizzu realized he could not completely ignore India and treat it with disdain. The op-ed stated that the poor financial condition of the Maldives made Muizzu adopt a more balanced relationship. The op-ed also stated the Indian government did not behave in an improper manner with the Maldivian government; and understood it needed to maintain diplomatic relations with the Maldives for the purposes of its maritime security. The op-ed informed how the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi and Muizzu agreed to set out a roadmap for a comprehensive economic and maritime security partnership covering fields such as development and security cooperation, health and energy. According to the op-ed, the Maldivian government will continue to engage with both India and China for its defence and security capabilities. The op-ed also argued that the Indian government would have to make it clear that there would be consequences if the Maldives took actions negatively impacting Indian security interests. Another key argument put forth in the op-ed is that the Indian government must inform the Maldivian government of the consequences of closer economic ties with China, pointing to the example of countries like Sri Lanka. The op-ed concluded by stating that money is the deciding factor in inter-state ties, giving the example of how India is continuing to provide financial assistance to Maldives. (Vivek Katju, “Maldives: Between China and India,” Greater Kashmir, 12 October 2024)

China Reader Daily Wire | 11 October 2024, Friday | Vol.1 No. 188
OUTERSPACE
China launches high-orbit internet services satellite, reports Global Times
On 11 October, Global Times reported that the Government of the People’s Republic of China had launched a new high-orbit internet services satellite into space. The satellite was launched aboard a Long March-3B carrier rocket from the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in Sichuan Province. This was the third high-orbit internet services satellite launched by the Chinese government. It is also the 538th mission by the Long March carrier rockets. (“China launches third high-orbit internet services satellite,” Global Times, 11 October 2024)

CHINA & RUSSIA
Chairman of US Joint Chiefs of Staff states that China-Russia activities in the Arctic are a growing concern, reports SCMP
On 10 October, SCMP reported that the Chairman of the US Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Charles Brown had stated increasing joint activities between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Russian Federation in the Arctic were a matter of concern. Brown stated it remained to be seen whether China and Russia were undertaking the activities for a positive benefit or to challenge other nations and other interests.  Brown also informed the US Government remained focused on deterring malign activities in the region including the Russian modernization capabilities posing a risk to allied territories and the growing influence of China. Cooperation in the Arctic region between China and Russia has grown in recent years, with both countries having conducted joint coastguard exercises, joint maritime and air patrols, and joint naval drills in the past few months. The President of China, Xi Jinping, and the President of Russia, Vladimir Putin had announced plans to build a “Polar Silk Road.” The “Polar Silk Road” through the Arctic Ocean would reduce dependence on vulnerable maritime checkpoints such as the Strait of Malacca and the Suez Canal. (Enoch Wong, “We ‘all need to pay attention’ to China and Russia in the Arctic, says top US commander,” South China Morning Post, 10 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
Indian defence minister to inaugurate infrastructure projects along India-China border, reports Hindustan Times
On 10 October, Hindustan Times reported that the Minister of Defence of India, Rajnath Singh would inaugurate 75 projects worth INR 2,236 crore along the India-China border.  The projects come amidst a continuing increase in infrastructure projects built by the Government of the People’s Republic of China along the border with India. The projects include roads and bridges that will significantly improve military mobility and logistics support for deployed forces in forward areas in Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Sikkim, and Arunachal Pradesh. Singh will inaugurate the Kupup-Sherathang road in Sikkim in person, and inaugurate the remaining 74 projects virtually.  Anonymous officials from the Government of India stated the new projects would take the number of Border Roads Organization (BRO) infrastructure projects in India to 111 with a total cost of INR 3,751 crore. The officials also informed the projects to be inaugurated by Singh including 22 roads and 51 bridges; with the vast majority of the projects in Jammu and Kashmir, Ladakh, and Arunachal Pradesh. The officials also informed the BRO had completed the projects in record time, with several of them executed in a single season using state-of-the-art technology. The Indian government has been attempting to improve its defence preparedness on its northern and western borders, with the BRO having completed 450 infrastructure projects in the past five years. The increased connectivity will help India in troop deployments, and compete with the infrastructure push by China. ( Rahul Singh, “Rajnath to inaugurate projects worth ₹2,236 cr in infra push along China border,” Hindustan Times, 10 October 2024)

INTERNAL
President Xi greets Chinese senior citizens on the occasion of Seniors’ Day, reports CGTN
On 10 October, CGTN reported that the President of China, Xi Jinping had sent greetings to elderly citizens. Xi sent the greetings on the eve of Seniors’ Day in China on 11 October. Xi expressed his hopes that the senior citizens were well provided for, enjoyed their lives, and continued their pursuits. Xi also stated that senior citizens who participated in the national voluntary initiative known as Silver Age Action had actively participated in volunteer activities in recent years, applying their knowledge and skills to serve the public. According to the Chinese president, this showed the spirit of the Chinese elderly in the new era. Xi further stated that committees from the Communist Party of China and governments at all levels must prioritize work related to the elderly; and encourage efforts and policies aimed at meeting the interests and concerns of the senior citizens. (“Xi Jinping extends greetings to elderly on eve of China’s Seniors’ Day,” CGTN, 10 October 2024)

