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CWA # 1466, 5 September 2024
Conflict Weekly
Protests in Israel and Drone Attacks in Ukraine

  IPRI Team

Conflict Weekly #244, 5 September 2024, Vol.5, No.36
An initiative by NIAS-IPRI

Ayan Datta and Padmashree Anandhan

Gaza: Mounting protests inside Israel and Netanyahu’s resistance
Ayan Datta
 
In the news
On 2 September, Israel’s largest labour organisation, the Histadrut Labour Federation, held a countrywide general strike against the government’s failure to rescue six Israeli hostages killed in Gaza. Railway companies, small businesses, technology firms, manufacturing firms, private sector workers, lawyers and university staff joined the strike. 

On the same day, Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu asked forgiveness for failing to bring back the hostages. However, he opposed the protesters, stating: “No one is more committed to freeing the hostages than me. But no one will preach to me.” He added: “What message would it (hostage deal) send Hamas…Slay hostages, and you’ll get concessions?” He emphasised Israel’s need to control the Philadelphi Corridor connecting Gaza with Egypt, calling it Hamas’ “oxygen.” Additionally, far-right Minister of Finance Bezalel Smotrich and Minister of Public Security Itamar Ben-Gvir supported Netanyahu for “standing firm against our enemies and for (delivering) clear messages to the Israeli public.”

On the same day, protesters demonstrated outside Netanyahu’s house and the Likud Party headquarters, lighting bonfires and chanting slogans, including, “Stop the war. Free Gaza from Hamas, free us from Bibi.” The police arrested multiple protesters and assaulted journalists. 

On the same day, Israel’s Minster of Defence, Yoav Gallant, criticised the government for prioritising IDF control of the Philadelphi Corridor over a hostage deal, calling the move “a moral disgrace.”

On 1 September, the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) recovered six hostages’ bodies from tunnels under Gaza’s Rafah city. On the same day, Israel’s opposition leader, Yair Lapid, called a nationwide general strike to pressure the government to reach a hostage rescue deal. Later in the day, massive crowds gathered in Tel Aviv, Jerusalem, Haifa, and Eilat. The protesters marched to the IDF Headquarters, chanting: “We want them back alive,” “(Ceasefire) Now! Now!” They carried symbolic coffins and wore yellow ribbons to honour the hostages. Lior Rudaeff, son of a hostage, said: “If you hadn’t sabotaged a deal again and again…who were murdered in captivity would be here today with us, alive.” 

Separately, protesters blocked Israel’s Ayalon Highway. The demonstrators lit fires, set off fireworks, and placed sharp objects on the road. Israel’s police declared the demonstrations illegal, arresting 30 protesters. The police used water cannons, tear gas and stun grenades to disperse the protesters. 
 
Issues at large
First, the mounting pressure on Netanyahu. According to Israel’s Channel 12, public pressure on Netanyahu is growing, with 44 per cent of Israelis believing that he should resign and 64 per cent favouring a hostage deal. According to the Times of Israel, the protesters included Israel’s highly influential public sector workers. The Hostages and Missing Families Forum, which represents the relatives of Israeli captives, also enjoy popular support. The protests began in Tel Aviv but soon expanded to key Israeli cities, including the port city of Haifa and the strategically crucial city of Jerusalem.

Second, the government’s response. For Netanyahu and his far-right ministers, the protesters were helping Hamas by advocating a ceasefire before the IDF could eliminate the armed group. Although the protests have been largely peaceful, the police violently dispersed the crowds if they damaged public property or obstructed roads. Furthermore, the government refused to pay railway workers who went on strike.

Third, Netanyahu’s resistance. The far-right parties, Smotrich’s Religious Zionism and Ben Gvir’s Jewish Power, control 14 out of 64 seats in Netanyahu’s coalition, making them essential for the latter’s majority in the 120-seat Knesset. According to Al Jazeera, both far-right leaders have threatened to withdraw their support if Netanyahu agrees to a ceasefire, making it unlikely that he would accept the protesters’ demands.

