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Hong Kong to cut 10,000 civil service jobs to deal with financial deficit

China Reader | 27 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 261
INTERNAL
Hong Kong to cut 10,000 civil service jobs to deal with financial deficit
On 26 February, Reuters reported that Hong Kong will slash spending by removing 10,000 civil service jobs. This was informed by Hong Kong’s Financial Secretary Paul Chan aimed to rein in the rising deficit and to further AI innovation. Paul said: “It gives us a clear pathway towards the goal of restoring fiscal balance in the operating account, in a planned and progressive manner.” Chan informed that these job cuts will be done in April 2027 and the public sector salaries will be frozen. Chan also notes that the cut will act as a foundation for future development. Chan said: “Leverage its strength as an international platform for stepping up the development of the AI industry.” Additionally, Chan also called to safeguard Hong Kong’s future prosperity and to launch a comprehensive tax base expansion. (“Hong Kong to slash 10,000 civil service jobs, push AI in bid to reverse deficit,” Reuters, 26 February 2025)

Xi Jinping calls for modernization after reviewing the annual report submitted by the CPC 
On 26 February, CGTN reported that China’s President Xi Jinping called party officials to take on new responsibilities to further Chinese modernization. The statement was made after reading the annual work report submitted by senior party officials at the CPC Central Committee. Xi noted the arduous task of reforming and development stands in front of them as their 14th Five-Year-Plan. Xi said: “calmly responding to any challenges arising from evolving dynamics at home and abroad, accelerating the establishment of a new development pattern, further deepening reform comprehensively, expanding high-standard opening up, and promoting sustained economic recovery and growth.” (“Xi Jinping stresses new responsibilities, actions in advancing Chinese modernization,” CGTN, 26 February 2025)

CHINA & TAIWAN
Taiwan’s Ministry of Defence report of increased Chinese military drill near the Island
On 27 February, Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defence reported that there had been a surge in Chinese military activity near the Island’s southwestern coast. The ministry noted that the Chinese military set zones to conduct drills near Taiwan. They also detected 45 Chinese military aircraft and 14 navy ships around the Island. They also added seven ships in the China-declared drill zone which is 40 nautical miles of Taiwan. Taiwan’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs said: “The Ministry of Foreign Affairs calls on the international community to continue to pay attention to the security of the Taiwan Strait and the region, and to jointly condemn China's repeated and unilateral actions.” (“Taiwan details surge in Chinese military activity, did not detect live fire,” Reuters, 27 February 2025)

China slams Taiwan for blocking cross-strait student exchanges
On 26 February, China’s State Council Taiwan Affairs Office accused the DPP of obstructing educational exchanges between Taiwan and China. The spokesperson Zhu Fenglian noted that DPP’s actions have “reached an unprecedented and unscrupulous level.” These remarks come in light of the Taiwanese provision to ban local universities from collaborating with Chinese institutions. Taiwan also now prohibits high schools from sending their students to mainland China, noting concerns of “infiltration.” Zhu said: “The DPP sees normal cross-Straits exchanges as a threat and labels student interactions as 'united front tactics,” and that “This is a blatant attempt to create an 'information cocoon' and escalate hostility between the two sides.” Zhu also criticized the recent removal of a Taiwanese student leader for visiting students and teachers from China. (“Mainland slams Taiwan authorities for blocking cross-Straits educational exchanges,” CGTN, 26 February 2025)

CHINA & THE PACIFIC
Australian Defence Minister notes that international law is the touchstone to China’s incursion into the Tasman Sea
On 27 February, Australia’s Defence Minister Richard Marles urged the public to take a “deep breath” over the presence of Chinese warships in the Tasman Sea. Chinese warships intensified their drills in the Tasman Sea, this activity was monitored by Australia and New Zealand. The opposition party in Australia accused the government of ignoring the strategic implications of Chinese vessels breaking international law. Marles requested calmness from the public, where he stated that there are more Australian vessels closer to China, than visa versa. He said: “It's really important that we take a deep breath here. Our touchstone has to be international law.” Opposition party leader Peter Dutton said: “Let's remember that the Chinese government is supposed to be our comprehensive strategic partner, this is not how a comprehensive strategic partner, or a stabilized partner, should be treating Australia.” Australian Foreign Minister Penny Wong retaliated and noted that stabilization doesn’t mean that China will halt its activities and accused the opposition of inciting inflammatory language. (“Defence minister urges calm over China warships episode as they travel west,” ABC News, 27 February 2025)

China Reader | 25 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 260
INTERNAL 
CPPCC announces to lower the legal age of marriage 
On 25 February, the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) announced its plan to reduce the legal age for marriage to 18. This initiative is aimed at boosting fertility chances as the country faces a declining population. The CPPCC plans to submit a proposal to reduce the childbirth restriction in China to an incentive system. The legal age of marriage in China is 22 for men and 20 for women, which is amongst the highest around the world. A member of CPPCC Chen Songxi expressed that the legal age should be reduced to increase fertility and population, to unleash reproductive potential. In 2024, China’s marriage rate plummeted for a third consecutive year despite the government encouraging childbirth. (“China adviser pushes to lower legal marriage age to 18 to boost birthrate,” Reuters, 25 February 2025)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA 
Bangladesh delegation arrive in Beijing on invitation  
On 25 February, BBC reported that a 22-member delegation had left for a 10-day visit to China. This delegation includes political leaders, civil society activists, academicians, and journalists. The delegation is scheduled to talk with Chinese officials and members of the Communist Party of China. A senior official from the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP) Abdul Moyeen Khan, noted that this was a goodwill visit that was initiated by China. It is unique because China invited a team that represented the various groups of Bangladesh. The delegation has former Prime Minister Begum Khaled Zia, student representatives, and the interim government/Nobel laureate Muhammed Yunus. (“China woos Bangladesh with Beijing invitation,” BBC, 25 February 2025)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA 
China’s Maritime Safety Administration to hold live-fire drills in Gulf of Tonkin 
On 24 February, China’s Maritime Safety Administration informed kickstarting live-fire exercises at the Gulf of Tonkin. The authorities stated that they would focus on the Beibu Gulf area. This comes after Vietnam announced plans to establish a baseline by calculating the width of its territory from the Gulf of Tonkin. Vietnam claims that it is in line with UN Convention of the Law of the Sea. The region has always been tense with the competing claims in the maritime region. China claims the whole of the South China Sea to be part of its jurisdiction. More recently, a Chinese navy helicopter flew within the 10 feet radius of a Philippines patrol plane. (“China holds live-fire exercises in Gulf of Tonkin after Vietnam marks its territorial claims,” Associated Press, 25 February 2025)

CHINA & AFRICA
China sends its first military attaché to Nigeria 
On 25 February, SCMP reported that the first ever defense attaché from China is in Niger, Colonel Major Chen Xuming. Chen on his arrival stated that he was ready to work with the West African countries to further Global Security Initiatives. Chinese Ambassador Jiang Feng to Nigeria said: “Support Niger in strengthening its security capabilities and in the fight against terrorism and cross-border crime to preserve the peace and security of Niger and the region.” China has been supporting the military junta in Africa, in the Sahel, Burkina Faso, and Mali. Analysts believe that it is a void filled by the exit of French and US forces. George Washington University, professor David Shinn noted that as security ties with Niger ended for France and the US, there has been a vacuum. With China spending more on arms sales, adding an incentive to send their military attaché. (“How China is filling the void left by France, US with stronger military ties in Africa’s Sahel,” SCMP, 25 February 2025) 

CHINA & RUSSIA 
China’s President and his Russian counterpart discuss the Ukraine-Russia conflict and historical friendship 
On 24 February, China’s President Xi Jinping and his Russian counterpart Vladimir Putin held a telephone conversation. Xi expressed that the two countries have established a common understanding and steadily advanced cooperation in various fields. He noted that both history and reality tell them that they are good neighbors, and support their common goal of development and prosperity. Putin informed of the latest interaction between Russia and the US. With that, he also informed of Russia’s principled stance on the Russia-Ukraine conflict. Noting that Russia is committed to removing the root cause of the conflict and reaching for a lasting sustainable peace. Xi said: “China and Brazil, together with other Global South countries, launched the group of Friends for Peace to foster the atmosphere and condition for the political settlement of the crisis. China welcomes positive efforts made by Russia and relevant parties to resolve the crisis.” (“President Xi Jinping speaks with Russian President Vladimir Putin on the Phone,” Embassy of the People’s Republic of China in India, 24 February 2025)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
US imposes sanctions on China, India, and Hong Kong for alleged financing of Iranian militants 
On 25 February, SCMP reported that US President Donald Trump imposed new sanctions on individuals, entities, and tankers in China, Hong Kong, and India. This is motivated by their aim to put a “maximum pressure campaign,” against Iran’s oil industry. These entities from the respective countries are accused of allegedly financing Iran’s militant groups. The sanctions now target more than 30 individuals, entities, and vessels. This comes after Donald Trump called for an executive order to “drive Iran’s oil exports to zero,” aimed at making sure that Iran is never allowed to acquire to develop any nuclear weapons. The US State Department said: “marks a crucial step in advancing President Trump’s campaign of maximum pressure on the Iranian regime”, adding that “it disrupts Iran’s efforts to generate oil revenues to fund terrorist activities.” (“US imposes new sanctions on Chinese and Indian firms for helping Iran oil sales,” SCMP, 25 February 2025)