Former Chinese deputy central bank head given life imprisonment after reprieved death sentence, reports Reuters
On 10 October, Reuters reported that the former Vice Governor of the People’s Bank of China, Fan Yifei had been handed a suspended death sentence for accepting bribes. Fan was found guilty on charges of illegally accepting property worth over CNY 386 million. While announcing the judgment, the Huanggang Intermediate People’s Court stated Fan Yifei had accepted bribes of an extremely large amount with the social impact and circumstances of his crime extremely severe. The court also informed Fan had a two-year reprieve from his sentence, after which his death sentence would be commuted to life imprisonment. There is no possibility of commutation or parole from the sentence for Fan. The former Vice-Governor was placed under investigation by Chinese authorities in 2022; and is the highest-ranked official at the People’s Bank of China to be arrested as a part of anti-corruption investigations by the Government of the People’s Republic of China in the past decade. The investigations by government officials have resulted in the arrest of several prominent figures in the Chinese financial sector, such as the former Chairman of the Bank of China, Liu Liange. (“Former China deputy central bank head gets suspended death sentence for taking bribes,” Reuters, 10 October 2024)

China’s National Development and Reform Commission and the Ministry of Justice China plan new law to protect the private sector, reports SCMP
On 10 October, SCMP reported that the Government of the People’s Republic of China had released the draft of a law related to the promotion and protection of the private sector. The National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) and the Ministry of Justice of the People’s Republic of China informed the legislation would mark a “systemic approach” to meet the challenges of the private sector, alongside helping create a fair, predictable, and stable business environment. The legislation draft proposes measures such as enhancing the investment and financing environment, encouraging private sector involvement in scientific projects and technological innovation, and safeguarding economic rights and interests; to promote fair market competition. The draft also listed steps for the protection of private entrepreneurs; such as ensuring the protection of private property and personal rights and requiring law enforcement agencies to clearly distinguish between economic disputes and economic crimes. Additionally, law enforcement agencies would be required to differentiate between the assets of an enterprise and the personal property of an operator while conducting raids. The draft proposal comes amidst a decline in private firm activity in China due to weak consumer spending and government crackdowns. A senior researcher at the think tank China Enterprise Institute, Tang Dajie stated the proposed bill did not extend beyond the policies rolled out in recent years; lacked specific target requirements, and placed undue moral constraints upon businesses. (Mia Nulimaimaiti, “China moves to elevate and protect its private sector with the new draft law,” South China Morning Post, 10 October 2024)

CHINA & TAIWAN
Taiwan informs four Foxconn employees detained by China, reports Reuters
On 10 October, Reuters reported that the Government of Taiwan had informed that four employees from Taiwanese electronics manufacturer Foxconn were detained in China. The Mainland Affairs Council of Taiwan stated the four employees were detained in the Chinese city of Zhengzhou, on suspicion of a “breach of trust.” The Council stated the circumstances of the case were strange, and it might be connected to corruption and abuse of power by some Chinese officials. The Council also informed that Foxconn had suffered no losses, but the case had damaged the confidence of companies. Foxconn declined to comment on the case. (“Taiwan says four Foxconn employees detained in China,” Reuters, 10 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
Chinese Premier wants to improve friendship and cooperation with Thailand, reports CGTN
On 11 October, CGTN reported that the Premier of China, Li Qiang had stated the Government of the People’s Republic of China was ready to work with the Government of Thailand to improve their traditional friendship and cooperation between the two countries. Li made the remarks during a meeting with the Prime Minister of Thailand, Paetongtarn Shinawatra on the sidelines of the leaders’ meetings on East Asia cooperation. Li stated a China-Thailand community with a shared future was continuing to progress, with the result of fruitful cooperation across different fields and increasingly vibrant people-to-people exchanges. Li also informed the Chinese government was willing to be a partner for Thailand in its developmental activities, and cooperate and communicate with Thailand better in areas such as the construction of the China-Thailand railway, industrial parks, new energy vehicles, and the digital economy. The Chinese Premier also expressed his desire that China and Thailand jointly host activities to commemorate 50 years of diplomatic ties next year and increase media, culture, and youth exchanges to consolidate public support for friendship. Shinawatra also reaffirmed her desire to improve cooperation with China and work together on areas like combating transnational crimes, promoting mutually beneficial cooperation, and improving cultural and people-to-people exchanges. (“Premier Li: China aims to strengthen traditional friendship, cooperation with Thailand,” CGTN, 11 October 2024)