Fourth, Netanyahu and the far-right. For Netanyahu, Smotrich and Ben-Gvir, destroying Hamas takes priority over rescuing hostages, conceding the Philadelphi Corridor would give the armed group incentives to kill more hostages, and Israel’s new demand of controlling the Corridor was necessary to prevent Hamas from reconstituting its forces. For Gallant, opposition parties and protesters, Netanyahu should agree to a ceasefire-hostage exchange deal and rescue the remaining captives because Hamas cannot be destroyed. Furthermore, they believe the Israeli leader introduced new demands to prolong his stint in office and should resign.
 
In perspective
With massive participation from labour unions, the ongoing protests will likely contribute to Netanyahu’s declining popularity. However, with national elections scheduled in 2026, opposition parties’ failed demands for an early election, and Netanyahu’s staunch far-right support base, the protests are unlikely to change Netanyahu’s endgames and priorities.

Ukraine: Russia’s Drone attacks
Pamashree Anandhan

In the news
On 2 September, the Russian Ministry of Defence reported on targeting Ukraine’s defence industry enterprises using long-range and attack unmanned aerial vehicles in Kharkiv. The ministry stated: “The Sever Group of Forces in Volchansk and Liptsy directions hit formations of 71st Jaeger Brigade, 3rd Assault Brigade of the AFU, and 36th Marine Brigade near Kharkov and Volchansk (Kharkov region).”

On 1 September, Ukraine’s military claimed Russia’s ballistic missiles and power-guided bomb attack on Kharkiv city resulting in the death of 40. The attack comes as a counter to Ukraine’s drone attack on energy facilities including an oil refinery in Moscow. According to the report in The New York Times, nearly ten explosions were observed across Kharkiv city. Ukraine’s President, Volodymyr Zelenskyy said: “Every such strike on Kharkiv and our other cities and towns proves the correctness of our tactics, particularly in the Kursk region — we must push the war back to where it came from, into Russia.”

On 21 August, Russia’s Ministry of Defence claimed to have deterred the largest drone attack by Ukraine against its two energy facilities, Konakovo Power Station and an oil refinery in Moscow. The ministry stated: “Last night, while the Kiev regime was trying to carry out a terrorist attack using unmanned aerial vehicles on the territory of the Russian Federation, on duty air defence systems shot down and intercepted 158 fixed-wing UAVs.”

Issues at large
First, Russia’s retaliatory attacks using drones. Since the delivery of the West’s advanced air defence systems, the frequency of attacks in Russia has multiplied. This ranges from targeting the airfields, energy infrastructure and military brigades. The Kursk operation provided an additional advantage for the Ukrainian forces to launch deeper attacks into the Russian territory. This shows how Russian defence has lowered to prevent damage and how Ukrainian air defences have strengthened from Western support. Since 2023, the intensity of drone attacks in airfields (Ryazan and Saratov) and Belgorod has increased and has slowly expanded further into Russia. 

Second, targeting the Kharkiv city. Kharkiv located 40 kilometres south of the Russian border is strategically important as it is home to the largest Ukrainian military brigades and functions as an intersection between Russia’s Rostov-on Don to Crimea. Earlier in 2023, Russian troops advanced from one settlement to another in the north of Kharkiv due to its strategic advantage to target. Since 2024, southern Ukraine has been the focus due to geographical proximity. It has also been easier for Russia to maintain its position in southern and eastern Ukraine due to its location and use it for quick retaliation against Ukraine’s incursive attacks.

Third, the West’s air-defence support. Compared to Ukraine’s November 2022 counteroffensive and the 2024 cross-border offensive into Kursk, the West’s support has upgraded from advanced military equipment and defence systems to advanced air defences. This includes “12 National Advanced Surface-to-Air Missile Systems (NASAMS) and munitions, more than 2,000 Stinger anti-aircraft missiles, Patriot air defense batteries, HAWK air defense systems, AIM-7, RIM-7, and AIM-9M missiles for air defense” and relevant equipment to integrate west’s launchers, missiles and existing air defence systems. The challenge faced by the Ukrainian military over the delayed US aid package no longer exists. It helped the Ukrainian military to defend its ground and expand its strikes into Russia. 

In perspective
First, Ukraine’s cry to showcase its capability. Taking the ongoing Kursk operation and the recent drone attacks across Russia is rather political than strategic. Russia which was selectively attacking Ukrainian military brigades and energy infrastructure is now provoked by Ukraine to rethink its internal security. However, Russia has been projected among the West to have downplayed the Kursk incursion, it has been able to defend and counter the missile attacks targeted inside. From the overall war point, this can be seen as Ukraine’s act to showcase its improved aerial attacking capabilities and to deceive its previous territorial losses.