China Reader | 24 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 259
INTERNAL
China sees a 7.1 per cent hike in inter-regional travel for the spring festival 
On 23 February, CGTN reported that the inter-regional travel of passengers in light of the 40-day spring festival reached 9.02 billion. There has been a 7.1 per cent rise in the travel rush since 2024. This travel rush made it the world’s largest annual human migration. On the road, it is estimated that 8.39 billion trips were made also showcasing a 7.2 per cent year-on increase in road travel. The number of railway passengers traveling also increased and reached 513 million, expanding by 6.1 per cent from 2024, reports China’s State Railway Group. The civil aviation also set a record of 90.2 million passengers traveling and 739,000 flights taking off. (“China sees record inter-regional trips during Spring Festival travel rush,” CGTN, 23 February 2025)

Hong Kong’s opposition party plans to dissolve amid crackdown 
On 21 February, BBC reported that the Hong Kong Democratic Party plans to dissolve its part. The opposition is the largest of its kind in Hong Kong politics. The party chairman Lo Kin-hei informed that the members of the party will soon vote on their final decision to shut down the party. The opposition party has been struggling to survive following the Chinese crackdown against its leaders and the dissenters after the 2019 protest. The government in Hong Kong and China stated that this move was necessary to protect national security. In 2021 a patriot’s law was passed where only parties loyal to the CPC in China can serve as local lawmakers and councilors. The move is said to be in light of the current political situation. For dissolving the party 75 per cent of the members need to approve the initiative. Currently, several democratic party leaders like Helena Wong, Wu Chi-wai, and Lam Cheul-ting are among the 47 dissenters jailed. (“Hong Kong's main opposition party announces plan to dissolve,” BBC, 21 February 2025)

CHINA & TAIWAN 
PLA ramped up military activities neat the Taiwan Strait amid the Spring Festival holidays 
On 22 February, SCMP reported that the People’s Liberation Army ramped up its military activities near the Taiwan Strait during the Spring Festival celebrations. Taiwan’s Ministry of National Defense informed that the PLA sent an average of 13 aircraft and six navy vessels during the 15-day holiday. This time the vessels flew much closer to the Island. During the two-week holiday, 70 per cent of the aircraft crossed the de facto median line, showing a hike from 32 per cent last year. Analysts believe that China is aiming to regularize its posture and presence near the Taiwan Strait.  Retired Taiwanese Lt Gen Chang Yen-ting said: “It is meant to tell the public that … for the great cause of reunification, the military has sacrificed their own family reunion time.” Additionally, Chang said: “stress its sphere of influence, and that [the Taiwan Strait] is part of their territory … but that does not pose actual threats [to Taiwan].” (“PLA steps up Taiwan military patrols over Lunar New Year holiday,” SCMP, 22 February 2025)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA 
Nepalese students burn bicycles funded by the China Foundation 
On 22 February, Nepal’s National Students' Council- Parsa burned bicycles sent by China at a demonstration held in Laxmanawa Chowk in Parsa District. The students burned the cycles bought by Chinese assistance, noting that they were substandard. These bicycles were distributed last month when the student alleges that they were of low quality. President of the council Binod Yadav said: “China sent substandard materials as an aid to humiliate Madhesh students. Providing substandard materials to Madhesh in the name of grants is unacceptable. If this continues, it would be the humiliation of Madheshi and we will resort to it with strong protest.” The cycles were distributed by the China Foundation to Shri Narsingh Secondary School as part of the International Love Cycle Nepal Campaign. (“Nepal: Students Burn Chinese Bicycles Saying They Are Of Low Quality,” Free Press Journal, 23 February 2025)

CHINA & THE PACIFIC 
China accuses Australia of “deliberately hyping,” their live-fire drills in the Tasman Sea 
On 23 February, China’s Ministry of National Defense accused Australia of hyping up China’s naval exercises on the Pacific coast. The China’s Ministry of Defence spokesperson Wu Qian called out Australia for “deliberately hyping,” the situation. The ministry also confirmed that they conducted live-fire drills in the region. Australia and New Zealand have been closely following a live-fire drill in the Tasman Sea. China’s Defence Ministry said: “relevant remarks of the Australian side are completely inconsistent with facts,” and that “During the period, China organized live-fire training of naval guns toward the sea based on repeatedly issuing prior safety notices.” The ministry also asserted that China’s action was in full compliance with the international order and law, and Australia's awareness of it made deliberate accusations. (“China accuses Australia of 'hyping' Chinese naval drills,” Reuters, 23 February 2025)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
US Committee of Foreign investments to restrict Chinese investments, order signed by Trump 
On 21 February, US President Donald Trump signed a memorandum for the Committee on Foreign Investment (CFIUS) to restrict any Chinese investment in critical areas. White House informed that national security memorandum is aimed to welcome and promote foreign investments while protecting the national security interest of the US, from any threats posed by countries like China. The order issued that China is: “exploiting our capital and ingenuity to fund and modernize their military, intelligence, and security operations, posing direct threats to United States security.” The directive also issued that the new rules would curb any exploitation of its capital, technology, and knowledge by any foreign adversaries. And that they will only allow investments that serve American interests. China’s Ministry of Commerce commented on the new decree and asked the US to stop “politicizing,” and “weaponizing” economic issues. (“Trump orders use of CFIUS to restrict Chinese investments in strategic areas,” Reuters, 22 February 2025)

OpenAI bans Chinese and North Korean accounts for malicious use 
On 22 February, US company OpenAI removed several Chinese and North Korean users from its platform. The firm believes that these accounts were using the tech for malicious use, like surveilling and opinion-shifting activities. The OpenAI report expressed that the activities of these accounts are ways an authoritarian regime can leverage AI against the US. It is not clear how many accounts were banned over some time. There have been instances where ChatGPT was used to generate articles in Spanish to bad mouth the US and used to be published in Latin American newspapers and media, by Chinese firms. North Koreans were found to be using AI to generate fake applications and resumes to apply to Western companies. (“OpenAI removes users in China, North Korea suspected of malicious activities,” Reuters, 22 February 2025)

China Reader | 22 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 258
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 
China finds a new strain of bat coronavirus 
On 21 February, SCMP reported that the Chinese team found a new bat carrying coronavirus. This carries the risk of it being transferred from animal to human, as it carries the same human receptor as COVID. The study was led by Chinese virologist Shi Zhenngli who has done extensive research on bat and coronavirus. She is best known for her work at the Wuhan Institute which is accused of being the centre of Covid. Shi has time and again denied the involvement of the institute in the spread of the virus. The newest discovery is the new lineage of the HKU5 virus found first in Japan and Hong Kong. The paper published said: “We report the discovery and isolation of a distinct lineage (lineage 2) of HKU5-CoV, which can utilize not only bat ACE2 but also human ACE2 and various mammalian ACE2 orthologs [– genes found in different species with a common origin].” The paper reported that the virus when isolated from the bat samples could infect human cells or any artificial respiratory system. The paper suggested: “Bat merbecoviruses … pose a high risk of spillover to humans, either through direct transmission or facilitated by intermediate hosts.” (“Chinese team finds new bat coronavirus that could infect humans via the same route as Covid-19,” SCMP, 21 February 2025)

Huawei's head expresses concerns over lack of homegrown chips and semiconductors 
On 21 February, Reuters reported that Huawei’s founder Ren Zhengfei expressed concerns regarding the lack of homegrown chips and operating systems. Ren shared his concerns with China’s President Xi Jinping at the private enterprise’s symposium. This meeting was attended by other technological giants like BYD, and Xiaomi among others. Ren noted that China's lack the core and soul is a worry but believes that China will rise faster. The statement “lack of core and soul,” cites former China’s technological minister who meant core as semiconductor and soul as operating systems. BYD’s head Wang Chanfu also spoke at the symposium where he talked about the EV industry and showed the impressive rise of the EV sector, noting that “nothing that cannot be overcome.” (“Huawei founder told Xi China's concerns about lack of chips have eased, state media says,” Reuters, 21 February 2025)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA 
China and India’s Foreign Minister discuss renewed friendship and future of stable ties 
On 22 February, China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with his Indian counterpart Subrahmanyam Jaishankar on the sidelines of the G20 ministerial meeting. Both heads agreed that China and India are ancient civilizations and neighbors and that they should trust and support each other in their future endeavors. Wang Yi said: “Exchanges at all levels between the two countries have resumed in an orderly manner, while the special representatives on the boundary issue have reached consensus on properly handling specific differences.” He also expressed that China is ready to plan commemorative activities for its 75th anniversary and to inject new momentum into their relationship. Jaishankar also expounded that: “As both India and China are members of the G20, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and BRICS, it is particularly important for the two countries to strengthen coordination. India is willing to strengthen communication and coordination with China in this regard.” (“Wang Yi, Jaishankar discuss strengthening China-India ties at G20,” CGTN, 22 February 2025)

