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NIAS AFRICA WEEKLY
IN FOCUS | Nigeria elections: Ruling party wins; What is ahead?
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NIAS Africa Team
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Africa Weekly #52 & 53, Vol. 2, No. 8 & 9 28 February 2023
IN FOCUS
Nigeria elections: Ruling party wins; What is ahead?
Insurgency, ransom kidnappings and frequent bandit attacks are plaguing the instability in the country. In addition, the economic crisis amid rising inflation, unemployment, poverty and corruption are multiplying the existing issues. All the above issues will be at stake for the new government.
by Anu Maria Joseph
On 2 March, Independent National Election Commission (INEC) declared the ruling party All Progressive Congress (APC) candidate, Bola Tinubu, the new President of Nigeria. Tinubu won the elections by securing 37 per cent of votes against his main rival People’s Democratic Partys’Atiku Abubakar and Labour party’s Peter Obi who scored 29 per cent and 25 per cent of votes respectively. After his victory, Tinubu addressed the media: “I take this opportunity to appeal to my fellow contestants to let us team up together. It is the only nation we have. It is one country and we must build it together.” Meanwhile, Peter Obi, opposition candidate from the Labour party criticised the election results claiming that voters were robbed at the polling station and pledged to challenge the results. He said at a news conference: “We won the election and we will prove it to Nigerians.”
The same day, the head of the African Union Commission, Moussa Fakki congratulated Tinubu urging all parties to "uphold peace and the rule of law." Further he added: "Any post-election dispute or grievance (should) be pursued through the judicial system, as provided for by the law." Following the announcement of the results, the US State Department stated: “This competitive election represents a new period for Nigerian politics and democracy.” The UK Prime Minister congratulated the new President Bola Tinubu saying: “I look forward to working together to grow our security and trade ties, opening up opportunities for businesses and creating prosperity in both our countries.”
Who were the major actors?
The ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) and People’s Democratic Party (PDP) have dominated Nigerian politics since the end of military rule in 1999. Nearly, 87.2 million people are eligible to vote this year, among which 59 million people are aged between 18 and 35. The head of INEC (Independent National Election Commission) described the year as an “election of young people.” To win the elections, candidates need to secure majority votes and a quarter of ballots cast in 25 of the 36 states along with Abuja. There are 18 candidates contesting for the elections. The ruling APC's Bola Tinubu, the PDP’s Atiku Abubakar and the Labour Party’s Peter Obi are the three frontrunners.
Peter Obi, a businessman-turned-politician, belonging to Igbo ethnic group, is the candidate for Labour Party. He is the former governor of Anambra state where his home base is. He emerged as an unexpectedly powerful figure with wide support from the youth, hoping to end the two-party system that has dominated Nigeria since 1999.
Atiku Abubakar, who had most of his career in politics, a former civil servant and vice-president under Olusegun Obasanjo and a prominent businessman is running for the main opposition People’s Democratic Party. He has based his campaign on the legacies of Obasanjo’s term including successful reforms in telecommunications, pensions and banking sectors. However, he has been accused of corruption and cronyism which he denies.
Bola Ahmed Tinubu, known as a political godfather in the south-west region, runs for the ruling All Progressives Congress Party. He has promised a “renewed hope” taking up the slogan ‘Emi Lokan,’ which means “it's my turn [to be president]” throughout his campaign.
What were the major issues alongside the elections?
First, protests amid inefficiency of the INEC. Voting processes were disrupted in multiple polling stations after logistical delays and malfunctioning of the voting machines. This is the first time the country is using an electronic voting system for the national elections. The opposition parties described the elections “inconclusive”, demanding for a rerun alleging lack of transparency with the new electronic system. On the sidelines of the elections, protests broke out in major towns denouncing the Inec, alleging votes have been stolen. The European Union observer mission has pointed out lack of transparency and operational failures in the elections. In addition, complaints were reported by many voters that the electoral officials refused to upload the results.
Second, multiple instances of violence. Violence was reported in multiple polling stations disrupting the election process. The head of the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), Mahmood Yakubu said that armed men attacked few polling stations in Southern state of Delta; Criminal gangs attacked voting locations in Katsina; Islamist insurgents in Borno state opened fire and injured electoral officers. In Lagos, a group of men, holding bottles and machetes attacked polling stations injuring many.