Second, the tacit West. Since the start of the war, the debate over the supply and usage of Western defence systems has transcended. From sending defence equipment and ground defence systems to advanced air defences the debates have always circled to prevent the escalation of the war. Continuing into the third year, the barricades to supply F-16s and usage of west-supplied defence systems into Russian territory no longer stand restricted. Militarily and politically the West has announced its support to Ukraine for the Kursk invasion and the missile launched into Russia. The implicitness of the West has given larger ground for Ukraine to further its attacks.

Issues in Peace and Conflict This Week:
Regional Roundups
Rohini Reenum, Femy Francis, Anu Maria Joseph, Padmashree Anandhan, Ayan Datta, Samruddi Pathak, Sayeka Ghosh and Neha Tresa George

China, East, Southeast Asia, and the Pacific
China: Row with the Philippines after vessels collide in the South China Sea
On 31 August, BBC News reported that China and the Philippines accused each other of deliberately ramming coast guard vessels in the South China Sea. The collision occurred on the Sabina Shoal claimed by both countries. The China Coast Guard called on the Philippines to withdraw from Sabina Shoal, promising to combat all provocative acts. Meanwhile, the Philippines Coast Guard informed that the vessel, Teresa Magbanua, will not be removed despite harassment, bullying, and intimidation by China. Philippine Coast Guard Commodore Jay Tarriela stated that the vessel sustained damages during the collision. The US Ambassador to the Philippines Mary Kay L Carlson condemned China's “multiple dangerous violations of international law.”  Carlson reaffirmed the US’s support for the Philippines amidst fears of a larger confrontation in the South China Sea. 
 
China: PIF demanded to scrap the Taiwan reference
On 30 August, The Guardian reported that China’s regional envoy demanded the scrapping of the Taiwan language during the Pacific leaders’ summit. The Pacific Islands Forum (PIF) summit in Tonga brought Australia, New Zealand, and 16 Pacific Island countries together. Three of them have diplomatic relations with Taiwan. China’s special envoy for the Pacific Qian Bo said: “It was a surprising mistake made by someone and it must be corrected. Beijing’s position that China should be seen as the representative on behalf of the whole of China, including Taiwan and the mainland.” China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated: “Any attempt by the Taiwan authorities to brush up their sense of presence by rubbing shoulders with the forum can only be self-deceptive.”

China: Anti-discrimination investigation into Canadian tariffs
On 3 September, China announced anti-discrimination and anti-dumping investigations into Canadian tariffs. This was in response to Canada’s recent 100 per cent tariff on Chinese-made electric vehicles (EVs) and a 25 per cent tariff on Chinese steel and aluminium. The Chinese Ministry of Commerce expressed dissatisfaction with Canada’s “discriminatory unilateral restrictions” and plans to challenge these actions through the World Trade Organization (WTO). China announced an investigation into the potential dumping of Canadian rapeseed and related chemical products, citing a 170 per cent increase in Canadian rapeseed exports to China in 2023. The ministry noted that this surge had adversely impacted China’s domestic industries. A spokesperson emphasised that China will proceed with the investigations “by domestic laws and regulations and in line with WTO rules.”

China: Xinjiang Regional People’s Congress condemns US sanctions 
On 2 September, a resolution passed by the Xinjiang Regional People’s Congress opposed US sanctions on companies in Xinjiang as “political manipulation and economic bullying” under the guise of human rights protection. The sanctions under the accusations of “forced labor” target key industries including textiles and silicon-based solar products, harming Xinjiang’s economic development and livelihood. A deputy to the regional congress, Anwar Abdullah, criticised the US for preventing Xinjiang’s growth and said: “Through sanctions, people in Xinjiang lose their right to development.” The resolution calls for the US to halt these unwarranted sanctions and restore a fair market environment. It urges local governments and judicial authorities to support affected companies in expanding markets, boosting innovation, and protecting their legal rights. 
 