CHINA & THE PACIFIC 
China’s military drill in the Tasman Sea diverts planes from Australia and New Zealand 
On 21 February, BBC reported that Australia and New Zealand planes flying have been diverted by China. The Pacific Island countries were closely surveilling Chinese vessels conducting military drills. Three Chinese naval ships are present in the Tasman Sea making it an unusual occurrence. Australian airline Qantas reported that they have temporarily adjusted their planes and so have other carriers. The ships are now 340 nautical miles east of New South Wales, Australia. It is reported that the Chinese vessels came as close as 150 nautical miles from Sydney. Both countries are closely monitoring a Chinese frigate, cruiser, and supply tanker. New Zealand's Defence Minister Judith Collins said China: “have not deigned to advise us on what they are doing in the Tasman Sea.” While Australia's Defence Minister Richard Marles called China’s presence not unprecedented but unusual. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Guo Jiakun said: “The exercises were conducted in a safe, standard, and professional manner at all times, by relevant international laws and practices.” The Australian Prime Minister also expressed concerns and said: “This is an activity that has occurred in waters consistent with international law... there has been no imminent risk of danger to any Australian assets or New Zealand assets.” (“Planes diverted as China conducts rare military drill near Australia,” BBC, 21 February 2025) 

CHINA & AFRICA
China and Algerian Foreign Ministers discuss historical and future cooperation 
On 22 February, China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with his Algerian counterpart, Ahmed Attaf at the sidelines of the G20 ministerial meeting. Both heads pledged to deepen bilateral cooperation with Wang Yi noting that Algeria has played a pivotal role in restoring its seat in the UN. Wang Yi said: “China attaches great importance to its relations with Algeria and supports the country's efforts to accelerate its development and revitalization, helping it play a more significant role in international and regional affairs.” He also expressed that China attaches great importance to Algeria and that they will support it to accelerate its development and revitalization. Additionally, China will extend its support to Algeria in international and regional affairs. Attaf also noted that both countries share similar historical experiences and have common values. He also reminisced about the Algerian President’s visit to China and the series of agreements signed. He also highlighted the practical cooperation between the two countries with the Algeria-China Joint Economic and Trade Commission and China being the largest trading partner. (“China, Algeria commit to deepening cooperation,” CGTN, 22 February 2025)

China Reader | 21 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 257
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
Ali Baba founder “rehabilitated” into China’s public domain, says an opinion in BBC 
On 21 February, an opinion in BBCtitled “What does Jack Ma's return to the spotlight in China mean?”, looked into Ali Baba’s founder Jack Ma's participation at the private enterprise's symposium, also attended by China’s President Xi Jinping. Jack Ma was a prominent figure in China who withdrew from the spotlight after criticizing the Chinese financial sector in 2020. The opinion notes that this reappearance at the event showcases his rehabilitation in the public life of China. Analyst Bill Bishop believes that: “Jack Ma's attendance, his seating in the front row, even though he did not speak, and his handshake with Xi are clear signs he has been rehabilitated.” The op-ed stated that Jack Ma was the poster boy for the Chinese tech industry and called out the Chinese SOE banks as having a “pawn shop mentality.” But some caution was noted in the meeting where he was not the key speaker noting that he has not been fully exalted to the status he once had. (“What does Jack Ma's return to the spotlight in China mean?” BBC, 21 February 2025)

China drills the deepest vertical well
On 20 February, China’s National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) announced that they completed drilling the deepest vertical well in Asia. The borehole reaches 10,910 meters in depth. This drilling site is called “Shenditake-1” situated in the Tarim Basin part of Xinjiang autonomous region. This vertical well is the second of its kind in the world, achieving the deepest liner cementing, and wireline imaging logging, and has the fastest onshore drilling exceeding 10,000 meters. Petro China’s Chief Technical Expert Wang Chungsheng said: “We have overcome difficulties such as ultra-heavy loads, wellbore instability, drill bit fatigue, tool failure and well leakage within the formation.” The project was first started in 2023 and just took 279 days to finish. (“China drills deepest vertical well in Asia,” CGTN, 21 February 2025)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA 
India’s opposition accuses Modi of going soft on China
On 20 February, India’s Congress party President Mallikarjun Kharge called out India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi for adopting a soft policy towards China and putting national security at risk. The opposition party leader noted that China was settled in 90 new villages near the Arunachal Pradesh border and said: “You are adopting the policy of ‘red salute’ instead of ‘red eye’ towards China.” Kharge also called Modi’s claims on building vibrant villages program at the border an exaggeration. He said: “You have exaggerated claims on the Vibrant Villages Programme in Parliament. The truth is 90 per cent of the funds under the scheme remain unspent over the last two years.” (“PM going soft on China: Kharge,” The Tribune, 21 February 2025)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA 
China’s military warned and drove away Philippines aircraft over Spratly Island
On 20 February, China’s Peoples Liberation Army informed that they drove away three Philippines aircraft for intruding into the airspace near the Spratly Island. The Southern Theater Command noted that they warned the aircraft and accused the Philippines of peddling its illegal claims by provocation. Additionally warned the Philippines that their “clumsy manoeuvre is doomed to failure.” This comes after the Philippines coast guards and Fisheries jointly participated in flight awareness over Kalayaan Islands (Spratly Island). The mission aimed to assert the Philippines' sovereignty and maritime jurisdiction over the West Philippine Sea. (“China's military says it drove away Philippine aircraft near the Spratly Islands,” Reuters, 21 February 2025)

CHINA & THE MIDDLE EAST
China and Saudi Arabia's Foreign Ministers discuss economic cooperation on all sectors 
On 20 February, China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with his Saudi counterpart Faisal bin Farhan Al Saud on the sidelines of the G20 Foreign Ministers meeting in Johannesburg. Wang Yi noted that Saudi Arabia has surpassed 35 years of diplomatic ties and today China has relations with all Middle Eastern countries. Wang Yi said: “China is willing to maintain exchanges at all levels and expand cooperation with Saudi Arabia in fields such as economy, trade, investment, new energy, digital economy, information and telecommunications, and high-end manufacturing to elevate China-Saudi Arabia relations to a higher level.” Wang Yi also appreciated Saudi Arabia’s meditation in the hotspots and the constructive it is playing for peace and stability. Faisal said: “Saudi Arabia attaches great importance to China's role as a major country with significant influence and hopes to find more feasible political solutions to hotspot issues with China's support.” (“Chinese, Saudi FMs meet to push ties, expand cooperation,” CGTN, 21 February 2025)

CHINA & RUSSIA 
China and Russia's Foreign Ministers discuss advanced cooperation and safeguarding mutual interest 
On 20 February, China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with his Russian counterpart Sergei Lavrov on the sideline of the G20 ministerial meeting. Wang Yi noted that both sides have maintained steady progress in their cooperation and played a crucial role in safeguarding common interests. Wang Yi also expressed that China is willing to work with Russia to reach a full consensus to further advance their bilateral relations. Lavrov said: “Russia is willing to work with China to strengthen high-level exchanges, deepen practical cooperation in economy, trade, finance, culture, and other fields, and promote the further development of the China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination.” Lavrov also expressed that both countries uphold multilateralism and value the mutual trust between China and Russia. (“Chinese, Russian FMs meet on bilateral ties,” Global Times, 21 February 2025)

CHINA & EUROPE 
China hopes EU will reconsider anti-subsidy case, says China’s Commerce Ministry 
On 20 February, China’s Ministry of Commerce’s spokesperson He Yadong expressed his hopes that the EU will take concrete measures to meet China halfway on the anti-subsidy case. Yadong noted that this case had led to concerns from various sectors both in China and Europe. China's Commerce Minister Wang Wentao also iterated the EU’s automotive industry needs to anticipate and find a resolution through dialogue. Yadong stated that China has encouraged advanced dialogue and consultation and now it hopes the EU will take heed of the concerns called by the industry. He also expressed that both sides should follow principles of pragmatism and balance. (“China hopes EU will meet country halfway on anti-subsidy case: commerce ministry,” CGTN, 21 February 2025)

China Reader | 20 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 256
INTERNAL 
China’s President Xi Jinping attends symposium for private enterprises 
On 18 February, China’s President Xi Jinping attended the symposium for private enterprises from BYD, Zhengfei, New Hope, and others. Xi said: “The private sector enjoys broad prospects and great potential on the new journey in the new era. It is a prime time for private enterprises and entrepreneurs to give full play to their capabilities.” Xi called to dismantle obstacles to growth and to have access to the market fairly. He noted that the interest of these enterprises will be protected withing the legal right of Chinese law. China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) will overlook the development of private enterprises. NDRC pledged to remove any kind of market access barriers to encourage private sector participation in the national economy. Xi also noted that entrepreneurs should focus on high-quality development by investing in innovation. (“President Xi meets private entrepreneurs, injecting confidence into the private sector,” CGTN, 18 February 2025) 

Hong Kong’s population grew by 36,000 with more newborns in 2024
On 19 February, Reuters reported that Hong Kong’s population grew in 2024 and was up by 0.1 percent, reaching 7.53 million. This has been the third year of expansion where the population of Hong Kong is steadily growing. There was a 11 per cent hike in the number of newborns with 36,000 babies being born in 2024. This is also attributed to the many people from mainland China moving to Hong Kong. The rise in population is also owed to stabilizing economic conditions in Hong Kong as the China-supported administration aims to bolster economic growth. Hong Kong saw frequent anti-government protests in 2019 and now China-led factions have imposed stringent national security laws to nullify the dissenters. (“Hong Kong's population up slightly in 2024, rise in newborns,” Reuters, 19 February 2025)

