NIAS South Asia Brief

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CWA # 1623, 17 March 2025
NIAS South Asia Brief
Support for the King in Nepal, Bhutan-India energy ties, Bangladeshis in China for medical treatment, Instability in Mandalay, Shifting positions on Adani investments in Sri Lanka, Record tourist arrivals in the Maldives, and a Militant attack in Pak

  South Asia Brief Team

A Quick Roundup: The Indian Neighbourhood This Week

In Nepal, on 9 March, when King Gyanendra Shah arrived in Kathmandu there was a huge crowd to receive him. Media reports hint at popular support for the King to play a political role, with slogans such as "Vacate the royal palace for the king" and "Come back king, save the country." Do the slogans and the welcome hint at a widespread support for the King to return and make Nepal a Hindu monarchy again, or they are more due to popular frustrations against the political elite and the current rulers? Is there a strong pro-monarchy sentiment in Nepal, or is it an expression of an anti-government wave demanding better governance? A section in the media also hinted at an Indian conspiracy in supporting the King. Why would New Delhi want to support monarchy? These are questions that need answers; we are hoping to answer them in the subsequent issues of our South Asian Brief. In brief, there seems to be public frustration against the political elite, forcing them to look for an alternative outside the political parties - the NC and the Communists. The Parliament seems to be running out of answers to address the public frustration, and seems to shifting the blame on an Indian conspiracy to bring the king back.

In Bangladesh, on 10 March, according to the Daily Star, “the first group of Bangladeshi patients left for China today under a bilateral medical cooperation initiative, offering alternative medicare services as Bangladeshis are struggling to obtain Indian visas amid growing challenges. A 31-member delegation including 14 patients, their family members, physicians, travel agency representatives and journalists departed…to Kunming, Yunnan Province of China.” On the event, Chinese Ambassador Yao was quoted to have stated: “We will further expand our cooperation adding more Chinese cities and high-level hospitals to provide Bangladeshi patients with greater medical choices.” On 11 March, according to a note by the Embassy of China in Bangladesh organised a joint event with the Centre for Alternatives on “National Image of China in Bangladesh” and discussed a report on the same subject. Early this month, a delegation from Bangladesh visited China; a report in China’s Global Times mentioned: “… several delegation members told the Global Times that the trip had provided them with a firsthand understanding of China's development. They were particularly impressed by China's achievements in technology and infrastructure. Given Bangladesh's current political shifts and socio-economic challenges, they believe that sustaining stable cooperation with China, especially under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), will help build a more stable and prosperous future for their country.” Chief Advisor Muhammad Yunus will be visiting China shortly, and be meeting with President Xi. During the recent weeks, there has been a coordinated effort by Bangladesh and Pakistan to improve ties; the present rulers of Dhaka seems to be expanding their focus towards China and Pakistan on different areas – from education to economic cooperation. In brief, the current regime in Bangladesh seems to be courting China and Pakistan to find an alternative outside India, and also pressurize New Delhi to yield. For China and Pakistan, it is a an opportunity that they would not like to miss. China wants to push itself as an alternative especially on health sector, thereby win the public support.

In Bhutan, on 12 March, the Bhutan Centre for Media and Democracy hosted “Bhutan Democracy Forum 2025.” The focus was on responsive gender governance, looking at gender inclusivity. According to Kuensel report on the subject, “while Bhutan has made significant strides in in gender equality through legal frameworks…and non-discriminatory civil service regulations, representation in leadership remains disproportionately low.” The report gives an important data to prove the point: in Bhutan’s national assembly, there are only three elected women, constituting less than seven per cent of the Parliament.

In Pakistan, on 11 March, the Baloch Liberation Army hijacked a passenger train with more than 400 passengers in the Bolan district of Balochistan. During the next two days, Pakistan launched a military operation to release the hostages, that witnessed the killing of 33 militants, 21 passengers and eight soldiers. While the military operation was over and the hostages released, militant attacks continued during the last week. Early this month, a report by Pakistan Institute for Conflict and Security Studies (PICSS) highlighted the continuing militant attacks in Balochistan and KP.  Why are the attacks concentrated only in the two provinces, and why are they continuing? What have been the political and military approaches, and why have they failed to arrest the militant attacks? In brief, the developments relating to militancy during the recent months in Balochistan and KP underline the failure to govern the two provinces, and the futility of outsourcing it to the Establishment. 