Third, lack of trust in candidates. Previously, Nigerian elections were marred by credible reports of politicians rigging the polls and causing violence. Similar instances have raised concerns. A member of the House of Representatives was arrested with USD 500,000 with a list of people he was supposed to pay. While Abubakar is expected to unite the fractured PDP, accusations of financial impropriety and cronyism denounce his candidacy. Suspected hidden wealth of Obi and his lack of popularity in the Muslim-dominated north is a matter of popular trust. Tinubu had faced allegations of corruption, money laundering, fraud and tax evasion alongside opponents within his own party.
What does Tinubu’s win mean?
Elections in Nigeria were an achievement to democracy in Africa, when authoritarian governments are gaining momentum elsewhere in the continent. However, voter turnout of the elections is the lowest of two decades reaching 28 per cent. Besides, the INEC’s poor performance has created a loss of confidence in the results. The Oxford Economics Africa stated: “Mr Tinubu’s narrow victory is bittersweet, as his historically low support in the polls could lead some to question his legitimacy as president.” A West Africa analyst Mucahid Durmaz says that Tinubu’s narrow victory against the opponent “highlights the fractious nature of Nigerian politics and the continued importance of regional identities with ethnic and religious undertones.”
Still, hopeful Nigerians say Tinubu’s win points to a positive turn in the country's economic sector as he has promised to build on former President Buhari’s public infrastructure programme to create jobs and reduce corporate tax to attract new investments. He has pledged a new surveillance system to avoid crude oil theft and attract new investors; boosting oil production and domestic refining through joint ventures was one of his campaign agenda.
What is at stake for the new government?
First, the biggest issue to address is the rampant insecurity. Frequent attacks by gunmen and ransom kidnappings were the issues that previous governments failed to address. According to SBM Intelligence, a Nigerian risk consultancy agency, more than 3,400 people were abducted for ransom across the country between July 2021 and June 2022; and another 564 were killed in violence during the abductions. Besides, bandits attacks, violence instigated by the separatist group Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), and increasing Boko Haram insurgency will be at stake for the new government.
Second, the elections are taking place at the backdrop of economic instability. Currently, Nigeria’s National Bureau of Statistics records an inflation rate of 21.8 per cent, the highest in two decades. Though an oil-rich nation, in 2022, oil production in the country fell to its lowest in 30 years. Nearly 64 per cent of the population is under the poverty line. Besides, debt management of Nigeria recorded a public debt of nearly USD 101 billion. In addition, youth unemployment is nearly 42 per cent, indicating that more than half of the youth between 15 and 24 are unemployed. Further, the shortage of local naira currency, following the currency redesign in February has caused public anxiety.
In sum, insurgency, ransom kidnappings and frequent bandit attacks are plaguing the instability in the country. In addition, the economic crisis amid rising inflation, unemployment, poverty and corruption are multiplying the existing issues. All the above issues will be at stake for the new government.
