State of Peace and Conflict 2025

CWA # 1897
State of Peace and Conflict 2025
30 Years of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action: Achievements, Gaps and the Road Ahead

Conflict Weekly #313, 31 December 2025, Vol. 6, No. 52

Preetha Renganarayanan
31 December 2025
Photo Source:

15 September 2025 marked 30 years of the Beijing Declaration. On 15 September 1995, the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing concluded with the unanimous adoption of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action by 189 governments. The declaration, widely known as the most progressive global blueprint for advancing women’s rights, put forth twelve critical areas of concern and outlined objectives to achieve gender equality, development, and peace through women’s empowerment. As it marks 30 years and adopted the “Beijing+30 Action Agenda,” it is necessary to assess the progress achieved, existing limitations, and changes needed to accelerate action towards full gender equality.

The Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action: Background and Context
First, it placed women’s rights at the centre stage. The Beijing Conference showcased a decisive shift in global governance by moving women’s rights from the margins to the centre of international policy-making. Building on earlier UN conferences in Mexico City (1975), Copenhagen (1980), and Nairobi (1985), the conference put together two decades of advocacy into a coherent and actionable global agenda. Importantly, it saw strong leadership from the Global South, reflecting the lived realities of women worldwide. Participation was unprecedented, both in scale and diversity. Over 17,000 participants attended the official conference, many of whom came from developing countries across Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. This ensured that issues such as poverty, development, environmental justice, and post-colonial inequality were incorporated within the global women’s agenda. The Conference decisively affirmed that women’s rights are human rights and institutionalised gender mainstreaming as a core policy principle.

Second, an era of global civil society activism. The Beijing Conference took place during a time period which saw post–Cold War optimism and increasing global civil activism. A line of key UN conferences took place in the early 1990s: from the Rio Earth Summit (1992) and the Vienna Conference on Human Rights (1993) to the Cairo Conference on Population and Development (1994) and the Copenhagen Social Summit (1995). All of the above collectively reoriented international cooperation toward human-centred development, and within this broader momentum, civil society played a key role. Alongside the official conference, the NGO Forum in Huairou brought together nearly 30,000 activists, providing space for feminist movements, grassroots organisations, and transnational networks to directly take part in negotiations. Their advocacy positioned the Beijing agenda not merely as a state-led agreement but as an outcome of global social mobilisation.

Third, the platform for action and its twelve critical areas. The Beijing Platform for Action is the operational core of the Declaration, which looks at materialising the political commitments into an actionable framework. It identifies twelve critical areas of concern: women and poverty; education and training; health; violence against women; women and armed conflict; women and the economy; women in power and decision-making; institutional mechanisms; human rights of women; women and the media; women and the environment; and the girl child. For each area, the platform outlines objectives, policy measures, and responsibilities at national and international levels. Recognised as the most comprehensive global framework on gender equality, it has helped develop laws, policies, and global agendas, including the Sustainable Development Goals, and remains the reference point for Beijing+30 assessments.

Progress and Achievements Since 1995
First, institutionalising gender equality: law, governance and peacebuilding. Around 88 per cent of countries have enacted laws or established services to address violence against women and girls. Education has become a key area of reform, with 44 per cent of countries improving the quality of education, training, and lifelong learning opportunities for women and girls. Progress is also seen in the Women, Peace and Security (WPS) agenda. From just 19 National Action Plans in 2010, the number has increased to 112 globally, reflecting the institutionalisation of commitments to women’s participation in conflict prevention, peacebuilding, and post-conflict recovery. These frameworks, rooted in the Beijing Platform for Action, have expanded recognition of women’s roles in conflict resolution and responses to sexual violence, although implementation and resourcing remain uneven. Gender considerations are also increasingly seen in areas once treated as gender-neutral, such as environmental and climate policy.

Second, social mobilisation, innovation and new forms of activism. National reviews show developments such as integrated care systems, expanded access to education for girls in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM), and growing advocacy for feminist climate justice. Civil society remains a central driver of progress, with transnational feminist networks sustaining pressure on governments and institutions. The UN Women 2025 review report notes that a new generation of young activists has further reshaped advocacy strategies, using digital platforms to mobilise support, challenge discriminatory norms, and amplify marginalised voices. This combination of institutional reform and social mobilisation has helped push gender equality on national and international agendas, even in the backdrop of changing political and economic contexts.