ECONOMY
China’s 19-point action plan to boost consumer spending 
On 20 February, SCMP reported that a 19-point plan was issued by Chinese government bodies to encourage a healthy consumption environment. The plan aims to boost consumption by eliminating fraud and low-quality goods that discourage buyers from spending. This comes in light of the ongoing trade wars between the US and China, with the government shoring up economic development domestically. Additionally, the issue will deal with unclear pricing of goods and false adverts for shoddy products. China’s State Administration of Market Regulation said: “Optimizing the consumption environment is an important measure to boost consumer confidence and stimulate economic vitality.” The measures include raising the quality of standards in industries like automobiles, home appliances, leather goods, and domestically made jewelry. They also aim to protect both consumers and businesses by safeguarding both interests. The plans also will create more opportunities for the consumer by integrating commercial, tourist, cultural, and sporting venues to encourage buying. The authorities have also vowed to increase household incomes and stimulate consumer spending. (“China issues new plan to boost consumption by creating a healthier market environment,” SCMP, 20 February 2025)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA 
Bangladesh asks China to report on the Teesta Comprehensive Management and Restoration Project
On 20 February, The Telegraph reported that the interim government in Bangladesh asked Chinese SOEs to prepare a concept note on the Teesta Comprehensive Management and Restoration Project by the end of 2025. This comes after a MoU was signed between Bangladesh Water Development Board and PowerChina. Bangladesh’s environment advisor Syeda Rizwana Hasan said: “We have agreed to give China two years to complete the two tasks under the project.” China has made several field visits to the districts of Lalmonirhat, Bogura, Joypurhar, and Gaibandha among others. These districts are those through which Teesta flows in Bangladesh where it merges with the Bay of Bengal. (“No concern for Indian interests: Bangladesh government looks to China for Teesta study,” The Telegraph, 20 February 2025)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA 
US condemns Chinese navy helicopter maneuvering over Scarborough Shoal 
On 19 February, Al Jazeera reported that the US Ambassador condemned Chinese navy helicopters maneuvering over the disputed shoal in the South China Sea. Ambassador MaryKay Carlson noted that this poses a security threat to the Philippines. Kay posted on social media and asked China: “to refrain from coercive actions and settle its disputes peacefully by international law.” The Philippines coast guards reported that the Chinese helicopters flew over the Scarborough Shoal using a navy vessel.  The Philippines also protested against the Chinese breach of line, calling it “unprofessional and reckless.” A Filipino pilot sent a warning to the Chinese helicopter “You are flying too close; you are very dangerous and endangering the lives of our crew and passengers,” and “Keep away and distance your aircraft from us. You are violating the safety standard.” (“US condemns ‘dangerous’ moves by Chinese navy helicopter in South China Sea,” Aljazeera, 19 February 2025) 

CHINA & AFRICA
China and Somalian Foreign Ministers affirm bilateral ties and partnership 
On 18 February, China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi met with his Somalian counterpart Ahmed Moallim Fiqi to discuss China-Somalia relations. Wang stated that China is ready to work with Somalia to implement the outcomes that came out of the China-Africa Cooperation and the Forum. He also welcomes the Somalian side to actively participate in the 10-plan action for China-Africa growth aimed at advanced modernization. Additionally, he called to efficiently use the zer0-tariff policy for the least developed countries in Africa. Fiqi extending the same courtesy noted that the friendship between the two countries serves as a profound foundation and also thanked China for upholding support for Somalia in the international arena. Fiqi also iterated that they abide by the one-China principle and will oppose actions that hinder China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity. (“Chinese, Somali FMs meet on bilateral ties,” CGTN, 19 February 2025)

China Reader | 19 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 255
ECONOMY 
Chinese firms halt the export of sorbents used for lithium extraction 
On 18 February, Reuters reported that the Chinese firms have halted the export of critical equipment used to process EV battery’s metal, lithium. Chinese firm Jiangsu Jiuwu Hi-Tech informed its customers last month that they stopped selling/exporting a piece of filtration equipment known as sorbents. China is the world’s largest producer of sorbents that is used to extract lithium. Lithium is a critical mineral used in making EV batteries. The firms will now be required to get a special government license to export overseas. It is also reported that China’s Ministry of Commerce officials have visited these firms, warning against proceeding with export deals. This comes as part of the ongoing trade and tariff war between the US and China. This particular measure is noted to be in retaliation to US tariffs imposed on Chinese products. (“Exclusive: Chinese lithium company halts tech exports as trade tensions build,” Reuters, 19 February 2025) 

INTERNATIONAL 
China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi chairs UNSC debate on “International Peace and Security”
On 18 February, China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi chaired a debate session at the United Nations Security Council (UNSC). The debate focused on multilateralism, reformation, global governance, and a call for the “Maintenance of International Peace and Security.” Wang Yi expounded that for the past 80 years, the world saw polarization and globalization. Where the Global South has risen and grown in strength, whereas the societies have come out of the shadow of world war. Yi said: “The international community drew painful lessons from the scourge of two world wars, and the United Nations was founded,” and that there is now a need to “reinvigorate true multilateralism, and speed up efforts to build a more just and equitable global governance system.” Wang Yi also asserted that China will support peace talks to resolve conflict in the Middle East and Ukraine war. Wang Yi noted that: “Gaza and the West Bank are the homeland of the Palestinian people, not a bargaining chip in political trade-offs. The Palestinians governing Palestine is an important principle that must be followed in the post-conflict governance of Gaza.” (“Chinese Minister for Foreign Affairs Wang Yi Chairs UN Debate on Multilateralism, Global Governance, and the Maintenance of International Peace and Security,” CGTN, 19 February 2025) 

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA 
Myanmar deports 50,000 Chinese nationals accused of running scam centers
On 18 February, Myanmar’s military regime deported over 50,000 Chinese nationals suspected of being part of online scam operations. Myanmar's scam centers have mushroomed especially in the borderlands, staffed and managed by foreigners illegally working and recruiting as scammers. Another contingent was sent to Vietnam, where they were estimated to have sent 600 individuals. Junta also made calls to their neighbors to participate in combating online scams and online gambling. Most of these borderland scam groups are run by militias and have been used by resistance groups to fuel income against the Junta. The Chinese government has time and again inadvertently supported the resistance groups in Myanmar to strike a balance and maintain peace at the border. This has led to absconding Chinese nationals often migrating to Myanmar to open scam businesses. (“Myanmar deports over 50,000 scam center workers to China amid crackdown,” SCMP, 18 February 2025)

CHINA & THE MIDDLE EAST
People’s Bank offers global financing initiatives to Saudi Arabia 
On 18 February, the People’s Bank of China (PBOC) reported that their governor Pan Gongsheng extended interest in promoting currency stability with the Gulf countries. Additionally, Pan noted that China is ready to expand financial investments and formulate an integrated payment system. He also noted that China will establish a digital currency with the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) to tackle money-laundering issues. Pan said: “Emerging markets face mounting challenges such as geopolitical risks, economic fragmentation, rising trade protectionism, slowing medium-term growth, financial market volatility, cross-border capital flow pressures, and rising global debt risk.” (“In Saudi Arabia, China’s central bank governor pushes for a new global financial consensus,” SCMP, 19 February 2025)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS 
China complains against US omitting statements on Taiwan’s independence  
On 17 February, BBC reported that the US Department of State omitted a statement from their website stating that they do not support Taiwan’s independence. This statement sparked complaints from China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson Guo Jiakun said: “This sends a wrong and serious signal to separatist forces advocating for Taiwan independence and is another example of the U.S. stubbornly persisting with its wrong policy of using Taiwan to contain China.” This move was appreciated by Taiwan’s Foreign Minister Lin Chia-Lung who noted that this are positive friendly wording towards Taiwan, whereas the American Institute in Taiwan noted that this showcases the unofficial relations between Taiwan and the US. The statement by the State Department also noted that the US will support Taiwan’s membership in the international organization. (“China anger as US amends wording on Taiwan independence,” BBC, 17 February 2025)

China calls US tariffs a threat to the global trading system at the WTO 
On 18 February, China condemned US tariffs imposed on the Trump administration at the World Trade Organization (WTO). China’s Ambassador to WTO Li Chenggang said: “These 'Tariff Shocks' heighten economic uncertainty, disrupt global trade, and risk domestic inflation, market distortion, or even global recession,” and that “Worse, the US unilateralism threatens to upend the rules-based multilateral trading system.” WTO’s Director General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala urged that the member countries should refrain from retaliating against these tariffs as it might lead to catastrophic trade wars. Trump administration imposed 10 per cent tariffs on all Chinese imports leading to China filing a complaint with the World Trade Organization. (“China condemns Trump's 'tariff shocks' at WTO, warns of possible recession,” Reuters, 18 February 2025 )

China extends full support to Latin America, notes China’s Foreign Minister 
On 19 February, Reuters reported that China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi noted that Latin America will always be a trustworthy partner and friend. He said: “Latin America is the home of the Latin American people, and is not any country's 'backyard,” sending a remark against the US. Wang Yi also noted that China will continue to work towards China-Bolivia relations. Currently, China is the biggest bilateral lender to Bolivia with a debt of over USD 1.7 billion, notes the World Bank data. American Enterprise Institute reported that Chinese firms have invested over USD 6 billion in Bolivia’s metals, energy, and transport sectors. Additionally, he iterated that: “China supports Latin American countries in defending their sovereignty, independence, and national dignity.” While also congratulating Bolivia for joining BRICS. (“China promises Latin America 'trustworthy' ties as Trump lays out demands,” Reuters, 19 February 2025)

