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Shifa Moideen
10 August 2024 |
On 9 August 1965, Singapore left Malaysia to become independent.
The road to an independent Singapore
Singapore was under British rule, founded as a trading settlement by Sir Stamford Raffles in 1819. Its strategic location rendered it a vital centre for trade and business activities in the area. The city-state belonged to the British Straits Settlements until World War II, then it was taken over by the Japanese. Following the war, it returned under British rule, yet it encountered increasing calls for self-governance.
Singapore joined the Federation of Malaysia in 1963, alongside Malaya, Sabah, and Sarawak. The union was viewed as a way to speed up decolonisation, boost economic growth, and resist communist impact in the region. The alliance faced difficulties and disagreements right from the beginning leading to Singapore leaving Malaysia in August 1965.
There were major distinctions between the ruling parties in the federation. UMNO, the main party in Malaysia, supported policies benefiting the Malay majority and overlooked the views of the Chinese minority, meanwhile, PAP in Singapore, under Lee Kuan Yew, pushed for a "Malaysian Malaysia" built on meritocracy and equal treatment for all races. This conflict of ideas resulted in tensions and disputes regarding governance and policies. Simultaneously, the union's complexity was heightened by the racial makeup of Malaysia and Singapore. Singapore had a mostly Chinese population, whereas Malaysia had a Malay majority. The Chinese population in Singapore viewed preferential policies like the Bumiputera policy as discriminatory, causing dissatisfaction and racial tensions.
Differences in economic views were also key in causing the split. Singapore's economy boomed as a city-state with a bustling port and thriving industry, in contrast to the less developed areas in other parts of Malaysia. Controversies emerged regarding economic policies, revenue distribution, and the shared market, with Singapore perceiving it was not receiving fair benefits from the union. The conflicts between the two areas led to increased violence, particularly seen in the 1964 racial riots in Singapore, leading to casualties. These riots brought attention to the long-standing communal tensions and the federal government's failure to uphold peace and security.
The tensions reached a point that resulted in the choice to break apart. On 7 August 1965, Tunku Abdul Rahman, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, declared in the Malaysian Parliament that Singapore would be kicked out of the federation. The division was viewed as a means to maintain tranquillity and order in Malaysia. On 9 August 1965, Singapore gained independence as a sovereign nation, with Lee Kuan Yew emotional as he informed the public about the separation.
The statement signified the close of a short and tumultuous partnership, as well as the start of Singapore's path as a sovereign country. The division was calm, in contrast to numerous other postcolonial changes, and was made official with the signing of the Separation Agreement between Malaysia and Singapore.
Singapore, after independence and under Lee Kuan Yew
Following the loss of the Malaysian common market, Singapore had to navigate its economic path. Under Lee Kuan Yew's guidance and under the PAP's leadership, Singapore initiated an ambitious strategy to evolve into a worldwide economic centre. The government prioritised industrialisation, infrastructure improvement, and attracting foreign investment, resulting in fast economic growth and modernisation. The division required the development of a unified national identity that went beyond racial and ethnic boundaries. The government in Singapore advocated for multiculturalism, social unity, and a robust national identity. Efforts were made to promote unity and inclusiveness among the people through the implementation of policies that prioritise meritocracy, racial harmony, and bilingualism.
As a small country, Singapore had to navigate intricate regional and global dynamics. The government followed a practical approach to foreign relations, becoming a member of global organisations like the United Nations and forming diplomatic ties with nations across the globe. Singapore also directed its attention towards regional collaboration, joining as one of the founding members of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1967. The division further highlighted the significance of security and defence for Singapore. The government put money into creating a strong and updated military to protect its sovereignty and territorial integrity. National service was implemented, leading to the transformation of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) into a proficient and adequately equipped military force.
Singapore's independence from Malaysia marked a significant moment in the history of Southeast Asia. It signified Singapore's rise as an independent country and paved the way for its development into a wealthy and influential city-state. Despite the obstacles and unknown factors, Singapore utilised its sovereignty to construct a vibrant and adaptable community, playing a part in local harmony and worldwide advancement. Singapore's journey to independence showcases the importance of having forward-thinking leadership, practical strategies, and a strong-willed population. Additionally, Singapore is ranked as one of the least corrupt countries globally.
About the author
Shifa Moideen is an Undergraduate student of Journalism, International Relations and Peace studies at St Joseph’s University, Bengaluru.
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