AFRICA IN BRIEF
14 February-28 February
By Anu Maria Joseph and Apoorva Sudhakar
TUNISIA
President’s remarks on migrants criticised
On 22 February, Tunisian President Kais Saied called for “emergency measures” against irregular migrants from sub-Saharan Africa. Rights groups have criticised his remarks that the influx of migrants was aimed at changing the country’s demography as racist. The Reuters news agency quoted him: “The undeclared goal of the successive waves of illegal immigration is to consider Tunisia a purely African country that has no affiliation to the Arab and Islamic nations.” A spokesperson for the Tunisian Forum for Economic and Social Rights described Saied’s remarks: “A racist approach just like the campaigns in Europe…the presidential campaign aims to create an imaginary enemy for Tunisians to distract them from their basic problems.” (“Tunisia leader's remarks against migrants criticised,” BBC, 22 February 2023)
LIBYA
At least 73 migrants presumed dead after a shipwreck
On 15 February, the International Organization for Migration (IOM) said that at least 73 migrants were presumed dead after a shipwreck at the Libyan coast. So far 11 bodies were recovered by the Libyan Red Crescent and police. The ship was carrying migrants to Europe through the route that IOM described as "the world's deadliest migratory sea crossing." According to IOM, more than 130 people have died this year alone while trying to cross the Mediterranean Sea through the route. (“More than 70 migrants feared dead after shipwreck,” BBC, 15 February 2023)
Guterres calls for political will to address a stalemate
On 17 February, UN Secretary-General António Guterres said: “Overcoming the current political impasse in Libya can unleash much-needed progress in tackling myriad crises there." Guterres, while attending the session by the High-level Committee on Libya, said the solution lies in the “political will to break the protracted political stalemate.” Guterres added that the “absence of elections worsens economic insecurity, heightens political instability, risks renewed conflict, and raises the spectre of partition.” (“Guterres in Africa: End political stalemate in Libya now, UN chief urges leaders,” UN News, 17 February 2023)
SOMALIA
At least 10 people killed in al-Shabab attack
On 22 February, BBC reported that at least 10 people were killed in an attack in Somali’s capital Mogadishu. The authorities said that al-Shabab is responsible for the siege at a building occupied by pro-government militia. Security forces said that they have killed four members of al-Shabab group. Despite significant gains by Somalia’s military backed by the African Union and the US forces, the militant group continues to carry out frequent attacks. (“Ten killed as Somali forces end siege in Mogadishu,” BBC, 22 February 2023)
ETHIOPIA
Three dissenting clerics reinstated in Oromia
On 15 February, the Orthodox Church said it had reached an agreement with three clerics in the Oromia region declared themselves archbishops after accusing the main church of bias against Oromos. The agreement reinstated the clerics, promised funds, resources to the churches in Oromia, and emphasised the need to train more Afaan Oromo-speaking priests. (“Ethiopian Orthodox Church reaches deal with three rogue bishops,” Al Jazeera, 16 February 2023)
KENYA
President orders the army to join security operation amid increasing bandits attack
On 14 February, Kenyan President Willam Ruto ordered the army to join a security operation against the armed groups in the northern Rift Valley region. According to the interior ministry, more than 100 civilians were killed in attacks by armed men in the past six months. Besides, the government has been facing severe criticism for inadequate response to increasing security issues in the region. (“Kenya to deploy army as bandits kill over 100,” BBC, 14 February 2023)
SOUTH AFRICA
Russian warship arrives in Cape Town for joint military drills
On 13 February, a Russian warship docked in Cape Town harbour as part of South Africa’s previously announced joint military drill with China and Russia. The drills are expected to run for 10 days from 17 to 27 February in the port city of Durban and Richards Bay. The South African defence ministry defended the drills after facing severe criticism for its engagement with Russia by claiming that the country has hosted similar military exercises with France, the US and other western allies previously. (“Russian warship docks in S Africa ahead of joint drills,” BBC, 14 February 2023)
NIGERIA
President extends deadline for exchanging old banknotes
On 16 February, President Muhammadu Buhari approved the extension of the deadline to exchange old banknotes till 10 April. The previous deadline to exchange denominations of 1,000, 500, and 200 naira notes was 10 February; however, shortage of new notes led to violence and queues outside banks. However, Buhari maintained that while 200 notes could be used until 10 April, 1000 and 500 notes had to be exchanged at the central bank and other authorised points. The development contradicts the Supreme Court’s ruling that all old notes will remain legal until challenges filed by state governments are heard. (“Nigeria’s Buhari extends deadline to turn in old banknotes,” Al Jazeera, 16 February 2023)
Eight police officers killed in suspected IPOB attack