Third, the numbers tell a story of partial progress. Between 1995 and 2024, more than 1,531 legal reforms worldwide sought to strengthen women’s rights. Women’s political representation has expanded, with the share of women in parliaments more than doubling over three decades. In education, girls outperform boys in upper-secondary completion in many regions, reflecting long-term investments in access and retention. However, these gains remain uneven. Women still enjoy only about 64 per cent of the legal rights of men, and political institutions remain male-dominated. Significant regional disparities continue in education, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and Central and Southern Asia, where 59.5 million girls remain out of school. Labour force participation gaps have stagnated, and women continue to shoulder around 2.5 times more unpaid care work. Digital access and social protection coverage have expanded, but remain far from universal. Overall, progress has been real but insufficient, requiring consolidation and acceleration.

30 Years Later: Limitations and Challenges
First, patriarchal norms and power structures. Patriarchal norms, which are deeply seated in our society, continue to challenge transformative change. Gender discrimination remains firmly attached to social, political, and economic structures, leading to unequal power relations and limiting women’s participation in decision-making and economic life. Despite legal reforms, women occupy only about 27 per cent of parliamentary seats globally. In other cases, harmful norms sustain practices such as child marriage, gender-based violence, and unequal unpaid care burdens. Nearly one in three women experiences physical or sexual violence in her lifetime, showcasing how legal progress often fails to eradicate underlying societal attitudes.

Second, underfunding. Gender equality commitments are rarely matched with adequate financial resources; UN Women estimates an annual gap at approximately USD 360-420 billion. This funding gap is limiting progress in violence prevention, health care, and economic empowerment. While more than 100 countries have adopted gender-responsive budgeting initiatives, only about half systematically track gender-related spending. Funding shortfalls also affect women-led organisations disproportionately, especially in developing regions and crisis-affected contexts. This risks leaving gender equality as a policy aspiration rather than a budgetary priority.

Third, backlash, democratic erosion, and risk of regression. Recently, backlash against women’s rights has increased and is closely linked to democratic erosion and political polarisation. The UN Women’s 2025 review notes that anti-rights actors have slowed down the implementation of existing commitments. Nearly one-quarter of governments report that backlash is hampering the implementation of the Beijing agenda points. Attacks on reproductive rights, shrinking civic space, and funding cuts stand as threats to hard-won gains, more so for marginalised women.

Fourth, the new challenges. The COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, economic instability, and escalating conflicts have added weight to the long-standing inequalities. More than 600 million women and girls now live in proximity to armed conflict, while climate and economic shocks push millions into poverty. At present, digital technologies have increased opportunities but have also enabled new forms of violence and harassment against women.

The Road Ahead
First, from commitments to action. The “Beijing+30 Action Agenda” provides a roadmap to fill the gaps. Its “6+1” framework prioritises closing the digital gender gap; placing women at the centre of sustainable economic development, ending violence, strengthening leadership, enhancing accountability in peace and humanitarian action, and advancing climate justice. The “+1” highlights the critical role of youth, recognising that intergenerational leadership is needed for sustaining progress as we move forward.

Second, closing accountability, financing, and participation gaps. At present, five cross-cutting areas are important to realising the declaration’s vision. First, accountability gaps have to be closed by strengthening institutions, which involves ensuring gender equality across all policies and improving data systems to track outcomes. Second, women’s voices, especially those of marginalised groups, must be elevated through equal participation. Third, funding gaps need to be addressed, which requires gender-responsive budgeting and reforms to global financial systems grounded in equity. Fourth, technology must be harnessed to close digital divides while addressing risks such as increased online violence. Finally, services and infrastructure must be shock-proofed to prevent gender equality setbacks during crises, conflicts, and humanitarian emergencies.

Most importantly, confronting patriarchal norms and the societal resistance to change. Thirty years later, the patriarchal structures continue to impact everyday realities. More reforms, programs and initiatives are in place, but social attitudes and institutional cultures have been slower to change. With the 2030 deadline approaching, incremental gains are no longer sufficient, complacency is no longer an option. To move towards full gender equality we must act now, deliberately, to end discriminatory norms through education, intergenerational dialogue, and sustained investment. Policies and frameworks can provide essential support but a gender-equal world will be realised only if patriarchy is confronted and is actively undone by collective societal effort.

About the author
R Preetha is a Postgraduate student from Stella Maris College, Chennai. 
 