NEPAL THIS WEEK
Support for the King, and the First Pokhara-Chengdu Commercial flight
Abhishiktha S Kumar, Devika K, Ditipriya Ghosh

Nepal is witnessing significant political and diplomatic developments. Efforts are underway to address human-wildlife conflict through specialized training programs. The debate over reinstating the dethroned monarchy intensifies, with political leaders deeming it unlikely. Meanwhile, Lalitpur and Ulan-Ude (Russia) have established sister city ties, fostering international relations. The first commercial flight between Pokhara and Chengdu is set for March 18, enhancing regional connectivity. The Janamat Party and Nagrik Unmukti Party are in the final stages of merging. Amid political shifts, the pro-monarchy movement is gaining momentum, with discussions around the possible return of the king continuing.

POLITICS:
Final Stages of Merger Between Janamat Party and Nagrik Unmukti Party
On 13 March, The Kathmandu Post reported on the likely merger of the Janamat party and the Nagrik Unmukti party . The Janamat Party is popular in the Madhesh Province and the Unmukti Party in parts of the Tarai districts. Currently, the Janamat Party and Unmukti Party hold six and four seats in the House of Representatives. The main aim behind this merger is to become stronger and push ethnic identity-based politics mainly in southern Nepal and become a decisive entity in parliament from the next general elections. Discussions and finalizing regarding the new party's political documents, name, and election symbol are ongoing. ("Janamat and Unmukti Party Prepare for Merger,” Kathmandu Post, 13 March 2025, https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/03/13/janamat-and-unmukti-party-prepare-for-merger)

ENVIRONMENT
Training Officials on Nepal’s human- wildlife conflict
On 12 March, The Rising Nepal reported on the National Trust for Nature Conservation (NTNC) engaging in training related to human-leopard conflicts in Baitadi over wildlife crime prevention, like poaching. Since 2011, this conflict has claimed 28 humans and equal leopard lives. The NTNC has imported and established 50 cameras to study the behaviour of leopards and has since started several conservation initiatives, including habitat mapping, predator-proof livestock sheds, and cross-border conservation activities.

EXTERNAL
Lalitpur and Russia's Ulan-Ude establish sister city ties
On 12 March, The Himalayan reported the signing of MoU by Mayors Chiribabu Maharjan and Igor Shutenkov to make Lalitpur and Ulan-Ude as sister cities. The cooperation aims to strengthen Nepal-Russia ties in areas including infrastructure, tourism, education, healthcare, and heritage conservation. Both leaders stressed fostering people-to-people contacts and joint development initiatives. Mayor Maharjan spoke of the importance of culture-crossings and citizen relations between the two cities simultaneously, and Mayor Shutenkov promised to strongly assume leadership for local city development.

First Pokhara-Chengdu commercial flight on March 18
On 12 March, The Himalayan reported on the starting of the first Pokhara-Chengdu commercial flight on 18 March 2025. The purpose of this commercial charter is to pave the way for regular international flights at Pokhara Regional International Airport. This venture borne by the private sector is in collaboration with the China Travels International, the Chinese Embassy in Nepal, Sichuan Airlines, and the Chinese Overseas Association based in Nepal. For the next three months, 1,250 tourists from Sichuan Province in China would be targeted for bringing this initiative to promote tourism and trade activities. To tourism stakeholders, this is a step closer towards establishing Pokhara as a leading international destination that would connect and grow the economy.

BHUTAN THIS WEEK
Bhutan-India Energy Links and the Bhutan Democracy Forum
Astha Panda

The big development in Bhutan last week was the strengthening of energy links between Bhutan and India with new MoUs in hydropower, solar energy, and green hydrogen

EXTERNAL
Bhutan and India deepen energy ties with new power agreements
On 11 March 2025, Kuensel Online reported on the Memorandum of Understanding on energy efficiency and conservation was signed between the representatives of Bhutan and India on 23 March 23 2024. The agreement was presided over by Prime Ministers Tshering Tobgay and Narendra Modi and consists of seven other MoUs covering various topics: sports, petroleum supply, food safety, and cooperation in space. The two countries were working to reinforce their energy partnership with a focus on hydropower, solar energy, and green hydrogen projects. India will support finance and market access for Bhutan's power producers, with regular meetings to guarantee a seamless cross-border electricity trade. Intended to ensure energy security, the cooperation shall fuel the economic growth, create more employment opportunities, and increase export earnings from both nations. (Dechen Dolkar, “Bhutan-India agree to cooperate in the field of energy,” Kuensel Online, 11 March 2025, https://kuenselonline.com/bhutan-india-agree-to-cooperate-in-the-field-of-energy/ )

Singapore opens for Bhutanese skilled workers in key sectors
On 11 March 2025, a report in the Kuensel Online reported on Singapore’s campaign to bring qualified workers from Bhutan to work in areas like health care, information technology, and engineering. This is done to alleviate the labor shortages of Singapore while providing the professional class in Bhutan international exposure and opportunities. Visa processes will be simplified, Bhutanese qualifications will be recognized and support will be extended for relocation of workers. The cooperation is likely to bolster bilateral ties and help in the economic development of Bhutan through remittances and skills. (“Singapore opens doors for Bhutanese skilled workers in key sectors,” Kuensel Online 11 March 2025, https://kuenselonline.com/news/singapore-opens-doors-for-bhutanese-skilled-workers-in-key-sectors )