On 20 February, a local police spokesperson in Anambra state said at least eight police officers had been killed in two separate attacks suspected to be carried out by the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB). The spokesperson said a patrol vehicle and three exhibit vehicles had been set on fire in the attack and that two attackers were arrested and three were “fatally wounded.” The attacks come days ahead of the presidential elections; an Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) official said deployment to some stations may be hindered due to security challenges. (“Suspected rebels kill 8 police officers ahead of Nigeria election,” Al Jazeera, 21 February 2023)
Protests continue over shortage of cash
On 15 February, BBC reported that the frustrated Nigerian public have taken to the streets over the scarcity of cash following the central bank's decision to scrap old notes and replace them with new notes that are yet to reach widely. A regional newspaper reported that protesters attacked banks and destroyed ATM machines. Meanwhile, two people are feared dead after the protest turned violent. Roads were blocked with burning tyres and banks and other businesses were shut in Ibadan city following the violent protest. Country is expected to carry out presidential elections by the end of February. (“Ex-Kenyan leader to head AU mission in Nigeria polls,” BBC, 15 February 2023, “Protests over cash shortage hit parts of Nigeria,” BBC, 15 February 2023)
MALI
Three UN peacekeepers killed in central Mali blast
On 21 February, the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali said at least three UN peacekeepers had been killed and five injured in an IED blast in central Mali. The development comes a day after the military government raised its objections against the European Council’s head’s remarks that the Malian state was “collapsing” as militants, largely linked to the Islamic State and al Qaeda, were making advances into new territories. (“Three UN peacekeepers killed by roadside bomb in Mali,” Al Jazeera, 21 February 2023)
REGIONAL
Thousands fleeing Somaliland to Ethiopia, says UN
On 22 February, the UN said that thousands of civilians fled the self-declared republic of Somaliland to Ethiopia following fighting between regional government forces and local militias. The UN’s refugee agency, the UNHRC said that more than 80,000 people have reached Ethiopia’s Doole area from Somaliland’s Las Anod district the previous month. (“Thousands flee to Ethiopia amid Somaliland violence,” BBC, 22 February 2023)
Kigali accuses Congolese soldiers of attacking border post
On 15 February, Rwanda said 12 to 14 Congolese soldiers had crossed into the neutral zone and opened fire at a border post. Kigali termed it “an act of provocation.” However, the Democratic Republic of the Congo denied the claim; the South Kivu province governor said: “In no case did the [army] cross the neutral zone, let alone open fire in the direction of Rwanda.” The governor added: “Rwanda’s tendency to want to portray itself as a victim and stoke tensions by making false accusations reveals without any doubt its intention to attack South Kivu province, as is currently the case in the war of aggression that it is carrying out in North Kivu.” (“Rwanda accuses DR Congo soldiers of attack on army border post,” Al Jazeera, 16 February 2023)
AU continues suspension of Israel delegate to summit
On 19 February, the African Union commission chairperson Moussa Faki Mahamat said that Israel's observer status to the AU would remain suspended. Mahamat said: “The status is suspended until such time as this committee can deliberate … and so we did not invite Israeli officials to our summit.” Previously, the removal of Israel's deputy director-general of the Africa division, during a summit, sparked criticism from Tel Aviv. (Lenin Ndebele, “Israel still frozen out of AU observer status,” News24, 20 February 2023)
INTERNATIONAL
Ukraine to launch training programme for African diplomats
On 14 February, Ukrainian Foreign Minister Dmytro Kuleba said that the country has launched a “comprehensive” four-day online training programme for African diplomats, as an effort to strengthen relations with the continent. The ministry said that the agreement was reached in October 2022 during the foreign minister’s visit to Africa. Kuleba said: “During my tour, our African partners showed considerable interest in studying Ukrainian diplomatic experience.” He added: “The course developed is a continuation of the renaissance of relations between Ukraine and African countries, and will also be our practical contribution to strengthening the stability of the African continent.” (“Ukraine to train African diplomats amid Russia invasion,” BBC, 14 February 2023)
Human Rights Watch accuses UK accused of crimes against humanity in Chagos island
On 15 February, the UK has been accused of crimes against humanity over its refusal to allow a group of islanders to return to Chagos archipelago. Human Rights Watch said that reparations should be paid to generations that were affected by the decision to depopulate the island during the colonial times. However, the UK Foreign Office stressed on its repeating "deep regret" response adding that it "categorically reject the characterization of events" as crimes against humanity. The HRW report comes as the UK is facing severe international criticism for holding on to what it calls as "British Indian Ocean Territory" though the UN's International Court of Justice ruled British occupation of the Island as illegal. (“UK accused of crimes against humanity over Chagos,” BBC, 15 February 2023)
About the authors
Apoorva Sudhakar is a Research Associate at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore. Anu Maria Joseph is a Research Assistant at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore.