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December 2025 | CWA # 1881

Sunidhi Sampige

China Reader
December 2025 | CWA # 1864

Femy Francis

Ten Takeaways of a SCMP Interview with a former PLA Colonel
TWTW Note
December 2025 | CWA # 1861

Femy Francis

China Reader
CW Column: The Conflicts in The Middle East
November 2025 | CWA # 1859

Brighty Ann Sarah

CW Column: The War in Ukraine
November 2025 | CWA # 1858

Padmashree Anandhan

This Week in History
August 2025 | CWA # 1801

R Preetha

28 August 1963
Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech and the Civil Rights Movement in the US
The World This Week
August 2025 | CWA # 1790

GP Team

The World This Week#323-324
The Trump-Putin meeting & the US-China tariff extension
TWTW note
August 2025 | CWA # 1780

Abhiruchi Chowdhury

Trump tariffs:
Weaponization of access to the US economy
The World This Week
August 2025 | CWA # 1779

GP Team

The World This Week#322
US tariffs on India, Brazil and Canada & the EU-US trade deal
This Week in History
August 2025 | CWA # 1778

Lekshmi MK

28 July 1914
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, starting the First World War
Global Politics Explainer
July 2025 | CWA # 1770

Abhiruchi Chowdhury

Pakistan-Afghanistan relations:
Why the focus on terrorism, refugees, and Uzbekistan as the third partner?
The World This Week
July 2025 | CWA # 1769

GP Team

The World This Week#321
Indian PM Modi's visit to the Maldives I Elections to the Upper House in Japan
Global Politics Explainer
July 2025 | CWA # 1762

Lekshmi MK

Ocean Darkening: 
What is the phenomenon? What are its effects? And who are more vulnerable?
Global Politics Explainer
July 2025 | CWA # 1749

R Preetha

Africa as the Hunger Epicenter
Of the 13 Global Hunger Hotspots, 8 are in Africa: Five reasons why
The World This Week
July 2025 | CWA # 1748

GP Team

The World This Week #318
PM Modi’s Visit to Trinidad and Tobago & Ghana, One big beautiful bill, and Quad Foreign Ministers Meeting
Global Politics Explainer
July 2025 | CWA # 1744

Chittrothu Vaihali

EU-Canada Summit 2025
What is security and defence partnership all about?
Conflict Weekly
July 2025 | CWA # 1742

IPRI Team

Conflict Weekly # 287-88
The 12 Day War and the Congo-Rwanda Peace Deal
Global Politics Explainer
July 2025 | CWA # 1738

Fleur Elizabeth Philip

Thailand and Cambodia
What was the phone call between PM Shinawatra and President of Senate Hun Sen? What is the border dispute between the two? Why has this become an issue?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1735

Padmashree Anandhan

NATO Summit 2025:
Trump making Europe great again
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1734

GP Team

The World This Week #317
NATO Summit 2025 and Russia-Mali bilateral agreements
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1733

Ananya Dinesh

China and the Pacific Islands 
What was the recent China-PIC joint statement about? What it says, and what it means?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1728

M Kejia

G7 Summit 2025:
The Focus on the Middle East and Trade negotiations
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1726

GP Team

The World This Week #316
China-Central Asia Summit in Kazakhstan, and the G7 Summit in Canada
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1725

Brighty Ann Sarah, R Preetha, Santhiya M, Aparna A Nair & M Kejia

Operation Midnight Hammer: US bombs three nuclear sites in Iran
What were the three Iranian nuclear sites that were targeted? What are the B2 Bombers and Bunker Buster Bombs? What do these attacks mean? What Next?
Conflict Weekly
June 2025 | CWA # 1724

IPRI Team

Conflict Weekly #286
The Spiralling Israel-Iran Crisis, and the Dangerous Hunger Hotspots
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1721

Rizwana Banu S and Santhiya M

Who are the Afrikaners?
Why is Trump interested in the Afrikaner question in South Africa?
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1720

Lekshmi MK

New WMO Report on Arctic Warming
What are the social, economic and environmental implications of Arctic warming
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1719

J Yamini  

China’s EV Surge
What contributes to the rise of BYD
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1717

J Yamini

Gender Violence in Pakistan:
What are the larger issues in the Noor Mukadam case?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1715

Femy Francis

The US-China:
On Tariffs, Rare Earths and Visas
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1713

GP Team

The World This Week #315
The UN Ocean Conference in France and the US-China Meeting in London
CW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1712

R Preetha

The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1705

GP Team

The World This Week #314
Elections in South Korea and Poland I China and the Pacific Island Countries I Bangladesh Election Announcement 2026
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1703

M Kejia 

Sagarmatha Sambaad in Nepal
Kathmandu’s Global Agenda for the Himalayas
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1700

R Preetha

Ethiopia bans the TPLF
What does the TPLF ban mean for the Pretoria agreement? What next for Ethiopia?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1694

Aashish Ganeshan

The US:
Harvard vs Trump Administration
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1691

GP Team

The World This Week #313
China-ASEAN-GCC Summit I President Macron's visit to South East Asia I Trump Vs Harvard
The World This Week
May 2025 | CWA # 1690

GP Team

The World This Week #312
Elections in Romania, Portugal & Poland I UK-EU Summit
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1689