SOCIETY
Bhutan Democracy Forum 2025 on gender governance
On 12 March 2025, the Kuensel Online published an article on what was discussed at the BDF 2025. The Bhutan Democracy Forum 2025 spoke of the importance of gender-responsive governance while making a case for democracy in today┬┤s world. It tried to highlight, bedecked with analyses and papers, improved participation of women in politics, gender-sensitive policies, and stereotypes more often than not resulting in inequality due to societal issues. Participants stressed the imperative nature of legal reforms, capacity-building and public awareness exercises that would translate to more inclusive governance. The forum recommended gender perspective inherently integrated within national policies and women's leadership at all levels. (“Bhutan Democracy Forum 2025 highlights responsive gender governance,” Kuensel Online, 12 March 2025 https://kuenselonline.com/news/bhutan-democracy-forum-2025-highlights-responsive-gender-governance )

Difficulties in delivering eggs to remote schools
On 11 March 2025, a report was published in Kuensel Online regarding the way of supplying eggs for the remote schools in Bhutan has already posed a major problem due to terrain difficulties, poor transportation systems, and bad climate. Most of the time such logistical difficulties would involve the delivery lag and lowering of quality of the eggs, affecting nutrition programs aiming to enhance student health. To solve the problems, authorities are considering options such as local poultry farming projects, developing storage facilities, and further improving transport networks for timely and safe egg deliveries to schools. (“Delivering eggs to remote schools a logistical nightmare," Kuensel Online, 11 March 2025 https://kuenselonline.com/news/delivering-eggs-to-remote-schools-a-logistical-nightmare )

Forced to live across the border
On 13 March 2025, Keunsel Online published an article regarding how, some of these Bhutanese communities, due to the overwhelming pressure of problems such as lack of arable land, ignorance of livelihood opportunities, and open access to markets and services across the border, have migrated from their home province to nearby countries. Cultural assimilation concern, loss of national identity, possible security issues and other concerns arise. The Bhutanese Government is sincerely attempting to deal with the problems by working in building local infrastructure, job creation, and setting up policies that will encourage its citizens to stay at home and promote their cultural heritage. (“Forced to live across the border,” Kuensel Online, 13 March 2025 https://kuenselonline.com/news/forced-to-live-across-the-border )

ENVIRONMENT
New strategy to tackle human-wildlife conflict
On 12 March 2025, an article in Kuensel Online spoke about how, Bhutan’s agriculture ministry is putting in place a long-term, holistic approach to managing human-wildlife conflict. This strategy moreover provides training for officials on the Human Wildlife Safe System Approach, which takes into account human dimensions and wildlife habitats. There are interim measures, such as electric fencing, which are planned where conflict exists in various districts. The strategy will also involve rapid assessments to facilitate an update with a vision for sustainable coexistence between communities and wildlife. Collectively a great initiative to promote wildlife security. (Tshering Palden, “Rethinking human-wildlife conflict,” Kuensel Online, 12 March 2025 https://kuenselonline.com/news/new-strategy-to-tackle-human-wildlife-conflict )

BANGLADESH THIS WEEK
Canada’s pledge to aid Bangladesh and Bangladeshis in China for medical treatment
Emma Rose Boby, Souparno Rakshit, Souparnika Suresh

In Bangladesh this week, there were three major developments. First, the Chief Advisor compared Bangladesh to Gaza because of the way Sheikh Hasina left the country. Second, Canada has pledged 272.1 million dollars to help with developmental projects in Bangladesh after the withdrawal of USAID. Third, Bangladesh has sent 14 patients to China in an attempt to improve their bilateral ties.

POLITICS
Egalitarian spirit: The new student political party 
On 14 March, Mahfuz Anam believes that a party is required in Bangladesh which will think beyond the myopic party politics where power will not be the motivating force but public service. A new set of mindful youth is required who will ensure that the interests of democracy are served. The three watch words—accountability, transparency and inner democracy will ensure the change in the political culture. The new brand of party gives hope for egalitarianism. A hope that Bangladesh’s future will be unity rather than division. The promise to include the excluded will give a cutting edge to the new students’ party and its vision to change the old exploitative structure. (“Can the NCP succeed in building an inclusive Bangladesh?” The Daily Star, 4 March 2025,https://www.thedailystar.net/opinion/views/news/can-the-ncp-succeed-building-inclusive-bangladesh-3839096)