China Reader | 08 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 254
CHINA & TAIWAN
China’s slams DPP for obstructing cross-strait relations 
On 08 February, China’s State Council Taiwan Affairs Office’s spokesperson Zhu Fenglian slammed Taiwan’s Democratic Republic Party for obstructing cross-strait relations. Zhu made these statements in light of a query regarding Taiwan’s inspection for tour application. Zhu claims that this hinders Chinese mainland tourists from coming to Taiwan and visiting the Island. Zhu said: “DPP authorities remain selfishly obstinate in obstructing cross-Strait’s exchange, they will inevitably lose more public support and face the consequences of their actions.” (“Mainland slams Taiwan's DPP for obstructing cross-Straits tourism,” CGTN, 08 February 2025)

CHINA & AFRICA
China’s survey found a new mineral deposit in Liberia 
On 06 February, Liberia’s Ministry of Mines and Energy reported that a China-funded survey led to the finding of new mineral deposits in Liberia. The survey is the largest of its kind in 50 years of valuable minerals to be found in Liberia. This includes neodymium, silver, nickel, zinc, uranium, and cobalt. An assistant minister Rexford Sartuh said: “We are grateful that China helped with this survey, which has resulted in Liberia discovering new minerals that could enhance the country's development.” The last survey was conducted in 1973 by the US and this survey is sponsored by China and will be aided by their technologies. Liberia’s President Joseph Nyumah Boakai noting this report received from China said: “The Liberia Broadcasting System is making significant progress in constructing a new television and radio expansion complex, which is ahead of schedule. This $5.5 million project, funded by the People's Republic of China through China Aid, includes a complete refurbishment of the existing infrastructure and the introduction of modern advanced equipment.” (“China helps Liberia find key minerals for growth,” China Daily, 06 February 2025)

CHINA & CENTRAL ASIA 
China’s Premier meets with Kyrgyzstan’s President to discuss bilateral cooperation 
On 05 February, China’s Premier Li Qiang met with Kyrgyzstan’s Sadyr Japarov. Li noted that China’s relations with Kyrgyzstan developed over the years and have been built on mutual trust. Li said: “China is willing to work with Kyrgyzstan to implement the important consensus reached by the presidents of the two countries, firmly support each other on major issues concerning core interests, expand mutually beneficial cooperation in all respects, and better contribute to their respective modernization drives.” Li also noted that China was to advance the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway and other projects under BRI. Japarov also noted that Kyrgyzstan is willing to strengthen high-level exchanges with China. (“Chinese premier meets with Kyrgyz president in Beijing,” Xinhua, 05 February 2025) 

CHINA & EUROPE 
EU to plans to blacklist 25 Chinese firms 
On 08 February, SCMP reported that the European Union planned to add 25 Chinese firms to their blacklist. This list includes companies that have helped Russia circumvent sanctions. These entities include entities from China and Hong Kong, noting that they will be banned from getting goods from the EU. This is reckoned to be because the EU believes that 70 percent of high-tech and sensitive data are reaching Russia with China’s help. China’s Foreign Ministry noted that: “We strongly deplore and firmly oppose the EU’s unjustified sanctions against and listing of Chinese companies and individuals. We have lodged serious representations with the EU over this issue.” (“EU to blacklist 25 more Chinese entities for flouting Russia sanctions,” SCMP, 08 February 2025)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS 
US halts tariffs on small packages from China 
On 08 February, the Associated Press reported that US President Donald Trump halted the imposition of small tariffs on small-value packages from China. This was due to the need for federal agencies some time to execute and process millions of shipments coming from the US border. US Département of Commerce noted that they will establish “adequate systems,” and “fully and expediently process and collect tariff revenue.” It is reckoned that this is due to a lack of understanding of the implications of such tariffs and therefore this pivot was seen, notes Vice President of e2open, John Lash. The exemption by the Trump administration is expected to lead to higher prices and delayed delivery. The de minimis will lead to paperwork driving up costs, leading to most export sellers to bulk shipping. (“Trump pauses tariffs on millions of low-value packages from China,” Associated Press, 08 February 2025)

China to investigate Apple’s policies and in-app purchases 
On 05 February, Business Recorder reported that China’s anti-trust policy will investigate Apple’s policies and their App Store fees. This comes after China announced that it will investigate Google’s presence in China and the services they are conducting. China’s State Administration for Market Regulation will head the investigation starting with Apple’s policies and 30 per cent of their in-app purchases. (“China considers probe into Apple's policies, App Store fees: Report,” Business Standard, 05 February 2025 )

China’s Foreign Ministry criticizes US interference in Panama 
On 07 February, China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the US’s calls in Panama a “Cold War mentality.” This comes after Panama opts out of the Belt and Road Initiative. China’s spokesperson for the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Lin Jian said: “firmly opposes the United States using pressure and coercion to smear and undermine Belt and Road cooperation,” and that “the US side’s attacks … once again expose its hegemonic nature.” Lin also expressed that the US unjustly accused China to deliberately slow down China's development in Latin America and to interfere in their internal affairs. (“China slams US as Panama quits Belt and Road Initiative,” Aljazeera, 08 February 2025)

China Reader | 07 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 253
CHINA & EAST ASIA 
South Korea’s ministries, firms, and banks ban the use of DeepSeek over security concerns 
On 06 February, South Korea’s Ministry of Interior and Safety urged central government bodies and 17 provincial governments not to download or use DeepSeek AI. Since the advisory, several ministries have been blocking access. South Korea’s Foreign Trade and Defence Ministry noted that: “We are reviewing measures to ban access due to concerns over technology leaks.” South Korea’s National Tax Service already banned access to Open AIs since 2023, and noted: “We considered the data security issues to be greater than the practical benefits of using generative AI to improve administrative service.” Firms like Samsung, SK Group, and LG have banned the use of generative AI services. (“Korea's ministries, businesses block DeepSeek over security concerns,” Korea Herald, 06 February 2025)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA 
China-Brunei issues a joint statement for “Strategic cooperative partnership”
On 06 February, China and Brunei issued a joint statement about the strategic cooperative partnership between communities of both countries. This was after China’s President Xi Jinping met with the Brunei President Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu’izzaddin Waddaulah holding a bilateral talk, on an invitation sent by China. Both countries looked back at their history of bilateral ties starting first in 1991, and noted that it is a time-tested friendship. They also agreed to further Joint Steering Committee with relevant working groups. Both leaders further agreed to enhance economic cooperation by engaging in BRI with projects like the Brunei-Guangxi Economic Corridor, and further FDIs. Brunei also welcomes China’s plans to look for investment opportunities in sectors of clean technology and to fund the building of Pulau Muara Besar Industrial Park. The above were the highlights of the joint statement. (“Joint Statement between the People’s Republic of China and Brunei Darussalam on Advancing the Strategic Cooperative Partnership towards a China – Brunei Community with a Shared Future,” CGTN, 06 February 2025)

China’s President met with Thailand’s Prime Minister 
On 06 February, China’s President Xi Jinping met Thailand’s Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra. Xi expounded that both countries share millennia of history and friendship as both countries adhered to mutual respect and interest. Xi noted that this year marks 50 years of diplomatic cooperation as this is their Gloden Jubilee. Xi also called to further the building of the China-Thailand community of a shared future. Xi said: “China is willing to work with the Thai side to strengthen the synergy of development strategies, expand mutually beneficial cooperation, implement flagship projects such as the China-Thailand Railway, and realize the development vision of China-Laos-Thailand connectivity at an early date.” Xi also appreciated the measures taken by Thailand to crack down on online gambling and telecom fraud. He also extended support to Lacang-Mekong Cooperation and congratulated Thailand for joining BRICS. (“President Xi meets Thai prime minister, calls for expanded cooperation,” CGTN, 06 February 2025)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA 
China’s Premier meets Pakistan’s President to further discuss bilateral cooperation
On 06 February, China’s Premier Li Qiang met with Pakistan’s President Asif Ali Zardari, who came to China for a four-day visit. Both heads noted bilateral cooperation between the countries being a result of their expanding cooperation. Li highlighted that their ironclad friendship has been renewed and deepened over the years. Li stated that China is ready to work with Pakistan to maintain close-level exchanges, forge developmental strategies, and further BRI and CPEC. On security, Li said: “China is willing to further deepen security cooperation with Pakistan and hopes that Pakistan can earnestly guarantee the safety of Chinese personnel, projects, and institutions in Pakistan” Zardari also echoing Li noted their friendship and stated that Pakistan cherishes the bilateral cooperation, and that they are welcoming new investments and business from China. (“President,” CGTN, 07 February 2025)

CHINA & THE PACIFIC
Cook Island need not consult New Zealand before signing a deal with China, says Cooks Island PM
On 07 February, Cooks Island Prime Minister Mark Brown expressed that New Zealand was asking for too much over its deal with China. Brown said: “They certainly did not consult with us when they signed their comprehensive partnership agreement [with China] and we would not expect them to consult with us.” He also stated that there is no need for New Zealand to sit with them on its deal with China and that the level of detail they were inquiring about was not required. Cooks Island is a free association with New Zealand and the Island conducts its affairs independent of New Zealand. (“Mark Brown on China deal: 'No need for New Zealand to sit in the room with us',” RNZ, 07 February 2025)