Taiwan: China should reclaim the ceded land from Russia, says President Lai
On 2 September, Taiwanese President Lai Ching-te challenged China’s claim on the country. He commented that if Beijing was motivated by territorial integrity, it would have sought to reclaim land ceded to Russia in the 1858 Treaty of Aigun. Lai pointed out that while China criticises Taiwan’s governance and threatens force, it has not demanded the return of territory from Russia, despite the treaty being an “unequal” agreement imposed on China during the Qing dynasty. Lai argued: “China's intention to attack and annex Taiwan is not because of what any one person or political party in Taiwan says or does. It is not for the sake of territorial integrity that China wants to annex Taiwan.” 

Japan: Typhoon Shanshan causes havoc 
On 31 August, BBC reported on typhoon Shanshan, causing widespread disruption in Japan. The level-five warning was issued to millions of residents in the southern island of Kyushu after a storm approached with winds of up to 252 kilometres per hour. After the landfall, the typhoon weakened to a severe tropical storm and shifted northeast, expecting up to 300 millimetres of rainfall. Japan’s Meteorological Agency advised people to be aware of landslides, flooding, and overflowing rivers. Heavy rain was witnessed in Gifu and Mie on 31 August. Special typhoon warnings were declared in Japan in cases of powerful storms similar to Typhoon Nanmadol in 2022.

Pacific Island countries: Migration to Aotearoa over climate change issues
On 3 September, RNZ reported on the people of Pacific Island countries planning to migrate to Aotearoa due to climate change. World Vision advocacy and research advisor Olivia Yates said: “Aotearoa's current immigration settings are not suitable for people migrating for climate-related reasons; termed climate mobility. Our immigration is set up to cater more to employment pathways than to address climate mobility. The Pacific Access Category visa provides residency to 500 people from Fiji, 150 from Kiribati, 500 from Tonga, and 250 from Tuvalu annually. Although known as a humanitarian visa, applicants must also be able to read, write, and speak English and the costs associated with securing a visa and setting up a life here are having the opposite effect of humanitarian.” In the 2023 Pacific Islands Forum leaders meeting, climate mobility from the Pacific was first recognised globally. The forum stated that people are migrating because of climate-related issues and alarms Pacific states to ensure migration through official pathways with security, safety, and dignity. 

Vietnam: To boost military ties with the Philippines
On 30 August, Vietnam and the Philippines announced plans to enhance defence and military relations and collaborate on maritime security amidst tensions in the South China Sea. Vietnamese Minister of Defence Phan Van Giang and his Filipino counterpart Gilberto Teodoro held talks in Manila. The Philippines Ministry of Defence stated: “The ministers expressed their unwavering commitment to deepen defence and military cooperation through continued interaction and engagements at all levels.” They agreed to sign a defence cooperation deal and promised a peaceful settlement of disputes. They shared the importance of maintaining “peace, stability, safety and freedom of navigation and aviation in the South China Sea.”

Myanmar: Large-scale killing of women by junta, AAPP report
On 3 September, a report by the Assistance Association for Political Prisoners (AAPP) said that 1,132 women had been killed and 5,649 were arrested by the Myanmar junta, since the coup of 2021. Since the coup, women have been at the forefront of anti-military protests. This resulted in widespread killings, arrests, torture and sexual violence. The report suggests that the main cause of death is “shelling, bombing, and torture to death under interrogation in prisons and police stations.” They were subjected to severe physical, emotional and sexual abuse during the interrogations. 

South Asia
Pakistan: Attacks in Buner, Mianwali, Quetta and Bajaur 
On 1 September, a bomb blast in Quetta and Bajaur killed one and injured four. No group has claimed responsibility for the attack. Separately, in Bajaur district, a case was filed after an IED went off in Salarzai tehsil. On the same day, two policemen sustained injuries after more than a dozen Tehreek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) terrorists attacked a checkpoint in Mianwali. Punjab police spokesperson said: “Around 12-14 Khawarij terrorists took advantage of the darkness of the night to attack the Qubal Khel check post with rocket launchers and hand grenades.” However, the terrorists were successfully driven away. The spokesperson added that the police at the checkpoint were “on alert.” On 2 September, “unknown miscreants” torched a government primary school in the Buner district of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. According to the District Police Officer (DPO) of the Buner district, “no human loss or injury has been reported.” Attacks were reportedly perpetrated by the Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan (TTP). 