EXTERNAL AFFAIRS
Bangladeshi delegation in Japan seeks cooperation and assistance on infrastructural projects
On 11 March, the Daily Star reported that Bangladesh was seeking infrastructural assistance from Japan, one of them being the light metro train in the Bangladeshi town, Narayanganj to ease traffic. The discussion took place in Tokyo during the seventh Bangladesh-Japan Joint Public-Private Partnership. A Bangladeshi delegation led by M. Siraz Uddin Miah opined that this will positively contribute to the country’s economy if implemented properly with Japanese technology and assistance. The MRT-6, a rapid transit line of Dhaka metro which was built with Japan’s financial assistance, is now operational. The countries also discussed the progress of the opening of the new terminal at Hazrat Shahjalal International Airport, Kamalapur Multimodal Transport Hub, MRT Line 6, and Dhaka Outer Ring Road 2 and 3 projects. Bangladesh also wanted combined efforts from Japan to improve tourism through Japanese investments. (“Bangladesh, Japan discuss PPP projects, transport cooperation,” Dhaka Tribune, 12 March 2025, https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/foreign-affairs/376061/bangladesh-japan-discuss-ppp-projects-transport) 

Canada’s financial aid to Bangladesh amidst the discontinuation of USAID
On 11 March, the Daily Star reported that Canada has announced financial aid of 272.1 million US dollars for developmental projects in Bangladesh and parts of the Indo-Pacific region. This has come amidst the termination of about 400 million US dollars’ worth of financial aid by the Trump administration’s new policy. Ahmed Hussen, who is Canada’s Minister of International Development, said in a statement that Canada is committed to strengthening the friendly ties between Bangladesh and laid a greater focus on improving healthcare, reducing poverty, skills training, gender equality, empowering women and addressing climate change through green innovations and disaster resilience. This assistance will fund 14 new projects in Bangladesh and other countries in the Indo-Pacific region. This aligns with Canada’s commitment to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals laid down by the United Nations. (“Canada gives $272M in aid to Bangladesh, Indo-Pacific as USAID shuttered,” Global News, 9 March 2025, https://globalnews.ca/news/11073814/canada-aid-bangladesh-indo-pacific/)

First set of Bangladeshi patients go to China for treatment
On 13 March, in an attempt to improve bilateral ties, Bangladesh sent 14 patients, three suffering from congenital heart disease, to China’s Yunnan Province, to undergo treatment. Bangladesh Ambassador to China, Nazmul Islam, stated that their visa process would be expedited to prevent any delay in treatment, and this was a historic milestone in Sino-Bangladesh ties. (“First batch of Bangladesh’s medical tourists to leave for China Monday,” The Financial Express, 9 March 2025, https://thefinancialexpress.com.bd/national/first-batch-of-bangladeshs-medical-tourists-to-leave-for-china-monday)

The nexus: Rohingyas are getting trafficked from Cox Bazar
On 13 March, research says human trafficking is the most profitable illegal trade globally leaving behind drugs and weapons which becomes evident as Rohingyas are trapped in the vicious cycle in Cox Bazar .They are lured with jobs in foreign destinations with better prospects that to without the hustle of a visa is finally leading to human trafficking along the coastal area. These people are taken to destinations like Myanmar or Thailand and handed over to the trafficker. It is finally leading to impoverishment of these classes. Recent updates exposed that even more individuals have been promised jobs in Malaysia and had been actually sold to the traffickers in lieu of money. Many working at the grass root level which includes school program, community meetings still the situation is turning dangerous day by day as failure to convert the population into skilled individuals. This is where governmental intervention is the need of the hour. (“Unstoppable human trafficking in Cox's Bazar, Rohingyas targeted”, Jagonews24, 13 March 2025, https://www.jagonews24.com/en/national/news/79142)

India and Bangladesh conduct joint naval exercise amidst diplomatic strains
On 13 March, the Times of India reported that despite the diplomatic clash between India and Bangladesh, military ties remain strong with both countries performing a joint naval combat exercise and a coordinated patrol in the Bay of Bengal. The patrol was part of the 2025 edition of the bilateral Bongosagar exercise in which INS Ranvir of the Indian navy and Bangladesh Navy’s BNS Abu Ubaidah took part. The Indian Navy in a statement said that this exercise was an important commitment to the Security And Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) initiative of India and to counter global security challenges. This exercise comes amidst concerns over the first joint training conducted in May 2024 between Bangladesh’s and China’s army. This joint effort marks significant progress in maritime cooperation whilst diplomatic ties between the countries remain strained after former prime minister, Sheikh Hasina was ousted from her office last year. (“India, Bangladesh hold coordinated naval exercises in Bay of Bengal amid strained diplomatic ties,” The Print, 13 March 2025, https://theprint.in/diplomacy/india-bangladesh-hold-coordinated-naval-exercises-in-bay-of-bengal-amid-strained-diplomatic-ties/2547478/) 

MYANMAR THIS WEEK
Unrest in Mandalay, Forced Conscription by TNLA, and the Evacuation of the second batch of Indians
Vishnudev S, Ashutosh Rath, Abhimanyu Solanki

Three major developments happened in Myanmar last week. First, The Ta’ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) was accused of conducting forced conscription in Mandalay region. Second, the Regime has started preparations to invite Russian investors for Tanintharyi mega project. The project is presently lagging due to problems with current investors from Thailand and Japan. Third, the second batch of Indians were airlifted from scam centres in Myanmar.

