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The World This Week
Who said what at the UNGA 2025: Major takeaways
The World This Week #328 Vol 7, No 37 28 Sep 2025

  GP Team
28 September 2025

The World This Week #328 Vol 7, No 37 28 Sep 2025
 

Aparna A Nair, Lekshmi MK, Santhiya M, Swati Sood

Who said what at the UNGA 2025: Major takeaways
Aparna A Nair, Lekshmi MK, Santhiya M, Swati Sood

Calls for action on Peace, Climate, Technology and UN reforms
António Guterres, Secretary-General, United Nations
On 23 September 2025, António Guterres addressed the United Nations General Assembly and recalled the founding moment of the UN. He reminded the assembly of the foundational choice that was made 80 years ago to choose “Cooperation over chaos. Law over lawlessness. Peace over conflict.” He stated that the principles of the UN are under grave threat in the current day scenario of Gaza, Ukraine, Sudan and other places. He called the UN not simply as a meeting place but as a “moral compass” that acts as a guardian of international law. 

The following are the takeaways from Secretary-General Guterres’s address:
First, peace is rooted in international law. He warned that international law, civilian protections and credibility of the UN are under threat. The wars, humanitarian violations and lack of accountability show that the global system is “buckling.” He described the war in Gaza as the deadliest conflict during his tenure.  He condemned the death of civilians and said “Nothing can justify the collective punishment of the Palestinian people.” He also addressed the crisis in Sudan as civilians are being “slaughtered, starved and silenced.” He urged an end to the external support that fuelled the violence. He also touched upon the Ukraine war and stated that the aggression against the sovereign nation is a violation of the UN Charter.

Second, the humanitarian system is overstretched. He threw light on the humanitarian system being underfunded and overstretched. The world sees the refugees, displaced people and vulnerable communities pay the highest price. These humanitarian violations are becoming “normalized” and eroding the values on which the UN stands. He called for stronger international cooperation to protect civilians and expand humanitarian access by funding relief operations. 

Third, climate justice. He urged that the climate crisis is accelerating, but solutions are also emerging. He said that “The clean energy future is no longer a distant promise. It’s here.” He emphasised renewables as the cheapest and fastest source of power, which also creates jobs and boosts the economy. He called for the G20, which are the biggest emitters, to lead under the guidance of common but differentiated responsibilities. He called for the collaboration of governments, philanthropies, civil society and the private sector for climate justice.

Fourth, technology at the service of humanity. He said that Artificial Intelligence can reshape learning, work, communication and trust itself. He said that we should “steer it for the greater good.” He said that all countries should design and develop AI and not just consume it. He celebrated the Assembly’s creation of an Independent International Scientific Panel on AI and a Global Dialogue on AI Governance. He also warned of the dangers like mass surveillance, social control, disruption and destruction. 

Fifth, strengthen the United Nations for the 21st century. He highlighted the disparity in global spending as “For every dollar invested to support our core work to build peace, the world spends 750 dollars on weapons of war.” He presented the UN80 Initiative to make the UN stronger with a revised 2026 budget, practical reforms and a paradigm shift of collaboration. He urged the assembly to invest in the UN as it is a moral and strategic need. He reflected on his personal history from dictatorship to the power of the people and human dignity. He urged everyone not to give up and to work as one. He ended by saying “I will never, ever give up.”

Climate Change as “the greatest con job ever”
Donald Trump, President, United States
On 25 September, US President Donald Trump addressed the 80th United Nations General Assembly. President Trump’s speech covered a range of issues such as economic revival, border security and immigration, cultural identity, and weapons proliferation. His speech not only offered a review but also a blueprint of his administration’s policies. Trump offered “the hand of American leadership and friendship” to member states willing to join the US in forging a “safer, more prosperous world.”