CHINA & CENTRAL ASIA 
China-Kyrgyzstan sign social security agreement 
On 06 February, China and Kyrgyzstan signed a bilateral social security agreement, reports China Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. The agreement was signed between China’s Minister of Human Resources and Social Security, Wang Xiaoping, and Kyrgyzstan’s Chairman of Social Funds, Baktiyar Aliyev. As part of the agreement Chinese employees working in Kyrgyzstan won't have to contribute to basic pension insurance and the same treatment will be given to Kyrgyzstan’s employees in China. It is estimated that currently in Kyrgyzstan there are 70 China-funded firms and 3,000 Chinese employees. (“Official: China-Kyrgyzstan social security agreement to boost bilateral exchanges, interactions,” CGTN, 06 February 2025)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
Hong Kong to continue with the parcel suspension to the US
On 06 February, Hong Kong Post informed that it would continue to not send postal goods to the US after the US Postal Service reversed its plans to stop all parcels coming from Hong Kong and China. The order was suspended for 12 hours, which could have majorly affected companies like Temu and Shein. The tariffs imposed on Chinese products are not limited to China as the order states: “Articles that are the products of China, which hereinafter will include products of Hong Kong ... will be subject to the additional ad valorem rate of duty.” The US also stipulated those goods made in Hong Kong be labeled as China. Hong Kong reverted and noted that it disapproves US’s imposition and urged them to rectify their policy. (“HongKong Post to continue to suspend parcels to the US,” Reuters, 07 February 2025)

China Reader | 06 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 253
CHINA & SOUTH ASIA 
China and Pakistan agree to further CPEC 2.0 on Pakistan’s President's visit to Beijing 
On 05 February, China’s President Xi Jinping met with Pakistan’s President Asif Ali Zardari. Xi expressed that China is ready to work with Pakistan to further its modernization. Both leaders affirmed their long-standing partnership and plan to further cooperation under CPEC 2.0. The meeting was held in the Great Hall, where they discussed national and international issues. Xi said: “China appreciates Pakistan's active support for the three global initiatives and participation in relevant cooperation and stands ready to work with Pakistan to adhere to the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence, resist unilateralism and hegemonic practices, strengthen multilateral coordination, and safeguard the common interests of developing countries.” On the same line, Zardari affirms to stand with China no matter what and that Pakistan is willing to learn from China’s success to promote high-quality development through CPEC.(“Zardari, Xi chart course for the expansion of CPEC,” Dawn, 06 February 2025; “President Xi Jinping says China ready to build closer China-Pakistan community of shared future,” CGTN, 06 February 2025)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA 
Cambodian Mine Action Center funded by China removed 150 sq Km of land mines 
On 06 February, the Cambodian Mine Action Center (CMAC) funded by China reportedly cleared over 150 square kilometers of land covered in mines and other explosive remnants of war (ERWs). CMAC Director General Heng Ratana noted that this has benefited over 2.5 million people from 2018-2024 the project. They have destroyed 82,844 land mines and UXOs which was supported by China-aided “Cambodia Landmines Elimination Project.” Cambodian Mine Action and Victim Assistance Authority (CMAA) senior minister Ly Thuch said: “Over the years, China has provided financial support for our deminers to clear silent killers, the landmines.” This has led to lands riddled with mines being free for farmers, children, and people to build homes, schools, and temples. (“China-aided landmine elimination project benefits 2.5 mln people: Cambodian official,” People’s Daily Online, 06 February 2025)

China’s President talks to Sultan of Brunei on shared future 
On 06 February, China’s President Xi Jinping held talks with the Sultan of Brunei Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mu'izzaddin Waddaulah. Xi noted that since they established ties for more than 30 years the countries have further their cooperation and mutual trust. They also have maintained good coordination when it comes to international and regional affairs while making positive contributions to regional peace. Xi also called to build a China-Brunei community for a shared future in line with the trend of the times. (“Xi holds talks with Brunei's Sultan,” Global Times, 06 February 2025)

CHINA & AFRICA
China’s survey found a new mineral deposit in Liberia 
On 06 February, Liberia’s Ministry of Mines and Energy reported that a China-funded survey led to the finding of new mineral deposits in Liberia. The survey is the largest of its kind in 50 years of valuable minerals to be found in Liberia. This includes neodymium, silver, nickel, zinc, uranium, and cobalt. An assistant minister Rexford Sartuh said: “We are grateful that China helped with this survey, which has resulted in Liberia discovering new minerals that could enhance the country's development.” The last survey was conducted in 1973 by the US and this survey is sponsored by China and will be aided by their technologies. Liberia’s President Joseph Nyumah Boakai noting this report received from China said: “The Liberia Broadcasting System is making significant progress in constructing a new television and radio expansion complex, which is ahead of schedule. This $5.5 million project, funded by the People's Republic of China through China Aid, includes a complete refurbishment of the existing infrastructure and the introduction of modern advanced equipment.” (“China helps Liberia find key minerals for growth,” China Daily, 06 February 2025)

CHINA & CENTRAL ASIA 
China’s Premier meets with Kyrgyzstan’s President to discuss bilateral cooperation 
On 05 February, China’s Premier Li Qiang met with Kyrgyzstan’s Sadyr Japarov. Li noted that China’s relations with Kyrgyzstan developed over the years and have been built on mutual trust. Li said: “China is willing to work with Kyrgyzstan to implement the important consensus reached by the presidents of the two countries, firmly support each other on major issues concerning core interests, expand mutually beneficial cooperation in all respects, and better contribute to their respective modernization drives.” Li also noted that China was to advance the China-Kyrgyzstan-Uzbekistan railway and other projects under BRI. Japarov also noted that Kyrgyzstan is willing to strengthen high-level exchanges with China. (“Chinese premier meets with Kyrgyz president in Beijing,” Xinhua, 05 February 2025) 

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China issued a complaint to the WTO organization against USs discriminatory tariffs 
On 06 February, BBC reported on China accusing the US of making false allegations about its role in the Fentanyl trade. A complaint was lodged with the World Trade Organization (WTO) after US President Donald Trump raised tariffs on Chinese products by 10 per cent. In their complaint, China issued that the practice was “discriminatory and protectionist.” It is expected that the ruling will not be in favor of China, and the trade dispute with the US will continue. These tariffs have provoked China as they imposed retaliatory tariffs on US-made goods and an investigation against Google office in China over the violation of anti-trust law. (“China challenges Trump tariffs as 'discriminatory',” BBC, 06 February 2024)

US Postal Service reverses plans to ban parcels coming from Hong Kong and China 
On 05 February, the United States Postal Service announced a reversal of its ban on small packages from China and Hong Kong. They announced that they will now accept all international inbound mail and packages from China and Hong Kong. This reversal happened between 12 hours of the first announcement. US postal service stated that they are closely working with the Customs and Border Protection agency to follow an efficient way to work in light of new tariffs on Chinese goods. After Trump's order a “de minus” was imposed where small packages below the value of USD 800 were allowed to enter duty-free. (“US Postal Service reverses decision to suspend taking parcels from Hong Kong, mainland China,” SCMP, 05 February 2025)
 

China Reader | 05 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 252
MARITIME 
China’s deep-sea vessel Jiaolong gets upgraded 
On 04 February, SCMP reported on the updates made on Jiaolong's deep-sea research vessel. The submersible is a deep-sea vessel with a crew capable of diving 7,000 meters. The vessel is now upgraded with a lithium battery which has high energy and density. It also has a low-noise propulsion system noted China’s State Oceanic Administration (SOA). SOA also informed that they now have an improved hydraulics system to boost its performance. Xinhua (China’s flagship news media) noted that these upgrades will lead to a “technological leading role and support future deep-sea scientific research voyages.” The vessel in 2010 unfurled a Chinese flag at the bottom of the South China Sea claiming the contesting waters. (“China’s Jiaolong deep-sea research vessel set for sea trials after major upgrades,” SCMP, 04 February 2025)

INTERNATIONAL
China takes over the rotatory presidency of UNSC, discusses conflicts, tariffs, and multilateralism 
On 02 February, China took over the rotatory presidency of the United National Security Council and highlighted the agenda set for the Global South. China’s Ambassador to the UN Fu Cong noted that during their tenure they plan to address the conflict in the Middle East and Africa, aimed to promote multilateralism. Fu also noted the new tariffs imposed by the US and said: “I do hope that, despite all the rhetoric that we have heard from the American politicians, we can take a constructive – and I will emphasize a professional – approach to our work here in the United Nations.” Fu also condemned Trump's plans to possibly militarize the Panama Canal. On the developments made by China-based startup DeepSeek, he noted that there is a lesson for the world especially the US here. They should never underestimate Chinese innovation and ingenuity. (“As China takes the gavel at the UN Security Council, its envoy has words for the US,” SCMP, 04 February 2025)