Pakistan: PIPS report reveals surge in terrorist attacks in August 
On 3 September, Dawn reviewed the recent report published by the Pak Institute for Peace Studies (PIPS). It reported 59 terror incidents across Pakistan in August compared to 38 incidents in July. 28 terrorist attacks took place in Balochistan, killing 57 people and injuring 84. The causalities were attributed to recent attacks by the banned Balochistan Liberation Army. In the neighbouring province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 29 terror-related attacks were reported, killing 25 and injuring 80 others. The majority of these attacks were orchestrated by Tehreek-e-Taliban Pakistan, Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group, Lashkar-i-Islam and Islamic State-Khorasan (IS-K). Punjab reported two attacks and two injuries. The security forces and counterterrorism departments conducted 12 anti-militant operations in August compared to 11 in July. Eight of these operations were conducted in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and four in Balochistan. A total of 88 militants were killed in these operations and 18 security personnel including army soldiers and police officers lost their lives. 

Afghanistan: Explosion in southern Kabul kills six
On 2 September, an explosion in the Qala-e-Bakhtiar area of southern Kabul resulted in the death of six civilians, including one woman. No group or individual has claimed responsibility for the attack. Kabul police spokesperson said that it was a suicide bombing.

Bangladesh: Jamaat-e-Islami seeks balanced relations with China
On 28 August, Business Today reported that the chief of the Jamaat-e-Islami party, Shafiqur Rahman, stated that his party sought “balanced and stable ties” with global powers like China and the US in an increasingly globalised and interconnected world. He added that his party hoped India would be “a friend and play a responsible role in bilateral ties,” and that there must be a policy of non-interference in internal affairs. According to Rahman, the party wants “an equal and balanced relationship” with South Asian countries.

The Middle East and Africa
Israel: Government agrees to “humanitarian pauses” for polio vaccinations
On 29 August, according to Al Jazeera, the World Health Organisation (WHO) reported that Israel agreed to three days of “humanitarian pauses” in specific areas of Gaza during specific times of the day. WHO spokesperson Margaret Harries stated: “We have to ensure that the vaccinators can move around in safety and that parents and children can reach the vaccination points in safety.” She added that Gaza was a “perfect storm” for the spread of the polio virus because “You’ve got no clean water, you’ve got poor sanitation, you’ve got overcrowding.” Separately, WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stated that vaccinations would begin from 1 September. 

Israel: Troops raid West Bank towns, destroy infrastructure, and displace families
On 3 September, Al Jazeera reported that Israel’s military carried out massive raids in the West Bank during the previous week. On 1 September, Wafa news agency reported that Israeli soldiers forcibly evacuated families in Jenin’s Abdullah Azzam, ad-Damj, al-Suha, and al-Faluja neighbourhoods. Furthermore, the Israeli army destroyed 70 per cent of Jenin’s roads and 20 kilometres of its sewage and water pipelines, leaving 80 per cent of the city without access to essential services. On 31 August, Israeli forces demolished homes in Jenin’s al-Jabriyat neighbourhood, and one Israeli soldier died in clashes with Palestinian fighters. On 30 August, the troops withdrew from West Bank’s Tulkarem and Tubas towns and intensified their attacks on Jenin, killing 21 Palestinians. On 29 August, Israeli forces blocked access to hospitals and killed eight Palestinians in the West Bank’s Jenin governorate. 

The UAE: President pardons Bangladeshis convicted for protesting against Hasina
On 3 September, Al Jazeera reported that UAE President His Highness Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan pardoned 57 Bangladeshi citizens imprisoned for participating in protests in UAE against the Sheikh Hasina government. The Bangladeshis will be released and deported. Previously, a UAE court convicted them for “crimes of gathering in a public place and protesting against their home government with the intent to incite unrest.” 

The Democratic Republic of Congo: 129 people killed in an attempted prison break
On 3 September, Al Jazeera reported that at least 129 people were killed in the central Makala prison in the DRC while trying to escape. Minister of Interior Shabani Lukoo said that the prisoners broke out while the building’s administrative section caught fire. Lukoo stated: “The provisional toll is 129 dead, including 24 by gunfire, after warning.” Makala is the largest prison in the DRC which holds 1,5000 inmates. Minister of Justice Constant Mutamba called the prison break a “premediated act of sabotage” and stated: “Investigations are underway to identify and severely punish those who instigated these acts of sabotage. They will receive a stern response.”