Philippines agreement unlikely to curb China South China Sea ambitions, states op-ed in East Asia Forum
On 05 October, an op-ed published in the East Asia Forum stated a temporary agreement signed between the Government of the People’s Republic of China and the Government of the Philippines on the South China Sea was unlikely to hamper China’s ambitions in the South China Sea. The agreement allowed the Filipino government to deliver supplies to Filipino naval troops stationed at the naval warship in the disputed area, BRP Sierra Madre. According to the op-ed, the agreement would protect the lives of Filipino soldiers but do little to change the prevailing scenario in the region. The op-ed argued this was because the agreement recognized the right of the Philippines to the Exclusive Economic Zone(EEZ), undermining the Chinese agenda in the South China Sea. The op-ed stated the deal could have strategic benefits for China since it would provide China with a brief reprieve from encounters that could escalate into military conflicts. However, the op-ed also warned the Chinese government was unlikely to sustain a deal that could weaken its military position. The op-ed informed that the BRP Sierra Madre was an old ship, and if it collapsed, the Philippines would be forced to abandon the ship. According to the op-ed, this would be a strategic win for China. A key argument laid out in the op-ed was that the Filipino government must invoke the past decision by the Permanent Court of Arbitration dismissing Chinese claims in the South China Sea. According to the op-ed, this would help the Philippines negotiate from a position anchored in international law and help promote a rules-based maritime order in the South China Sea.  The op-ed also laid out its opinion that the Chinese government was facing problems in coordinating its strategic, economic, and diplomatic policies, which could disrupt the ambitions of Chinese hegemony. According to the op-ed, China needed free trade grounded in the rules-based liberal economic order, and could not be outright antagonistic towards the West. The op-ed concluded that the Chinese government would need to reconcile the damage done to its diplomatic and economic ties by its territorial ambitions. ( Jenny Balboa and Shinji Takenaka, “Beijing’s South China Sea ambitions won’t be battered by China-Philippines agreement,” East Asia Forum, 05 October 2024)

CHINA & THE PACIFIC
Chinese Premier expresses that China-Australia ties are progressing, reports CGTN
On 10 October, CGTN reported that the Premier of China, Li Qiang had stated ties and cooperation between China and Australia were steadily increasing. Li made the remarks during a meeting with the Prime Minister of Australia, Anthony Albanese on the sidelines of the leaders’ meetings on East Asia cooperation.  Li stated the Government of the People’s Republic of China was willing to strengthen mutual understanding with the Government of Australia, to build a more mature, stable, and fruitful China-Australia comprehensive strategic partnership that benefits the citizens of both countries. Li also stated China was ready to share more development opportunities and strengthen exchanges and cooperation with Australia; especially in fields like trade and investment, scientific and technological innovation, and green development. The Premier also emphasized the need to work together to safeguard peace and stability in the Asia-Pacific region; and expand cultural exchanges between China and Australia alongside greater business investment.  Meanwhile, Albanese stated ties between China and Australia were developing positively. Albanese also expressed a willingness to improve cooperation with China in fields like climate change and clean energy. He also expressed support for cultural and people-to-people exchanges to promote the sustained development of bilateral ties. (“Chinese Premier hails recent progress in China-Australia ties,” CGTN, 10 October 2024)

CHINA & CENTRAL ASIA
Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan affirms that close ties with China to continue, reports SCMP
On 10 October, SCMP reported that the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan, Alibek Kuantyrov had stated the Government of Kazakhstan would continue working with the Government of the People’s Republic of China. Kuantyrov informed that the Kazakh government would continue its close coordination with China on international platforms like the United Nations and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). Kuantyrov also informed that Kazakhstan viewed its hosting of the SCO summit next year as an opportunity to take ties between Central Asia and China to a “new level of partnership.” Kuantyrov stated joint connectivity projects like the Belt and Road Initiative and the Middle Corridor transport route would be the focus of the summit, which would also aim to enhance the role of Central Asia in global trade and diplomacy. The deputy foreign minister also informed bilateral ties between Kazakhstan and China were founded on a high level of political mutual trust and shared interests. He also stated the development in trade relations reflected natural economic trends like the global economic rise of China and the strategic position of Kazakhstan as a transit hub between Europe and Asia. Kuantyrov also informed Kazakhstan would continue to follow a balanced foreign policy wherein it aimed at promoting cooperation, stability, and development without taking sides. (Orange Wang, “Kazakhstan sees more ‘close coordination’ with China in platforms like UN, SCO,” South China Morning Post, 09 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
Chinese investment in Mexico may be six times higher, reports Rhodium Group
On 11 October, an opinion in the South China Morning Post titled “China’s Mexico investment may dwarf official figures, with estimated US$13 billion in play,” looked into Chinese investment in Mexico around US-imposed tariffs could be six times more than the original data. The Washington-based Rhodium Group has turned up more than 700 completed foreign direct investment transactions from China to Latin America contributing USD 13 billion. However, Chinese investment mostly produces motor vehicles, electronics, and consumer goods. The Rhodium Group said: “Although it represents a relatively small portion of total foreign investment, Chinese FDI in Mexico is significantly higher than shown in official statistics, while some Chinese firms are eyeing the local Mexican market, overall investment appetite will be shaped by market access to the US.” Rhodium uses a comprehensive method compared to government officials like investments that pass through third countries scrutinizing projects in Mexico. Additionally, Washington pursued new measures to ban Chinese-made vehicles from the US market. The Rhodium Group stated that Chinese manufacturers would be effectively closed only by the new actions. Mexico’s Secretariat of Economy reported Chinese investment stock of USD 1.2 billion for last year, furthermore, Evan Ellis, a research professor of Latin American studies at the US Army War College’s Strategic Studies Institute said: “Differences in calculation methods should explain Rhodium’s higher estimates, I can’t say who’s right and who’s wrong, but it doesn’t surprise me if there are significant questions and methodological differences regarding what is and what is not Chinese capital.” (“China’s Mexico investment may dwarf official figures, with estimated US$13 billion in play,” South China Morning Post, 11 October 2024)