The following are the takeaways from his speech:
First, President Trump defended the imposition of tariffs on countries as a “defence mechanism” to ensure fair and reciprocal trade, asserting that these measures have resulted in “hundreds of billions of dollars” flowing into the US, leading to low inflation and the largest tax cuts. However, according to the US Department of Labour, inflation rates rose to 2.9 percent in August. Thus, investments and taxes derived from tariffs will boost the American economy, but the claims that inflation is under control are unfounded. Separately, Trump reiterated that he “unleashed massive energy production and signed historic executive orders to hunt for oil,” which made the United States “the largest exporter” of energy. 

Second, defending the US action on immigration. President Trump highlighted that the US has been able to repel a “colossal invasion” at its southern border, thanking El Salvador for “receiving and jailing so many criminals.” Accusing the UN of “funding an assault on Western countries and their borders,” Trump also asserted that Europe is being “invaded by a force of illegal aliens.” Trump advocated for a retreat from open borders and multiculturalism, declaring that “proud nations must be allowed to protect their communities.” Further, Trump blamed the “globalist migration agenda” for unleashing transnational murderous gangs, human trafficking, and drug cartels around the world. 

Third, action on Iran as a part of global deterrence. President Trump emphasised the strength of American deterrence, demonstrated through Operation Midnight Hammer in which seven American B-2 bombers dropped 14 30,000-pound H-bombs on Iranian nuclear facilities in June this year. He stressed that NATO members formally committing to increased defense spending would make the “alliance far stronger and more powerful than it has ever before.” Trump reiterated his position on nuclear and non-nuclear proliferation, arguing that the “threat of dangerous weapons” needs to be reduced, along with calling for an end to the “development of biological weapons once and for all.” Throughout his speech, Trump’s mistrust and skepticism of the effectiveness and relevance of multilateralism in today’s world were evident. 

Fourth, self praise about his efforts in resolving global conflicts where the UN has failed.  President Trump reiterated that he resolved “seven wars,” including Cambodia and Thailand, Kosovo and Serbia, the Congo and Rwanda, Pakistan and India, Israel and Iran, Egypt and Ethiopia, and Armenia and Azerbaijan. Trump argued that China and India are the “primary funders” of the war in Ukraine because of their continued purchase of Russian oil. Trump said that NATO countries that have “not cut off much Russian energy and Russian energy products” are equally wrong, stressing the need for these countries to adopt the “same measures” to make tariffs effective. Further, Trump described recognition of Palestine’s statehood by various countries as a “reward” for “Hamas terrorists” for committing “horrible atrocities.” 

Fifth, rejection of the global narrative on climate change. President Trump outrightly rejected climate change as “the greatest con job ever.” Trump blamed Europe for deindustrialising to reduce its carbon footprint, which he described as a “hoax made up by people with evil intentions.” Trump advanced the notion that the burden of climate change action is disproportionate and favours developing countries because “brutal green energy policies” have redistributed manufacturing and industrial activity from developed countries to developing countries that pollute, “break the rules, and are making a fortune.”

Recognising Palestine
Emmanuel Macron, President, France
On 22 September, France's President Emmanuel Macron addressed the 80th United Nations General Assembly, announcing France's recognition of the State of Palestine. He called for an immediate ceasefire in Gaza, the release of hostages, and the establishment of a sovereign, democratic Palestinian state alongside Israel. President Macron condemned the 07 October 2023, Hamas attack on Israel. He reaffirmed France's unwavering support for Israel's security, and emphasised the equal value of all human lives. He presented a comprehensive peace and security plan co-sponsored by France and Saudi Arabia, which includes a ceasefire, humanitarian aid, a transitional administration in Gaza, disarmament of Hamas, and the eventual creation of a sovereign, democratic Palestinian state. President Macron acknowledged commitments made by Palestine's President Abbas to reform governance and exclude Hamas from power. He encouraged Israel and Arab nations to embrace reciprocal recognition and normalised relations, concluding that the time for peace and mutual recognition is now.