SECURITY
Mandalay unrest escalates
On 11 March, The Irrawaddy reported 50 Myanmar Junta troops were killed by the Natogyi People’s Defense Force (PDF) in Natogyi township, Mandalay region. According to PDF, 14 others were detained, and the rest escaped after an airstrike by an MI-35 helicopter. (“PDF: Almost 50 Myanmar Junta Troops Killed in Mandalay”, The Irrawaddy, 11 March, 2025, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/war-against-the-junta/pdf-almost-50-myanmar-junta-troops-killed-in-mandalay.html)

The second batch of Indians evacuated from Myanmar scam centers
On 12 March, The Times of India reported second batch of 266 Indians airlifted by C17 Indian military plane from Myanmar scam centres. Myanmar authorities have cracked down on scam centers doing illegal online fraud operations in the country’s lawless borderlands. (“Second batch of 266 Indians airlifted from Myanmar scam centers, 549 rescued till now,” The Times of India, 12 March 2025, https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/second-batch-of-266-indians-airlifted-from-myanmar-scam-centres-549-rescued-till-now/articleshow/118916323.cms)

TNLA Accused of forced conscription
On 13 March, The Irrawaddy reported that The Ta’ang National Liberation Army (TNLA) is conducting forced conscription in Mandalay region. They are forcing a man from every household who is aged 18 to 45 to join the force. There are reports that TNLA is abducting men from the streets. The residents are protesting against it. One resident said that “The TNLA treats people like the regime did”. (“TNLA Forcing Conscription in Mandalay Region: Residents,” The Irrawaddy, 13 March 2025 ,https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/tnla-forcing-conscription-in-mandalay-region-residents.html)

POLITICS
Myanmar munta leaders wants opposition to engage
On 10 March, The Irrawaddy reported as elections are approaching this December, Junta leader Min Aung Hlaing says opposition forces should cooperate with Myanmar’s regime to create a multi-democracy in the country. He also mentions that Russia and Belarus will send observers to oversee elections. ( Maung Kavi, “Myanmar Junta boss calls for opposition cooperation ahead of controversial election,” The Irrawaddy, 10 March 2025, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/politics/myanmar-junta-boss-calls-for-opposition-cooperation-ahead-of-controversial-election.html)

Myanmar seeks RussianiInvestors
On 13 March, The Irrawaddy reported that the regime is planning to restart long delayed long-delayed mega-project in Tanintharyi, by replacing present investors from Japan and Thailand by investors from Russia and Belarus. The project was to build Southeast Asia’s largest industrial and trade zone including a deep sea port, oil refinery, airport, and various industries. The author called the project “quixotic”. The Energy minister Ko Ko Lwin said that this would also mean cheaper oil imports and technical assistance from Russia. The organisations which oppose the project argue that this would exacerbate the existing human rights violations and affect the environment and livelihoods of locals. (Pa Pa, “Myanmar Inches Closer to Reviving Dawei Mega-Project with Russian Money,”  The Irrawaddy, 13 March 2025, https://www.irrawaddy.com/business/myanmar-inches-closer-to-reviving-dawei-mega-project-with-russian-money.html)

EXTERNAL
Bertil Lintner on Trump, Russia, and Myanmar’s Military Ties
On 12 March, an opinion piece in The Irrawaddy, highlighted the cordial ties between the Myanmar junta and Russia, which raise concerns that the US policy under Trump might change, who has already cut off support for pro-democracy efforts in Myanmar. One wonders whether Trump will even entertain the engagement of the ruling military junta, perhaps dangling the possibility of economic inducements towards distancing it from China, as he won’t mind ignoring how the democratic ideals are priority. Myanmar has been bound tightly with Russia since the 2021 coup when the junta came out and stated that it would support Russia’s policies in Ukraine. The important things about Russia’s involvement are far more than monetary gains; it seeks to restore Russia’s place on the world map; hence, Myanmar’s military is seen as a crucial ally. Trump’s history with Russia is from as far back as the 80s, with allegations about ties to Russian interests and proving his business reliance on Russian money to revive it in the ‘90s. Despite all allegations on Russian meddling in 2016 elections, he has shown trust in Putin. While he recently hinted at sanctions on Russia, critics dismissed these as not serious. Given these factors, Myanmar’s pro-democracy forces have a rough road ahead. (Bertil Lintner, “Will Trump Seek to Engage With The Myanmar Junta?” The Irrawaddy, 12 March 2025, https://www.irrawaddy.com/opinion/guest-column/will-trump-seek-to-engage-with-the-myanmar-junta.html)