China Reader Daily Wire | 10 October 2024, Thursday | Vol.1 No. 187
CHINA & EUROPE
China-Serbia sign MoU on modernization of airport, reports CGTN
On 10 October, CGTN reported that the Government of Serbia had signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the China Shandong International Economic & Technical Cooperation Group. The project relates to the second phase of construction and modernization of the Constantine the Great Airport in the Serbian city of Nis. The Minister of Construction, Transport and Infrastructure of Serbia, Goran Vesic stated the project and its features like the rehabilitation of the airport runway, expansion of the aircraft parking platform, construction of new taxiways, and construction of a new control tower would ensure the airport reached full operational capacity. The Ambassador of the People’s Republic of China to Serbia, Li Ming stated that airport modernization would improve passenger traffic and cooperation between China and Serbia. The airport modernization is expected to be completed by 2027, according to the  Ministry of Construction, Transport and Infrastructure of Serbia. (“China, Serbia sign MoU on modernizing airport in Serbia’s Nisl,” CGTN, 10 October 2024)

ECONOMY
Chinese central bank launches yuan swap facility for improving capital market, reports Global Times
On 10 October, Global Times reported that the People’s Bank of China (PBC), the central bank of China had announced the launch of a CNY 500 billion swap facility. The new facility would allow eligible financial institutions to use assets as collateral to secure liquidity. The aim of the new facility is to boost the healthy and stable development of the capital market. The PBC stated the new facility known as the Securities, Funds and Insurance Companies Swap Facility (SFISF) would allow eligible securities, funds, and insurance companies to swap their holdings of bonds, stock exchange-traded funds(ETFs), and stocks as collateral for high-liquidity assets like government bonds and central bank bills. The Governor of the PBC, Pan Gongsheng stated if the initial funding of CNY 500 billion was successful, there could be more funding which would be utilized only for investing in the stock market. Measures like these by the Government of the People’s Republic of China to stimulate the economy have revitalized the stock market. (“China’s central bank launches 500 billion yuan swap facility to boost capital market,” Global Times, 10 October 2024)

EXTERNAL
Chinese Premier affirms support for ASEAN, reports CGTN
On 10 October, CGTN reported that the Premier of China, Li Qiang had stated the Government of the People’s Republic of China supported building the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) community. Li also stated that the Chinese government supported a central position for ASEAN in regional cooperation and a greater role for the bloc in international affairs. The Premier also informed China was ready to have constructive discussions with all the relevant parties on regional cooperative issues and contribute towards making Southeast Asia an important engine for global development. Li made the remarks during a visit to Laos at the invitation of the Prime Minister of Laos and the current chair of ASEAN, Sonexay Siphandone. Li is scheduled to attend the 27^th China-ASEAN Summit, the 27^th ASEAN Plus Three Summit and the 19^th East Asia Summit during his visit. Li also praised the Government of Laos for its role in building a consensus and promoting progress in the ASEAN region. He stated the Chinese government was ready to provide support for Laos in helping achieve development, and build a China-Laos community with a shared future. ( “Premier Li says China supports building of ASEAN community,” CGTN, 10 October 2024)

INTERNAL
Chinese ban on overseas adoptions severely impacts disabled orphans, reports BBC News
On 10 October, BBC News reported that the decision by the Government of the People’s Republic of China to ban international adoptions would leave a grave impact on children in need. The Chinese government announced the ban in September and stated the ban was in line with international agreements and showed China’s development and progress.  According to the new policy, the Chinese government would send children overseas for adoption only if the adoptive parents were blood relatives. Data from the Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People’s Republic of China earlier showed that 95 per cent of international adoptions between 2014 and 2018 involved children with disabilities. A Senior Fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations, Huang Yanzhong stated the children had no future without international adoption since they would likely not be adopted domestically. While the Chinese government has upgraded infrastructure and accessibility for disabled residents, stigma against disabled residents still exists in Chinese society and they are viewed as a source of “bad luck” in many cases. However, some individuals hold a contrary opinion that ending international adoptions is a step in the right direction. A Chinese girl adopted by a family in the UK, Lucy Sheen stated many adoptive families from the West had a “white savior” mentality and looked down upon other races. A non-profit group aiding in connecting adoptees to their roots in China, Nanchang Project stated it was relieved children would no longer be separated from their birthplace and culture. (Kelly Ng, “Disabled orphans bear brunt of China’s overseas adoption bano,” BBC News, 10 October 2024)