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Italy: Three factors about its current political instability
NIAS Africa Team
Sudan-Ethiopia border tensions and a profile of Blaise Compaoré
NIAS Africa Team
Africa’s continuing migration problem: Three issues
STIR Team
China in Space: Shenzhou-13 and Tiangong
NIAS Africa Team
Africa’s displacement crises: Three key drivers
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | Into the Sixth Decade of African Unity
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | Communal Tensions in Ethiopia
Padmashree Anandhan
What does Macron's victory mean for France and the EU
Rishma Banerjee
The rise of Marine Le Pen
Sourina Bej
Four challenges ahead for President Macron
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | Mali ends defence ties with France
GP Team
New US assistance for Ukraine
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | UK-Rwanda asylum deal
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | Africa, Russia, and the War in Ukraine
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | Political Crisis in Tunisia
GP Team
Russia's gas ultimatum to Europe
IPRI Team
30 days of War in Ukraine
NIAS Africa Team
60 years of Algerian independence
IPRI Team
Sri Lanka’s worsening economic crisis
NIAS Africa Team
In Focus: Libya
IPRI Team
The end of Denmark’s Inuit experiment
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | Europe and Africa: Will AU and EU be equal partners?
Anu Maria Joseph
Europe and Africa: Will AU and EU be equal partners?
Ashwin Immanuel Dhanabalan
Lecture report: Ukraine, Russia and Europe
Joeana Cera Matthews
Into History: Northern Ireland and Bloody Sunday, 50 years later
Nireekshan Bollimpalli
Africa’s slow COVID vaccination continues. Four reasons why
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS: Conflict over the Nile Dam
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS: Instability in Burkina Faso
Padmashree Anandhan
Munich Security Report: Six takeaways
Joeana Cera Matthews
Europe and Africa: An elusive search for an equal partnership
Ashwin Immanuel Dhanabalan
Femicides in Europe: The case of France
Padmashree Anandhan
Post Brexit: Three challenges in Northern Ireland
Porkkodi Ganeshpandian and Angkuran Dey
The return of the Left
Ashwin Immanuel Dhanabalan
Lithuania and China: Vilnius has become Beijing’s Achilles heel. Four reasons why
Mohamad Aseel Ummer
Africa: The anti-France sentiments in Mali and beyond
Shalini Balaiah
The Middle East in 2021: Never-ending wars and conflicts
Angelin Archana
Russia in 2021: Expanding boundaries
Prakash Panneerselvam
East Asia in 2021: New era of hegemonic competition
Apoorva Sudhakar
Coup in Burkina Faso: Five things to know
Joeana Cera Matthews
In Europe, abortion rights are "a privilege." Four reasons why
Padmashree Anandhan
Mapping COVID-19 protests in Europe: Who and Why
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Pakistan, US and Russia: Putin Online, Biden Offline
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
The unrest in Kazakhstan: Look beyond the trigger
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Deepening Pakistan-Russia ties
D. Suba Chandran
Justice Ayesha: Breaking the Legal Ceiling
Ankit Singh
Pakistan's Judiciary in 2021
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Same Page Story: Civil-Military Relations in 2021
D. Suba Chandran
Pakistan's Foreign Policy in 2021
Ankit Singh
Pakistan’s economy in 2021: Major highlights
Ankit Singh
Pakistan and the Asian Development Bank
Apoorva Sudhakar
The PDM is back, again
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Qureshi’s visit to Brussels: Three takeaways
GP Team
The Complete Compendium for 2021
GP Team
The Americas in 2021
GP Team
Europe in 2021
GP Team
Middle East and Africa in 2021
GP Team
South Asia in 2021
Apoorva Sudhakar
Protests in Gwadar: Four major highlights
Ankit Singh
Mini budget, IMF and a contemporary puzzle.
Ankit Singh
Pappu Sain bids adieu to the world
Apoorva Sudhakar
Smog, pollution and more: Deteriorating air quality in Pakistan
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
PTI’s secret dealing with the TTP and TLP
Vaishnavi Iyer
France, Algeria, and the politics over an apology
Joeana Cera Matthews
NATO-Russia relationship: Looking beyond the suspensions and expulsions
D. Suba Chandran
PTI’s TLP flip-flop and a secret deal
Apoorva Sudhakar
The increasing curbs on digital media freedom in Pakistan
Padmashree Anandhan
Facebook's Metaverse: Why it matters to Europe
Joeana Cera Matthews
Poland, EU and PolExit. It is complicated, for three reasons
Harini Madhusudhan
Europe's Energy Crisis and Gazprom
D. Suba Chandran
TLP: The government caves in again
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
TLP is back again
Apoorva Sudhakar | Project Associate, School of Conflict and Security Studies, NIAS
Pakistan’s transgender community: The long road ahead
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Since January 2021: Why the US President has not called Pakistan’s Prime Minister so far?