Military’s realignment with China
On 12 March, The Irrawaddy reported that, supreme commander Min Aung Hlaing met Deng Xijun in Naypyitaw and discussed China’s role in aiding the election, eradicating cyber scams and enhancing border trade. Deng’s arrival in Naypyitaw sparked speculation that Beijing is concerned about the regime strengthening ties with Russia. Rakhine State’s Kyauphyu is facing battles between Junta and the Arakan Army, where China is planning to build a SEZ and deep-sea port, playing a crucial part in China’s BRI, giving direct access to the Indian Ocean. Reports suggest that both the leaders have also discussed upon a ceasefire between Arakan Army and the junta. (“Myanmar Junta Boss Returns to China’s Embrace after Russia Trip,” The Irrawaddy, 12 March 2025, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/myanmar-china-watch/myanmar-junta-boss-returns-to-chinas-embrace-after-russia-trip.html)

Military’ssupport for China’s BRI
On 13 March, The Irrawaddy reported that Myanmar’s deputy Junta chief Soe Win emphasized how crucial the Kyaukphyu SEZ is for Myanmar’s national interests. He said it would boost the China-Myanmar Economic Corridor (CMEC) and China’s BRI. This would minimise the dependence of China on Malacca Strait for energy imports, giving direct access to Indian Ocean. According to reports, the regime enacted the Private Security Services Law, allowing Chinese security troops to operate in Myanmar, effectively enabling them to deploy personnel to safeguard Chinese Investments in the country. (Maung Kavi, “Myanmar Junta Pushes Chinese BRI projects in Rakhine Amid Fierce Fighting,” The Irrawaddy, 13 March 2025, https://www.irrawaddy.com/news/burma/myanmar-junta-pushes-chinese-bri-projects-in-rakhine-amid-fierce-fighting.html)

SRI LANKA THIS WEEK
Cybersecurity bill and Yes and No on Adani project
Suchitra Jakkala, Ritik Shetty, Vani Vyshnavi

Five major developments that took place in Sri Lanka during the last week. First, with TATA motors have expansion of their international business with their distributors in Sri Lanka DIMO will be selling new range of passenger vehicles in Sri Lankan market. Second, Sri Lankan government is about to introduce cyber security bill seeing the increase in number of cyberattack cases. Third, United States- Sri Lanka have reached unprecedented highs and the relationship is further growing. Fourth, Bodu Bala Seba (BBS) has raised concern over Sri Lankan government’s decision to lift the ban on importing religious books. Fifth, Sri Lanka has reaffirmed its openness to Adani group investments if the later revises its interest rates.

ECONOMY
Sri Lanka hit half-million tourist arrival in march
On 10 March, Daily Mirror reported on Sri Lanka’s tourist arrivals which exceeded 37,000 in first five days of March. In 2024, it was only in mid-march that it could hit half million in its tourist arrival according to the Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority (SLTDA). In 2024 the country has achieved a 38.07 per-cent increase in number of tourist arrivals as compared to 2023. ( Ravindu Dilshan, “Tourist Arrivals in Sri Lanka in 2024: A Year of Remarkable Growth,” Sri Lanka Travel Pages, 2 January 2025,https://srilankatravelpages.com/tourist-arrivals-in-sri-lanka-in-2024/)

Tata Motors and DIMO Launch new passenger vehicle lineup
On 14 March, according to Daily Mirror, Tata Motors in partnership with DIMO launched a new range of passenger vehicles in Sri Lanka including SUVs like the Tata Punch, Tata Nexon, and Tata Curvv, along with the electric hatchback Tiago.ev. The launch emphasises on increasing the availability of electric vehicles (EVs) to decrease the use of fossil fuels. Sri Lanka is also among the countries with high pollution and transport sector is reported to be the foremost cause of pollution in cities like Colombo contributing to about 60% of pollution. The introduction of EVs like Tiago.ev is a significant step towards emitting less from the transportation sector and improving air quality. ( “Vehicular Air Pollution in Colombo,” India Environment Portal, 2012, https://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/content/350815/vehicular-air-pollution-in-colombo/)