Burkina Faso: Russia to withdraw 100 paramilitary forces to fight in Ukraine
On 31 August, BBC reported on Russia withdrawing 100 paramilitary forces from Burkina Faso to help in the war in Ukraine. The announcement was made on the Telegram page of the Russian private military company. Russian paramilitary forces have been fighting insurgency in Burkina Faso since 2023 after the withdrawal of the French forces. The development comes a week after 300 people were killed in Burkina Faso’s Barsalogho region in an attack by an al-Qaeda-linked armed group, Jamaat Nusrat al-Islam wal-Muslimin (JNIM).

Europe and The Americas
Ukraine: Russian missile attacks in Kyiv, Sumy and Kharkiv 
On 2 September, Politico reported on the Russian missile attack on a school in Kyiv. According to Serhiy Popko, head of Kyiv city's military administration, the air defence forces intercepted several cruise and ballistic missiles out of the 20 fired above Kyiv. The attack led to a fire in four districts. Two people were injured. The Russian forces were reported to have attacked Kharkiv and Sumy regions with another 15 missiles. In the Sumy region, Russian forces hit a social and psychological rehabilitation centre for orphans. Although there were no children at that time, 18 residents of the nearby houses were reported to be injured.

Poland: 85 years since Nazi Germany’s invasion
On 1 September, Poland marked 85 years since Nazi Germany’s invasion. The Polish city of Wielun became the first civilian target of Nazi Germany’s bombing in 1939. A solemn ceremony was held in Wielun which was attended by the ambassador of Germany Robert Rohde and the President of Poland Andrzej Duda. During the ceremony, Duda recalled that they had forgiven yet remember the killing of six million Poles during the Second World War. He reiterated the demand for German reparations for the loss of Polish lives and damage to Poland’s economy during the War. The current government demands reparation totalling EUR 1.3 trillion. However, Prime Minister of Poland Donald Tusk comes from a pro-EU party and has toned down the demand for reparations. On the 85th anniversary, Tusk reminded Polish people of the ongoing war in Europe. He referred to Germany that it is not enough to “bend your head in guilt.” He added that the lesson learnt from the previous war is that “never stand alone.” He promised that Poland would never stand against any aggressor alone. Tusk emphasised the strength of the European army. 

Hungary: Colt CZ to expand production capacity of small arms
On 30 August, Colt CZ, one of the world’s leading small arms manufacturers based in the Czech Republic, announced its production expansion in Hungary. It is one of the leading companies manufacturing firearms, tactical accessories and ammunition for military and law enforcement, personal protection, hunting and sport shooting. It started a joint venture with Hungary in early 2023 and hopes to expand production capacity through new firearms in Kiskunfélegyháza (southern Hungary). The new factory set up in Hungary would incorporate “manufacturing processes, robotics, fully automated turning and milling centres, and advanced surface treatment equipment.” Their partnership aimed to “equip the Hungarian Defence Forces with CZ firearms and to produce handguns for global export from Hungary.”

Venezuela: The US seizes Maduro’s plane 
On 2 September, the US seized a plane belonging to Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro Moros. The US government said that the plane had been bought illegally for USD 13 million. It was smuggled to Venezuela. Meanwhile, the Foreign Minister of Venezuela Yvan Gil denounced the seizure, calling it an act of “piracy.” Gil stated: “The US has justified itself with the coercive measures that they unilaterally and illegally impose around the world.” An investigation by the US Department of Justice found that people affiliated with Maduro allegedly used a Caribbean-based shell company to hide their involvement in the plane’s illegal purchase from a company based in Florida in 2022. The aircraft was then illegally exported from the US to Venezuela through the Caribbean in April 2023. 

About the authors
Rohini Reenum is a PhD Scholar at NIAS. Padmashree Anandhan and Anu Maria Joseph are Research Associates at NIAS. Femy Francis, Neha Tresa George, Sayeka Ghosh and Nuha Aamina are Research Assistants at NIAS. Samruddi Pathak is a Research Intern at NIAS. Ayan Datta is a Postgraduate Student at the University of Hyderabad.

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