China plans nationwide survey to monitor population changes, reports Reuters
On 10 October, Reuters reported that the National Bureau of Statistics of China was planning to survey changes in the population. The Bureau stated the survey aimed to monitor population changes and plan national economic and social development policies better. The Bureau also informed the local governments and personnel would be held accountable for illegal acts during the survey work, and all sectors of society needed to cooperate with the survey. The nationwide sample survey will begin on 10 October and will run until 30 November. The survey comes amidst concern by the Government of the People’s Republic of China about the rapid ageing of the population and decline in birth rates. The country has seen two consecutive years of population decline, and the population growth rate is at its lowest since the 1950s. (“China to hold nationwide survey on population changes,” Reuters, 10 October 2024)

ECONOMY
China trade-in programme focuses on improving consumption, states an explainer in SCMP
On 10 October, an explainer in SCMP informed about the new programme of trade-ins launched by the Government of the People’s Republic of China focusing on renewals, upgrades and sales mainly of consumer products like air conditioners, refrigerators, computers and televisions. The aim of these subsidies is to help improve consumption and reduce overcapacity pressure across multiple industries. The Chinese government aims to use around CNY 300 billion worth of ultra-long-term special government bond funds to support the trade-in programmes. The trade-in programme includes subsidies for areas like home appliances, property, and automotive trade-ins, alongside support from central funds to make up for the lack of support from local governments facing debt. The programme has also resulted in over CNY 55.79 billion being generated in sales; through the sale of 11.78 million major appliances under eight categories by over 8.23 million customers. The number of home appliances and vehicles in use have crossed 3 billion and 300 million respectively in China. The automotive sector and passenger vehicle market have also seen an increase in sales. The National Development and Reform Commission stated the trade-in scheme had not only boosted consumption, but also driven investment and growth in related industries. Local governments in areas such as Shanghai have expanded the scope of the subsidies being offered to cover more products like dishwashers, robotic vacuums, smartphones and tablets. Each purchase can receive a subsidy equivalent to 15-20 per cent of the transaction price. Additionally, these subsidies are being introduced in the housing sector as well. ( He Huifeng, “How much is China’s massive trade-in programme driving consumption of everyday items?” South China Morning Post, 10 October 2024)

ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
China at forefront of the global green energy boom, reports The Guardian
On 09 October, The Guardian reported that China was expected to lead new installations of renewable energy capacity globally in the next few years. According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), China is expected to account for 60 per cent of new renewable energy projects to be installed in the next six years until 2030. The IEA also informed the pace of new renewable energy projects over the next six years is expected to be three times the pace of the previous six years, with the clean energy programmes of China and India at the lead. China is expected to have over half of the renewable energy projects globally by the end of the decade. With its substantial investments in solar energy, the Government of the People’s Republic of China has also turned its focus away from coal power. According to Global Energy Monitor, the Chinese government issued permits for only 12 new coal power projects in the first half of 2024. The Executive Director of the IEA, Fatih Birol stated the new trends were being driven by Chinese investments and solar energy. ( Jillian Ambrose, “China to head green energy boom with 60% of new projects in next six years,” The Guardian, 09 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China expanding military presence in Cambodia, states op-ed in BBC News
On 08 October, an op-ed in BBC News informed the Government of the People’s Republic of China was expanding its military presence in Cambodia. Warships from the Chinese People’s Liberation Army(PLA) Navy are now visible at the Ream Naval Base in Cambodia. The US Government fears the Chinese government in investing in building a network of military bases or civilian ports to be used as military bases globally, with Ream as the first one. While Ream was once being provided with US assistance, the US government cut down on military assistance for Cambodia amidst concerns over Cambodia being increasingly authoritarian. Amidst this scenario, the Government of Cambodia grew closer to China and switched from military exercises with the US to the Golden Dragon exercises with China. While Cambodia claimed the stationing of Chinese ships was a temporary move, there are fears Beijing is preparing for a more permanent position at the base with satellite photographs showing warehouses, administrative offices, and living quarters present at the base. Analysts believe that while a Chinese base at Ream would offer little advantages to the Chinese government, it would trouble Cambodia’s neighbors like Thailand and Vietnam. The base could be viewed by the Government of Vietnam as an attempt to encircle its coast, and it could cover exit points for Thailand from the Gulf of Thailand. However, analysts believe China is unlikely to match the global reach of the US for years to come. The Director of the CSIS Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative, Greg Poling stated the Ream base did not add much in terms of power projection. According to Poling, the base could have a bigger impact in terms of gathering intelligence, tracking satellites and detecting or monitoring long-range targets. (Jonathan Head, “Does China now have a permanent military base in Cambodia?,” BBC News, 08 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
Chinese security agency promises greater anti-terrorism intelligence cooperation after Pakistan attack, reports SCMP
On 09 October, SCMP reported that the Ministry of State Security of the People’s Republic of China (MSS) had vowed to step up early warning and anti-terrorism intelligence cooperation. The comments came after an attack in Karachi claimed by the Baloch Liberation Army (BLA) left two Chinese nationals dead. The MSS informed it was committed towards supporting counterterrorism efforts by the Government of Pakistan, and would adopt stricter measures to combat terrorist activities legally. According to the MSS, the Government of the People’s Republic of China would take a multifaceted approach, involving improving international cooperation against terrorism, mechanisms for anti-terrorism intelligence sharing, financial regulations, law enforcement cooperation, and judicial assistance. The MSS also informed it would guard against the infiltration of extremist violent ideologies, and prevent foreign terrorist activities from extending into domestic territory. The MSS further stated that combating terrorism was a shared responsibility and pressing priority for the international community. It also stated early warning systems and emergency responses to terrorist attacks would be prioritized. ( Xinlu Liang, “China’s security agency vows to boost intelligence sharing after deadly attack in Pakistan,” South China Morning Post, 09 October 2024)