POLITICS
Cyber Security Bill
On 11 March, according to Daily Mirror, Deputy Minister of Digital Economy, Eranga Weeraratne said that Sri Lanka would introduce a Cyber Security Bill to improve the country’s digital infrastructure. The legislation will give enforcement power of cybersecurity measures to SLCERT, which is currently in an advisory role. The government asserts that the bill is essential for protecting critical data and combating cyber threats. In January 2025, the Ministry of Digital Economy expedited the enactment of the Cyber Security Bill as part of a broader digital policy initiative to address rising cyber threats. (“Sri Lanka fast-tracks Cyber Security Bill to combat growing threats,” The Morning, January 2025,  https://www.themorning.lk/articles/NkXrzlwVJhTA2idymEec)

On 14 March, according Sunday Island, around 9,218 incidents of financial phishing were detected in 2024 alone. Latest Kaspersky Security Bulletin’s report highlights that financial phishing, particularly in the business-to-business sector is increasing. News reports have highlighted that these attacks are carried out by foreign criminals coming to Sri Lanka and the targeted crime is on the citizens. (Nawanjana, “Understanding Phishing Attacks in Sri Lanka,” TK Group, 17 October 2024,https://tkgroupsrilanka.com/understanding-phishing-attacks-in-sri-lanka/) 

Bodu Bala Sena questions lifting the nan importing religious books
On 11 March, Daily Mirror reported, the Bodu Bala Sena (BBS) raised concerns over the Sri Lankan government’s decision to lift the ban on importing religious books, which was imposed after the 2019 Easter Sunday attacks. BBS General Secretary Galagoda Aththe Gnanasara Thera warned that this move could enable the spread of extremist ideologies and urged the government to clarify its position on national security risks associated with religious publications. In April 2019, following the Easter Sunday bombings, Sri Lanka banned face coverings, including the burqa, as part of broader counterterrorism measures aimed at preventing extremist activities. (“Sri Lanka attacks: Face coverings banned after Easter bloodshed,” BBC, 09 April 2019, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-48091720)

Sri Lanka’s Yes and No on Adani project
On 11 March, according to Daily Mirror, Cabinet Spokesman Dr. Nalinda Jayatissa reaffirmed that the government’s position on the Adani Group’s wind power project remains unchanged. He stated that Sri Lanka will only proceed with the $442 million project if Adani agrees to a reduced tariff of 6 US cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh), down from the initially agreed 8.26 US cents per kWh. If the terms are not revised and accepted by the company, it may decide to exit the project. In February 2025, Adani Green Energy dropped out of the project on the grounds of financial unviability due to the tariff revision by the Sri Lankan government. (“India’s Adani to withdraw from wind power projects in Sri Lanka,” Reuters, 13 February 2025, https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/indias-adani-says-withdraw-wind-power-projects-sri-lanka-2025-02-13/)

Dr. Nalinda Jayatissa stressed that any future projects must be consistent with the Sri Lankan economy and energy pricing policies. This statement comes after Adani Green Energy withdrew from a $442 million wind power project following the government’s request to lower electricity tariffs.In February 2025, Adani officially exited the wind power deal, citing financial nonviability after Sri Lanka sought to revise the tariff from 8.26 US cents to 6 US cents per kilowatt-hour (kWh). (“Sri Lanka says talks with Adani Group over lower wind power purchase cost,” Reuters, 28 January 2025,  https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/sri-lanka-says-talks-with-adani-group-lower-wind-power-purchase-cost-2025-01-28/)

Tamil Nadu fishing fleet poaching in Sri-Lankan waters, complains a minister
On 14 March, Sunday Island reported on the statements given by Minister Chandrasekar on massive Tamil Nadu fishing fleet poaching in Sri Lankan Waters and his assurance that only India’s Central Government can halt it. He stated “we believe that India should prevent Tamil Nadu fishing fleet from crossing the maritime boundary”. Sri Lankan Navy on 03 February,2025 arrested around ten fishermen while they were fishing in the Palk Bay. There have been multiple cases on arrests of Indian fishermen by the Sri Lankan Navy. (“ Sri Lankan Navy arrests 10 T.N. fishermen on charges of poaching,” The Hindu, 03 February 2025, https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/tamil-nadu/sri-lankan-navy-arrests-10-tn-fishermen-on-charges-of-poaching/article69174719.ece)

MALDIVES THIS WEEK
Maldives' record tourists
Suchitra Jakkala

Five major developments that took in Maldives during the last week. First, according to the tourism ministry, Maldives has recorded over half-million tourist arrivals as of 10 March 2025. Second, coconut prices have skyrocketed to record high levels nearly halfway to Ramadan. Third, President Muizzu has returned the bill for fifth amendment to the Judicature Act for reconsideration without ratifying. Fourth, there is an ongoing social housing crisis with the present government disqualifying the recipients according to the final list set by the previous administration. Fifth, Maldives is under a mounting debt crisis months after implementation of the Free Trade Agreement(FTA) with China.