Apoorva Sudhakar
No honour in honour killing
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
The Military Reshuffle: A strategic or routine decision?
D. Suba Chandran
Dr AQ Khan: Between a national hero and a nuclear proliferator
Apoorva Sudhakar
Rising child abuse in Pakistan: Five reasons why
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Hazara Persecution in Pakistan: No end in sight
D. Suba Chandran
Protests in Gwadar: Who and Why
Chetna Vinay Bhora
Europe's Energy Crisis: It could get worse. Five reasons why
STIR Team
Cover Story: War against Malaria
Aswathy Koonampilly
Japan: New Prime Minister, Old party
GP Team
Europe's Energy Crisis
STIR Team
The Science and Politics of Materials
Sourina Bej
France: Paris Terror Trial
Harini Madhusudan
Belarus: Weaponization of the Migrant Crisis
Juan Mary Joseph
Attacks on Chinese Investments in Pakistan: Who, Where And Why?
Joeana Cera Matthews
Haiti: Two months after the assassination, the storm is still brewing
Joeana Cera Matthews
From Crimea to Navalny: Putin's calibrated Europe strategy
Joeana Cera Matthews
Nord Stream-2: Why is the region unhappy about the pipeline?
Lokendra Sharma
Two months of Cuban protests: Is the ‘revolution’ ending?
GP Team
The New Afghanistan
STIR Team
Climate Change and Energy Options
Apoorva Sudhakar
Digital Pakistan: Idea, Potential and Challenges
Anu Maria Joseph
South Africa: What is behind the pro-Zuma protests?
Dincy Adlakha
China and Russia in Myanmar: The interests that bind
Sarthak Jain
Nord Stream 2 is Russia’s geopolitical victory
Jeshil J Samuel
REvil is dead. Long live REvil
STIR Team
Space Tourism
Keerthana Rajesh Nambiar
The EU Summit 2021: Five Takeaways
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Impending famine in Tigray, should make Ethiopia everyone's problem
Anu Maria Joseph
Too late and too little is Ethiopia's international problem
Sankalp Gurjar
Africa's Ethiopia Problem
Apoorva Sudhakar
Ethiopia's Tigray problem is Tigray's Ethiopia problem
Lokendra Sharma
The future of nuclear energy looks bleak
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Five reasons why Afghanistan is closer to a civil war
Mohamad Aseel Ummer
Migration in Africa: Origin, Drivers and Destinations
Dincy Adlakha
The new three-child policy is two decades too late
Dincy Adlakha
Loud Echoes of the National Security Law in China
Joeana Cera Matthews
Farfetched goals on pandemic recovery, climate action and economic revival
STIR Team
Rare Earths and the Global Resource Race
SDP Scholar
The Rise and Reign of Ransomware
Gurpreet Singh
India and the geopolitics of supply chains
Chetna Vinay Bhora
Spain, Morocco and the rise of rightwing politics in Europe over immigration
Vibha Venugopal
The return of Taliban will be bad news for women
Udbhav Krishna P
Revisiting the recent violence: Three takeaways
Joeana Cera Matthews
For the Economist, Taiwan is the most dangerous place. The argument is complicated
Apoorva Sudhakar
15 of the 23 global hunger hotspots are in Africa. Three reasons why
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
The US decision to withdraw is a call made too early. Three reasons why
Lokendra Sharma
Learning from Cuba's vaccine development efforts
V S Ramamurthy and Dinesh K Srivastava
An energy mix of renewables and nuclear is the most viable option
Lokendra Sharma
Deadly second wave spirals into a humanitarian disaster
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
The US-Taliban Deal: One Year Later
Akriti Sharma
The Quad Plus and the search beyond the four countries
Apoorva Sudhakar
India's Endgames, Roles and Limitations in Quad
Sukanya Bali