CHINA & AFRICA
Chinese envoy reiterates appeal for external forces to withdraw from Libya, reports CGTN
On 10 October, CGTN reported that the Government of the People’s Republic of China had reiterated its appeal for external armed forces and mercenaries to withdraw from Libya. The Deputy Permanent Representative of the People’s Republic of China to the United Nations, Dai Bing stated a strong dialogue and consultation alongside promoting a political transition were among the urgent needs for Libya. Dai also stated the international community needed to support a political settlement wherein there were African solutions for African problems; with a focus on improving the humanitarian condition in Libya and maintaining security in Libya. The envoy also encouraged all the actors involved in Libya to put the interests of the country and the Libyan people first and foremost; and urged international support for the Government of Libya in strengthening counter-terrorism efforts. Dai stated the Chinese government supported proper utilization of oil resources by the Libyan government, to improve livelihoods. (“Chinese envoy renews appeal for external armed forces to withdraw from Libya,” CGTN, 10 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
Mexico seeks US help in reducing dependence upon China, reports SCMP
On 10 October, SCMP reported that the Government of Mexico was planning to collaborate with the United States Government in reducing its reliance upon imports from China. The Deputy Secretary of Commerce of Mexico, Luis Rosendo Gutierrez informed the Mexican government had already held informal discussions with semiconductor manufacturers, space companies, and car manufacturers from the US. Gutierrez also informed the new President of Mexico, Claudia Sheinbaum planned to support domestic supply chains in Mexico. Despite strong trade ties between Mexico and China, the Mexican government had raised concerns previously about the trade imbalance; with a perception that China increased its presence in global exports at the expense of North America. However, analysts warned that decoupling the Mexican and Chinese economies would face significant issues. The former Ambassador of Mexico to the US, Martha Barcena stated China had substantial investments in the auto sector, raising questions about how there would be decoupling. The former US Ambassador to Mexico, Robert Jackson stated several Mexican entrepreneurs were advocating for a triangular strategy with Mexico trading with both China and the US. However, Jackson admitted the US was unlikely to accede to a triangular strategy followed by Mexico. ( Igor Patrick, “Mexico seeks US help in cutting back on imports from China,” South China Morning Post, 10 October 2024)