ECONOMY
Maldives records over 5,00,000 tourist arrivals
On 13 March, according to a local news source Avas the number of tourist arrivals visiting Maldives has reached 5,00,000 so far this year. 5,00,233 tourists visited Maldives as of 10 March 2025. There is an increase of 21,817 tourists more than the tourists that visited the country as of 10 March 2024. Earlier in February this year the country witnessed 6.5 per-cent increase in the number of tourist arrivals.(“Maldives sees six point five per-cent surge in tourist arrivals,” Avas, 27 February 2025,https://avas.mv/en/148095)

POLITICS
President returns the bill for fifth amendment to the Judicature Act for reconsideration
On 12 March, a local news source Avas has reported on President Muizzu returning back the bill which was to make an amendment to the Judicature Act without ratifying it for reconsideration. The bill was approved with sixty-eight members voting in favour and nine voting against it. The amendment was passed on 26 February to reduce the number of Supreme Court judges from seven to five and hours later three top judges were suspended. (“Maldives Parliament passes amendments to reduce Supreme Court judges number suspends three judges”, The Week, 26 February 2025,https://www.theweek.in/wire-updates/international/2025/02/26/fgn48-maldives-supreme-court-judges.html)

Male social housing crisis and disqualification of final recipients
On 11 March, a local source Maldives Independent reported on the disqualification of the members of final list of recipients by the previous administration who were assured flats under two housing schemes Gedhouruveriya and Binveriya. The disqualified applicants have received a deadline from the government until 31 March without any submission of new documentation.

Maldives’mounting debt crisis that threatens its economic sovereignty
On 13 March, a local source ANI has reported on the debt crisis of Maldives major reason being China’s lending practices. In a response to this, international financial institutions have downgraded the country’s credit rating. Imports from China has surged to USD 65 million, up from USD 43 million during the same period in 2024.  Free Trade Agreement (FTA) between Maldives and China came into implementation from January 2025. (Mohamed Rehan, “Maldives-China FTA to become effective in January 2025, 91 per-cent tariff cut,” Sun, 17 September 2024, https://en.sun.mv/92015 )

Rising Coconut prises
On 12 March, according to a local news source Maldives Independent the country is grappling with a severe shortage nearly halfway into Ramadan. The prices over the past week reached as high as MVR 75 which is sixfold higher than what the prices were before Ramadan. “Today the importation of coconuts is a regrettable trend that threatens the unique identity off our islands. It is losing the very islandness of our islands,” this was said by Maheed Zahir, advocacy director of E-NGO EcoCare Maldives. The coconut crisis was there in 2017 and there can be significant changes that can be seen before and after Ramadan. (“Maldives Hit By A Coconut Crisis,” Maldives Finest, 31 May 2017,  https://maldivesfinest.com/coconut-crisis)

About the NIAS South Asia Brief & its Team
NIAS South Asia Brief is a part of the NIAS-Pondicherry University Online Course on Contemporary South Asia, led by the NIAS-STIR Programme and Centre for South Asian Studies at Pondicherry University. The Brief aims to provide a platform to the Course students to follow developments in the Indian neighbourhood on a daily basis, and prepare short notes on them. The Brief aims to publish commentaries and reports, once the students are equipped with data and research capacity on the Indian neighbourhood.

NIAS South Asia Brief also welcomes scholars and experts to contribute on contemporary developments in the Indian neighbourhood.

The South Asia Brief team include the following:
Abhishikta S. Kumar (Department of International Relations, Peace and Public Policy, SJU, Bengaluru), Abhimanyu Solanki (Department of Political Science, University of Delhi), Ashutosh Rath (Department of Politics and International Studies, Pondicherry University), Astha Panda (Department of South Asian Studies, Pondicherry University), Devika K (Department of International Relations, Peace and Public Policy, SJU, Bengaluru), Ditipriya Ghosh (Department of Politics and International Studies, Pondicherry University), Emma Rose Boby (Department of International Relations, Peace and Public Policy, SJU, Bengaluru), Rithik Shetty (Department of History and Political Science, Kristu Jayanti College), Suchitra Jakkala (Department of Politics and International Studies, Pondicherry University), Souparnika Suresh (Department of International Relations, Peace and Public Policy, SJU, Bengaluru), Souparno Rakshit (Department of South Asian Studies, Pondicherry University), Vani Vyshnavi  (Department of International Studies, Political Science and History, Christ University, Bengaluru), Vishnudev S (Department of Politics and International Studies, Pondicherry University)

Assistant Editors: Emma Rose Boby & Astha Panda I Editor: D Suba Chandran

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