China delays and redirects wheat imports due to ample domestic supply and lower demand 
On 05 February, Reuters reported that China has been delaying imports of Australian Wheat imports estimated to be 600,000 metric tons. Most of these cargoes are being offered to other buyers as China had an ample domestic supply of wheat and reduced demand. China currently accounts for 6 per cent of wheat imports notes US Department of Agriculture Data 2023. As the country has well well-stocked supply of wheat most of this wheat from the US and Australia is being to Southeast Asian countries. From January to February, China delayed 10 of its Australian shipments and later redirected them. (“China has delayed or redirected 600,000 tons of wheat imports, sources say,” Reuters, 05 February 2025)

CHINA & SOUTHEAST ASIA 
China’s PLA conducts airspace patrol over South China Sea during Manila-US drills 
On 03 February, China’s People’s Liberation Army conducted airspace patrols over the contested Scarborough Shoal. This exercise coincided with the Philippines Air Force exercise with the US in the South China Sea. PLA’s Senior Colonel Li Jianjian said: “During this period, the Philippines colluded with extraterritorial countries to organize a so-called joint patrol, deliberately undermining peace and stability in the South China Sea region.” Li noted that China’s Theater Air Force command is on high alert as they safeguard national sovereignty and territory, they are ready to disrupt any activities aiming to hinder peace and stability in the South China Sea. This incident comes after China and the Philippines argued over China’s destroyer fleet’s presence in the Basilan Strait. Commander of the Philippine Western Mindanao Command, Lieutenant General Antonio Nafarrete on the same said: “not consistent with the principles of innocent passage, which require continuous and expeditious transit without lingering in archipelagic waters longer than necessary.” (“PLA decries US-Philippine air drill over South China Sea as tensions escalate,” SCMP, 04 February 2025)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China imposes counter-measures against US tariffs on imports and exports to the US
On 04 February, New York Times reported that China State Council Tariff Commission initiated countermeasures against Trump's 10 per cent tariffs on Chinese goods. The measures focus on targeting American firms and imports of critical minerals. This comes after Trump’s executive order on the imposition of tariffs came into full effect. These measures include tariffs on natural gas, farm machinery, coal, and other imports China gets from the US. They also put restrictions on the export of some critical minerals used for the production of critical technology. Tax Commission Announcement officially instates a 15 per cent tariff on coal and LNG, 10 per cent on crude oil, agricultural machinery, and large displacement cars. Additionally, China’s State Administration for Market Regulation launched an antimonopoly investigation against Google. China will look into if and how Google has violated its anti-trust laws. Currently, Goggle’s services are not used in China, but the company has a presence in Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenzhen dealing with sales and engineering of its advertising business. Researchers at Capital Economics reckon that Chinese tariffs will affect USD 20 billion of US exports to China far less than USD 450 billion in Chinese exports to the US. China’s Ministry of Commerce said: “seriously undermine the rules-based multilateral trading system, damage the foundation of economic and trade cooperation between China and the United States, and disrupt the stability of global industry supply chains.” (“China Counters Trump’s Tariffs As Talks Remain in Limbo,” The New York Times, 04 February 2025; “Announcement of the State Council Tariff Commission on imposing additional tariffs on some imported goods originating from the United States,” Ministry of Finance of People’s Republic of China, 04 February 2025; “China launches an antitrust probe into Google. Here’s what it means,” Associate Press, 04 February 2025)

The US Postal Service bans incoming parcels from China and Hong Kong 
On 05 February, The Guardian reported that the US Postal Service suspending parcels coming from China and Hong Kong. This comes after the US imposed tariffs on Chinese imports.  The suspension takes effect immediately. This will have larger effects on US consumer orders and big retail chains like Amazon. In 2023, it was estimated that 30 per cent of small packages coming to the US were from China. Mostly by the two largest Chinese companies Shein and Temu. After Trump’s administration announcement, the White House secretary expressed that there are no updates on whether the US-China call take place. White House press secretary Karoline Leavitt said: “He is not going to allow China to continue to source and distribute deadly fentanyl into our country, that was the reason for this tariff.” (“US Postal Service suspends incoming parcels from China and Hong Kong,” The Guardian, 05 February 2025)

China Reader | 04 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 251
INTERNAL
Pension funding firms propping in China, reports Xinhua 
On 03 February, Xinhua reported on the growing number of fund sales institutions propping up in China for private pensioners. These have mostly come up to aid the wealth management of clients as part of China’s private pension scheme. By the end of 2024, there were 52 sales institutions for private pensioners. Out of them 19 were commercial banks in China, 25 were security companies and eight were independent companies. To cater to the Old-age security system, China came up with private pension schemes where individuals are allowed to contribute a sum of USD 1.647 annually for the pension, these have tax incentives as well. (“China sees growing private pension funds sales agencies,” Xinhua, 03 February 2025) 

CHINA & TAIWAN 
South Africa presses Taiwan to move its liaison office under alleged pressure from China 
On 03 February, SCMP reported that Taiwan’s Liaison Office in South Africa was asked to be relocated and vacate Pretoria. Additionally, they are asked to downgrade the status of representative of the office from Liaison to trade office. This demand is reckoned to be due to increased Chinese pressure in the region. Taiwan’s Liaison Office said: “Despite our ongoing negotiations, the South African government has renewed its demand for Taiwan’s representative office to vacate the capital within a set deadline.” This renewed pressure is attributed to China, especially after sanctions were imposed on a leader of the Democratic Alliance for visiting Taiwan. The Liaison office said that: “Taiwan will continue to engage with the South African government based on the principles of reciprocity and dignity. Future responses will be determined based on South Africa’s reaction and Taiwan’s strategic considerations.” (“South Africa presses Taiwan to vacate liaison office in Pretoria,” SCMP, 03 February 2025)

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA 
Pakistan’s President to visit China to discuss economic cooperation and counterterrorism measures 
On 04 February, Pakistan’s President Asif Ali Zardari is visiting China for a five-day visit to discuss economic agreements and counterterrorism measures as the main focus. Professor Zhu Yongbiao of Lanzhou University noted that: “The frequent high-level exchanges between Pakistan and China reflect, on the one hand, the special and close nature of the bilateral relationship, but on the other hand the need for the two countries to further strengthen communication.” Zhu noted that Pakistan grapples with serious security issues, as many militant groups specifically target the Chinese. Balochistan Liberation Army (BLA) has been responsible for several such attacks like the massive blast in Jinnah Airport killing two Chinese nationals, five died after a suicide attack in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2024. Therefore, expanding the scope of China's security presence will be a hot topic for Zardari. They are also expected to discuss the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and fruitful economic cooperation. (“China-Pakistan ties: presidents to focus on terrorism and economy amid security issues,” SCMP, 04 February 2025)

Shein strikes a deal with Indian retail firm, relaunches in India after five years 
On 03 February, BBC reported that China’s fashion giant Shein is set to relaunch in India after five years of ban. The comeback owed to a deal signed between Shein and Indian retail giant Reliance. The deal struck issues that there is a long-term agreement for Shein to sell products to Indian platforms. India’s Commerce Minister Piyush Goyal expressed that Shein’s re-entry comes with strict terms to protect and keep data within the country. Since the relaunch, the app has been downloaded by 10,000 people offering clothes for USD 2.30. Currently, the delivery of Shein products is only available in major cities of India Delhi, Mumbai, and Bangalore. (“Chinese fashion giant Shein re-enters India five years after ban,” BBC, 03 February 2025)

CHINA & EUROPE 
European firm shift to DeepSeek, reports CGTN
On 04 February, CGTN reported that European firms are using DeepSeek. CEO of Nova AI a German startup Hemanth Mandapati noted that they adopted the DeepSeek chat box from OpenAI. Hemanath said: “There was an offer from DeepSeek which was five times lower than their actual price, I am saving a lot of money, and users don't see any kind of difference.” The executive believes this could be game changer for European firms and this OpenAI application is a step towards democratizing AI. Analyst from Bernstein believes that DeepSeek’s pricing are 20-40 per cent lower.(“DeepSeek helps Europe's tech firms catch up in global AI race,” CGTN, 04 February 2025) 

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
China’s Ambassador to Panama accused the US of string problems  
On 03 February, China’s Ambassador to Panama expressed concern against the US statement on the Panama Canal and noted that they are bringing a “tropical storm” by intimidating a Central American country. Ambassador Xu Xueyan criticized US Secretary of State Marco Rubio’s statement to avoid China and take action to curb Chinese influence in the canal. Xu wrote an editorial in the Panama newspaper titled: “The United States, please learn to respect,” where she questioned the fury against China-Panama relations. Trump previously has called China’s engagement in Panama violating US-Panama’s neutrality clause. (“China’s ambassador to Panama slams US for stirring ‘tropical storm’ with Marco Rubio visit,” SCMP, 04 February 2025)
 

China Reader | 03 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 250
INTERNAL
China to see 4.8 billion trips during the first half of the Spring Festival 
On 03 February, Global Times reported that China is estimated to see 4.8 billion inter-regional trips during the first half of the Spring Festival 2025. There has been a 7.2 per cent increase in travel since the same time last year, notes a special workers team for the festival. The passenger flow has also increased substantially since 30 January as the daily trips exceed 300 million, reports China’s Ministry of Transport. It is reckoned that 9 billion trips will be made during Chunyun of 2025, which will end on 22 February. During this period family reunite with their loved ones to celebrate the festival, hence the rush to go back home. (“China estimates 4.8 bln trips in the first half of Spring Festival travel rush,” Global Times, 03 February 2025)