China Reader Daily Wire | 09 October 2024, Wednesday | Vol.1 No. 186
ECONOMY
China unveils comprehensive Economic Stimulus Plan for 2024
On 08 October, The Chinese government unveiled a set of strong policies to take the economy closer to its target growth in 2024. Officials expressed confidence in reaching the annual goal of around 5 per cent growth, citing recent improvements in market sentiment, manufacturing, and consumption. The economy has grown by 5 per cent in the first half of 2023. For the third quarter, growth is expected between 4.6 per cent and 4.8 per cent Key measures include accelerating investment projects of about 200 billion yuan, focusing on revitalising cities and infrastructure. The government will continue to issue ultra-long special treasury bonds and encourage local governments to make all efforts to use special bonds for project construction. To support the enhancement of domestic consumption, the upgrade of electrical appliances and automobile trade-in and purchase was strengthened. These already began to stage a rebound in car and home appliance sales. The government also promised to ensure strict regulation of business enforcement and stated that it would adopt “inclusive, prudent, and flexible” approaches. This aims to avoid unlawful practices such as arbitrary fines and excess inspections, making the environment friendlier for business. (“Key takeaways from China's incremental pro-growth policies,” CGTN, 08 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
Pakistan vows swift justice after a terror attack on Chinese nationals in Karachi
On 07 October, Dawn reported that a terrorist attack near Karachi’s Jinnah International Airport left two Chinese nationals dead and several others injured, as Pakistan’s officials issued strong condemnation. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif assured Chinese Ambassador Jiang Zaidong that there would be a thorough probe of the incident. He added: “I will personally supervise the investigation of this incident.” The outlawed Majeed Brigade of the Baloch Liberation Army claimed responsibility for the attack. The explosion, previously reported as an IED blast, had damaged several vehicles and triggered a fire. Security for foreigners will be bolstered as a response. The Chinese Embassy said that Pakistan should: “thoroughly investigate the attack, severely punish the perpetrators, and take all necessary measures to protect the safety of Chinese citizens.” Pakistani leaders, which also include President Asif Ali Zardari and Interior Minister Mohsin Naqvi, condemned the attack in the strongest words. Naqvi termed it a “cowardly conspiracy” against Pakistan-China friendship. The incident is taking place ahead of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation summit in Islamabad, leaving open concerns about regional security. Pakistani officials underline their readiness to bring the perpetrators of the incident to justice and also safeguard Chinese nationals working in the country. (Imtiaz Ali, Abdullah Momand and Nadir Guramani, “PM Shehbaz assures Chinese envoy of personally overseeing Karachi terror attack investigation,” Dawn, 07 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA
China-Philippines tensions escalate in disputed South China Sea waters as China takes “control measures”
On 08 October, the tensions between China and the Philippines flared up in the South China Sea. The Chinese Coast Guard (CCG) reported taking “control measures” against two Philippine vessels near Scarborough Shoal, claiming they had invaded Chinese waters without permission. CCG spokesman Liu Dejun urged the Philippines to cease “infringement actions” and vowed to continue enforcing China’s territorial claims. The Philippine Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) countered that Chinese vessel had fired water cannons at their boats during a resupply mission. Philippine Rear Admiral Roy Vincent Trinidad stood firm that the Philippines was not backing down on its patrol in the disputed area. He also said: “We will ensure that the integrity of our territory is intact.” This is after China held a naval drill in the region after it stated it was determined to “safeguard peace and stability”.  (Sylvie Zhuang, “China fires water cannons at Philippine boats that ‘invaded’ waters near Scarborough Shoal,” South China Morning Post, 08 October 2024)

INTERNAL
China’s President Xi Jinping on China’s 75th anniversary predicts a difficult road ahead
On 30 September, on the eve of China’s 75th National Day, President Xi Jinping addressed a gathering of Communist Party members and foreign dignitaries, cautioning about potential difficulties facing the nation. He emphasised vigilance and said: “The road ahead will not be smooth, there will be difficulties and obstacles.” He urged the Chinese people to rely on the party and its military as they prepare for those challenges. For China, the address presented a chance to talk about economic troubles including slow post-pandemic growth and an intertwined housing sector shambles. Xi once again spoke about Taiwan as a “sacred territory” and pledged that “no one can stop the wheel of history”. This is no surprise since China has claimed Taiwan as its own since 1949 and is in heightened tension with the US for approving a massive military aid package to the island country. This year’s anniversary celebration enthusiasm is much less compared to that of previous anniversaries, possibly reflecting sensitivity to the nation's current economic strain. On the other hand, Hong Kong will celebrate with several events under heavy security, reflecting its increasing alignment with Beijing following recent political changes. (Helen Davidson, “Xi Jinping forecasts ‘rough seas’ on 75th anniversary of People’s Republic of China,” The Guardian, 01 October 2024)

ECONOMY
China’s economic announcement disappoints investors and halts stock rally, reports BBC
On 08 October, BBC reported that China’s recent stock market rally lost momentum following an announcement on economic plans. Shares jumped more than 10 per cent initially after the Golden Week holiday but enthusiasm among investors died down when the economic planners held a news conference. The Shanghai Composite Index closed 4.6 per cent higher, while Hong Kong’s Hang Seng fell 9.4 per cent. The head of China’s National Development and Reform Commission Zheng Shanjie, said the country would meet its economic goals but added that “increasing downward pressures” were driving this. Spending and investment projects worth 200 billion yuan were less than what investors had expected. The chief economist at Natixis Alicia Garcia-Herrero said: “The market expected more.” Growth issues stemming from the property market and falling prices in China have been on everyone’s discussion table. To support confidence in the property industry and the stock market, the government has implemented various measures, but some economists feel that sustained growth is possible only if further reforms are undertaken. (João da Silva, “China stock rally fizzles as stimulus news disappoints,” BBC, 08 October 2024)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA
Chinese spy balloons over Indian territory
On 01 October, the Indian Air Force confirmed “Chinese spy balloons” flying over Indian territory and had undertaken all military action and strategic planning. Recently, an IAF Rafale jet shot down a balloon flying close to the Chinese border at 55,000 feet, in an incident more or less similar to last year’s US military shootdown of its Chinese balloon. IAF is working out standard procedures for this. This is in line with concerns raised in the US Department of Defense report, where China continues to research high-altitude surveillance systems. The report said: “Military and commercial entities in China have been researching and developing high-altitude systems, including high-altitude balloons, since at least the mid-2000s.” This has further heightened international tensions because the US believes that Chinese military balloons have crossed over 40 countries’ airspace. Japan and Taiwan also reported incursions of suspected Chinese balloons. These are ostensibly for scientific purposes, but most countries do not believe China, believing these to be a part of a larger military surveillance program. (“Situation along LAC stable, not normal: Army chief on east Ladakh standoff,” Business Standard, 01 October 2024)