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine
Continuing Russia’s Aerial Attacks, despite exchange of prisoners
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1688

Ayan Datta

Gaza
The Humanitarian Crisis and Israel’s Renewed Offensive
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1685

Aparna A Nair

UK-EU Summit:
First step towards a reset
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1683

Aashish Ganeshan

Elections in Portugal:
The Rise of Chega Party and the Search for Political Stability
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1679

Aashish Ganeshan

US in the Middle Easr
Trump’s visit to Saudi Arabia, Qatar and UAE
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1678

Gauri Gupta

China in Latin America
China-CELAC forum: Strengthening ties with Latin America and Caribbean
The World This Week
May 2025 | CWA # 1677

GP Team

The World This Week #310-311
China in Latin America and the Carribbean I Trump's Middle East Visit I Denmark as the new Arctic Chair
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1675

Lekshmi MK

Turkey:
PKK disbands after 40 years of armed insurgency
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1673

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine:
The Discussion in Turkiye and the Elusive Ceasefire
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1671

Abhiruchi Chowdhury

US, Ukraine and Russia:
Air attacks amidst a Minerals deal and Ceasefire Proposals
Global Politics Early Bird
May 2025 | CWA # 1670

Fleur Elizabeth Philip

Singapore Elections in 2025:
People’s Action Party (PAP) Wins, Again
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1667

R Preetha and Brighty Ann Sarah

East Asia:
Tough Tariff Negotiations with the US
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1666

Padmashree Anandhan

The US-Ukraine
The mineral deal with the US
Conflict Weekly
May 2025 | CWA # 1665
Conflict Weekly # 280-81
India-Pakistan De-escalation I Ukraine Discussion in Istanbul I The Battle over Port Sudan I Disbanding of PKK in Turkiye I France-Algeria Diplomatic Tensions
Global Politics Early Bird
May 2025 | CWA # 1663

R Preetha

Canada Elections 2025:
What do the results convey? What next for Mark Carney?
Conflict Weekly 250th Issue
October 2024 | CWA # 1480

IPRI Team

This Week in History
July 2024 | CWA # 1413

Ramya B

Global Politics Early Bird
May 2024 | CWA # 1336

Femy Francis

This Week in History
April 2024 | CWA # 1275

Ramya B

NIAS Global Politics Database
March 2024 | CWA # 1251

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
This Week in History
March 2024 | CWA # 1246

Sivasubramanian K

NIAS Global Politics Database
February 2024 | CWA # 1226

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
The World This Week
November 2023 | CWA # 1148

GP Team

The War in Ukraine
October 2023 | CWA # 1091

Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri

Issues for Europe
NIAS Pakistan Weekly
October 2023 | CWA # 1087

PR Team

The World This Week
October 2023 | CWA # 1083

GP Team

Conflict Weekly
August 2023 | CWA # 1049

IPRI Team

IPRI Quarterly Forecasts I Triggers, Trends, and Trajectories
July 2023 | CWA # 1012

Bibhu Prasad Routray

Myanmar continues to burn
The World This Week
July 2023 | CWA # 1009

GP Team

2022: The World This Year
December 2022 | CWA # 879

Padmashree Anandhan

The Ukraine War
2022: The World This Year
December 2022 | CWA # 872

Sapna Elsa Abraham

Europe: Heatwaves, Wildfires, Droughts, and Ice Melt in Alps
November 2022 | CWA # 838

Rishma Banerjee

Tracing Europe's droughts
NIAS Africa Weekly
March 2022 | CWA # 705

NIAS Africa Team

In Focus: Libya
The World This Week: 150th Issue
December 2021 | CWA # 630

GP Team

Europe in 2021
Pakistan Reader
October 2021 | CWA # 588

Abigail Miriam Fernandez

TLP is back again
NIAS Fortnightly on Science, Technology & International Relations
August 2021 | CWA # 528

STIR Team

Space Tourism
GLOBAL PROTEST MOVEMENTS
September 2020 | CWA # 337

Anju Annie Mammen

The FATF Meeting, February 2020
February 2020 | CWA # 235

Lakshmi V Menon

Science, Technology and International Relations
September 2019 | CWA # 162

Lakshman Chakravarthy N

5G: A Primer
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 71

Mahesh Bhatta

Nepal
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 70

Nasima Khatoon

The Maldives
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 69

Harini Madhusudan

India
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 68

Sourina Bej

Bangladesh
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 67

Seetha Lakshmi Dinesh Iyer

Afghanistan
United States
July 2018 | CWA # 47

Rahul Arockiaraj

East Asia
June 2018 | CWA # 26

Siddhatti Mehta