ECONOMY
China’s annual trade in services rose by 14.4 per cent
On 03 February, China’s Ministry of Commerce reported that the annual trade in service reached USD 1 trillion. The services import and export value reached a record high of USD 1.05 trillion seeing 14.4 per cent year-end growth. Separately, exports grew by 18.2 per cent and imports grew by 11.8 per cent. A researcher at the Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Trade Cooperation, Li Jun expressed that the shift is a global trend to digitization and smart tech is owed to this growth. The change in China’s tourist policy with welcoming measures like “China Travel,” increased the number of international tourists visiting China. (“China's annual trade in services exceeds $1 trillion, highlighting significant growth potential,” CGTN, 03 February 2025)

CHINA & TAIWAN
Taiwan bans government employees from using DeepSeek AI app, stating national security threat 
On 02 February, Taipei Times reported that Taiwan’s Ministry of Digital Affairs (MODA) announced that public sector workers are prohibited from using DeepSeek. The AI model came out recently becoming the most downloaded app in the US. There was a recent breach in the AI model where some concerns were expressed over the leakage of personal data. MODA notified that any government agencies or critical infrastructure will not use DeepSeek as it will “endanger national information security.” MODA said: “Its operation involves cross-border transmission, information leakage, and other information security concerns.” The ban also includes employees of central or local government, public schools, SOEs, semi-government organisations, and those working with critical technology and infrastructure. MODA also cited a legislative regulation called Principles on Restricting the Use of Products That Endanger National Cyber Security of 2019, to protect national security. (“Government agencies banned from using DeepSeek, digital ministry says,” Taipei Times, 02 February 2025)

Taiwan’s President Lai Ching-te calls for peace dialogue with China 
On 03 February, China’s President Lai Ching-te urged that both countries need to talk to each other and achieve a peace deal as they face “multifold challenges.” Lai was speaking to a member of the Taiwanese Business Community where is said: “Therefore, we should, especially at a time of multifold changes in the international situation, have a good dialogue and exchanges between the two sides of the strait to achieve the goal of peace.” He noted that Taiwan welcomes China as an equal with no preconditions, as Lai believes dialogue replaces confrontation. (“Taiwan and China need peace given 'multifold changes' internationally, president Lai says,” The Strait Times, 03 February 2025)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS
US Secretary of State urges Panama to take steps to curb China’s influence in the Canal 
On 02 February, US Secretary of State Marco Rubio warned Panama’s President Jose Raul Mulino against China’s influence in Panama. Rubio informed Mulino that the US would take whatever “necessary measures,” if Panama didn’t do something about it. This comes after Mulino held discussions with US diplomats and noted that he would review Panama’s engagement with Chinese firms and businesses. He also noted that while there will be full cooperation from with US on issues of migration, but will remain sovereign over what goes on in the world’s second busiest waterway. Rubio relegated Trump's concerns that China’s presence by operating two ports near the canals violates the US-Panama waterway treaty. US President Donald Trump earlier expressed his concerns over Chinese presence and said: “China's running the Panama Canal. That was not given to China, that was given to Panama - foolishly - but they violated the agreement, and we're going to take it back, or something very powerful is going to happen.” (“Rubio tells Panama to end China's influence of canal or face US action,” Reuters, 03 February 2025)

China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs opposes US tariffs imposition 
On 02 February, China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs issued that they oppose the US imposition of tariffs and that they will take countermeasures to defend their rights and interests. The Ministry expressed that their position is firm and that there are no winners in trade wars. Additionally, unilateral tariffs by the US violate World Trade Organization norms and this will not resolve domestic issues the US faces. The Ministry also warned that this additional tariff will undermine China’s full cooperation in Fentanyl drug control. China’s Ministry of Commerce also plans to file a lawsuit against the WTO and said: “China is strongly dissatisfied with and firmly opposes US tariffs imposed on Chinese goods.” (“Multiple Chinese ministries, business community firmly deplore and oppose US tariff move,” Global Times, 02 February 2025)

China Reader | 01 February 2024 | Vol.1 Nos. 249
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 
China’s DeepSeek is the most downloaded AI app in the US 
On 01 February, BCC reported on China’s newly released AI giant DeepSeek and how has it affected the AI industry. The new AI chatbox owned by a small Chinese company took over OpenAI’s ChatGPT, with it being the most downloaded app in the US. This led to US company Nvidia a chip-making firm to lose USD 600 billion in market value. This is considered to be because of the Large Language Model (LLM) used for the app. Which has the same capabilities as that of OpenAI but for a fraction of the cost. DeepSeek informed that they achieved this by reducing the cost of computation, the time required to train the model, and the memory it needed for the storage. The model was trained on 2,000 Nvidia H800 GPUs, as the current chip are version of the banned H100 chip. As the US administration banned the sale of Nvidia chips, they modified ways to build them. As AI computation costs require a lot of energy, China’s innovation is relevant for the sustainability of AI technology. Additionally, China’s DeepSeek model has released the models used to make it and their development, contrasting the US move of secrecy. (“DeepSeek: What lies under the bonnet of the new AI chatbot?,” BBC, 01 February 2024) 

CHINA & SOUTH ASIA 
India-China to resume direct flights
On 28 January, Reuters reported that India and China will now resume direct flight services. This comes after five years of halt since the COVID-19 pandemic closed down. Both countries in 2024 took measures to resolve their trade and economic issues and thaw ties. The decision comes after China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi and India’s Foreign Secretary Vikram Misri agreed to cultivate a framework to resume flights. China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs confirmed the news noted Wang Yi stating “mutual support and mutual achievement.” Observe Research Foundation’s policy head Harsh V Pant said: “Economic headwinds are being faced by both India and China and both have an interest in ensuring the economic relationship continues to be managed in a (mutually beneficial) way.” (“India and China agree to resume air travel, settle economic differences,” Reuters, 28 January 2024)

Chinese firms pledged to invest USD 340 million in Pakistan’s EV sector 
On 30 January, Investment Monitor reported that Chinese firms have announced to invest USD 340 million for the development of Pakistan’s electric vehicle industry. This was pledged by China’s Malik Group and ADEN Group. Pakistan’s Energy Minister of Sindh, Syed Nasir Hussain Shah said: “If the company manufactures EVs in Pakistan, the Sindh government will purchase over 20% of the vehicles produced at the Karachi plant.” Chairperson of the Malik Group informed that they plan to install 30 charging plants which will be delivered from China in the coming ten days, as they aim to conclude infrastructure operation by 2025 end. ADEN Group is reckoned to invest USD 90 million to install 3,000 charging stations and additionally USD 240 million for the production of EVs. (“China pledges $340mn to Pakistan’s EV sector,” Investment Monitor, 30 January 2025)

CHINA & EAST ASIA 
China’s Ministry of Commerce urges Japan to reconsider export ban on semiconductors 
On 01 February, China’s Ministry of Commerce expressed concerns regarding Japan’s export controls of semiconductors. The ministry noted that this would disrupt trade between the two countries and undermine mutual interest. The Ministry said: “We urge the Japanese side to listen to the rational voices of the industry, promptly rectify its actions with a view of abiding by international trade rules and strengthening the China-Japan economic cooperation, and prevent relevant measures from hindering the healthy development of bilateral trade.” They also noted that few countries have generalized the idea of national security and that they abused the export control measure to debilitate China’s innovation. This ban by Japan will include 18 Chinese firms and will be affecting from 09 February. (“China, Japan should jointly maintain the stability of global industrial and supply chains: commerce ministry,” Global Times, 01 February 2024)

CHINA & THE AMERICAS 
Donald Trump to impose tariffs on China, Mexico, and Canada
On 31 January, The Guardian reported that the newly elected US President Donald Trump will impose tariffs on China, Canada, and Mexico. US White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt informed that exported goods from Mexico and Canada will be hit by 25 per cent tariffs and that they will start soon this month. Democratic Senate leader Chuck Schumer said: “We should be focused on going hard against competitors who rig the game, like China, rather than attacking our allies.” Donald Trump also noted that he would impose additional tariffs on chips, oil, and gas as soon as 17 February. Former US Consul General in Hong Kong Kurt Tong expressed that imposing such tariffs at this early stage will concur “measurable and significant,” retaliation by China. Canada’s Prime Minister Justin Trudeau expressed that there will be “disastrous consequences,” of these tariffs. Mexico’s President Claudia Sheinbaum said: “We are always going to defend the respect of our sovereignty and a dialogue between equals, as we have always said, without subordination.” China’s embassy in US spokesperson Liu Pengyu said: “There is no winner in a trade war or tariff war, which serves the interests of neither side nor the world.” (“Trump to impose tariffs on imports from Canada, Mexico, and China,” The Guardian, 31 January 2024)

US bill seeks to separate China and US AI technology development 
On 01 February, SCMP reported that the US Senate was looking to separate China’s and US AI technological development. US Senator Josh Hawley suggested that he wants to ban all imports and exports of AI technology and intellectual property developed in China. The bill bans all US firms from investing in any Chinese firms that work on AI research. The Decoupling America’s Artificial Intelligence Capabilities from China Act also prohibits US firms and universities from collaborating on AI research. Hawley said: “Every dollar and gig of data that flows into Chinese AI are dollars and data that will ultimately be used against the United States.” (“Reacting to DeepSeek, US Senate bill would separate US and China efforts to develop AI,” SCMP, 01 February 2024)