CHINA & MIDDLE EAST
China offers medical aid to Lebanon as conflict with Israel escalates
On 08 October, China announced plans to provide emergency medical supplies to Lebanon as the war between Hezbollah and Israel experienced a surge in violence. Massive casualties have ensued after each side traded several strikes in the Israeli-Hezbollah war, which has seen spiking violence. Local media reported that Israel claimed to have killed a key logistics commander of Hezbollah, Suhail Hussein Husseini through a “precise, intelligence-based strike” into Beirut. Violence has severely impacted the country’s health sector, with WHO reports indicating that more than 77 on-duty health workers have been killed and that many clinics and medical centres have been closed down. China evacuated more than 200 of its citizens from Lebanon and issued travel warnings for the region. In a broader context, the conflict spread from Gaza with Iran recently launching a huge missile attack on Israel. The situation, however, remains volatile as the humanitarian crisis continues to worsen in Lebanon with its public health ministry reporting a 200 per cent rise in deaths from the conflict. Israel has threatened to widen its military action in Lebanon following Hezbollah strikes on Haifa. (Alyssa Chen, “China aid agency commits emergency medical supplies to Lebanon amid worsening conflict,” South China Morning Post, 08 October 2024)

CHINA & EUROPE
China imposes taxes on European brandy imports, reports BBC News
On 08 October, BBC News reported the Government of the People’s Republic of China had imposed a tax on imports of European brandy. The Ministry of Commerce of the People’s Republic of China informed the measure was against dumping since brandy imports threatened to cause “substantial damage” to Chinese brandy producers. The Ministry also informed importers would have to pay “security deposits” on European brandy. The Minister Delegate for Foreign Trade and Economic Attractiveness of France, Sophie Primas stated the brandy tax was a retaliatory measure after the European Union (EU) raised tariffs on the imports of Electric Vehicles(EVs) from China. Primas also informed the Government of France would work with the EU to take action at the World Trade Organization against the Chinese contradiction of international trade rules. France is responsible for 99 per cent of European brandy exports to China. The French brandy lobbying group BNIC stated the proposed Chinese tariffs would be catastrophic for the brandy industry, and the taxes needed to be suspended before it was too late. French brandy companies like LVMH and Remy Cointreau witnessed a fall in company shares after the announcement of the tariffs. (Tom Espiner, “China hits back at EU with brandy tax,” BBC News, 08 October 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
TikTok sued by 13 US states over failure to protect young viewers, reports Reuters
On 09 October, Reuters reported that Chinese social media platform TikTok was facing lawsuits filed by 13 US states and the District of Columbia. TikTok faces charges of harming and failing to protect young people through using intentionally addictive software to ensure children watch for as long as possible. The separate lawsuits also demanded that financial penalties be imposed against TikTok. The Attorney General of California, Rob Bonta stated TikTok was cultivating social media addiction for boosting corporate profits, and intentionally targeting children who could not create boundaries around addictive content. The Attorney General of New York, Letitia James stated TikTok was causing struggles with mental health for young people. According to the Attorney General for the District of Columbia, Brian Schwalb, TikTok was operating an unlicensed money transmission business through its live streaming and virtual currency features. TikTok responded to the lawsuits by stating that the claims were misleading and inaccurate. The company also stated it had safety features for younger users like default screentime limits and privacy defaults for minors under 16.  TikTok also expressed disappointment that the states had gone down the path of lawsuits rather than collaborating on constructive solutions. ( Jody Godoy and David Shepardson, “TikTok sued by 13 states and DC, accused of harming younger users,” Reuters, 09 October 2024)

US telecom firms reportedly infringed by Chinese hackers, reports Business Standard
On 06 October, Business Standard reported that multiple US telecommunications firms were reportedly infiltrated by a group of Chinese hackers.  US news outlet CNN reported that investigators in the US had identified US broadband and internet providers AT&T, Verizon, and Lumen as the targets of cyberattacks by Chinese hackers. The Chinese hacking team is known as Salt Typhoon and possesses significant levels of skills and abilities required to access advanced computer networks. Intelligence committees in the US House of Representatives and the US Senate have been briefed by officials from the US Government on the Chinese hacking campaign, with cybersecurity experts from tech conglomerate Microsoft and Google-owned firm Mandiant helping investigate the hacking activity. The Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in the US denied any hacking, claiming it was a distortion of facts. A spokesperson for the Embassy, Liu Pengyu stated the US was politicizing cybersecurity issues to smear China. (“Group of Chinese hackers access critical American telecom firms: Report,” Business Standard, 06 October 2024)