Following are the takeaways from President Macron’s address:
First, France's recognition of Palestine. President Macron formally announced France's recognition of the State of Palestine, marking a policy shift aimed at revitalising support for a two-state solution to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This move, while gaining potential international backing, is expected to face opposition from Israel and the United States.

Second, call for immediate ceasefire and humanitarian aid. President Macron emphasised the urgency of ending the violence in Gaza, calling for an immediate ceasefire and the provision of humanitarian aid to alleviate the suffering of civilians. He highlighted the need for reconstruction efforts and the establishment of a transitional administration in Gaza to ensure stability and peace.

Third, a comprehensive peace and security plan. President Macron presented a detailed plan co-sponsored by France and Saudi Arabia, outlining steps towards achieving a sovereign, independent, and demilitarised Palestinian state. The plan includes disarmament of Hamas, reform of Palestinian governance, and mutual recognition between Israel and Palestine, aiming to create a peaceful coexistence in the region.

Four, emphasis on multilateralism and international cooperation. President Macron warned against a "survival of the fittest" approach to international relations, advocating for multilateralism and collective action to address global challenges. He stressed the importance of upholding international law and cooperation among nations to achieve lasting peace and security.

The War in Ukraine as “the most destructive arms race in human history”
Volodymyr Zelenskyy, President, Ukraine
On 24 September, in his address, Ukraine's President Volodymyr Zelensky warned about the dangers posed by unchecked aggression and the accelerating global arms race, particularly involving autonomous drones and artificial intelligence. He stated that the world is experiencing "the most destructive arms race in human history," driven by rapid advancements in drone warfare and AI, which could bypass human control and increase civilian casualties. President Zelensky framed the conflict in Ukraine as a broader challenge to international security and democratic norms, emphasising that inaction could encourage authoritarian regimes worldwide. He warned that Russia’s aggression could expand beyond Ukraine, potentially destabilising Europe. He also urged global leaders to act decisively against it. President Zelensky cautioned that Moldova could fall under Russian influence like Georgia and Belarus without meaningful support, stressed the importance of regulating autonomous weapons, and called for economic measures to stop funding Russia’s war. He added that preventing aggression now is far more effective than addressing the consequences later.

The following are the takeaways from President Zelensky's address:
First, global security is at risk. President Zelensky highlighted the unprecedented risks posed by the accelerating global arms race, particularly autonomous drones and AI-driven weapons. He emphasised the urgency of establishing norms to regulate the use of emerging military technologies.

Second, call for international action. He urged UN member states to unite against Russia’s aggression, framing Ukraine’s conflict as a test of the global community’s commitment to law, sovereignty, and peace. President Zelensky stressed that inaction leads authoritarian regimes and paves way to further destabilisation across Europe and beyond.

Third, military support requests. President Zelensky formally requested advanced weapons, including Tomahawk missiles, to strengthen Ukraine’s defence. He underscored that international support is vital for deterring further Russian expansion. He also signalled Ukraine’s readiness to defend its sovereignty in coordination with global partners.

Fourth, commitment to democracy. Despite domestic challenges, President Zelensky reaffirmed Ukraine’s dedication to democratic governance and institutional reform. He highlighted ongoing anti-corruption measures and efforts to maintain transparency, positioning Ukraine as a responsible actor deserving of international support and trust.

“Finish the job” in Gaza
Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime Minister, Israel
On 26 September, Israel's Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu addressed the 80th United Nations General Assembly, emphasising Israel’s determination to “finish the job” in Gaza by eliminating Hamas and securing the release of all hostages. He rejected allegations of genocide, stating that Israel’s military actions were justified and highlighting the humanitarian aid provided to Gaza despite ongoing conflict. PM Netanyahu criticised Western nations, including the UK, France, Canada, and Australia, for recognising Palestinian statehood, equating such recognition to rewarding terrorism. His remarks were broadcast directly to Gaza via hacked phones and loudspeakers along the border to convey Israel’s message to Hamas and hostages. Despite protests and walkouts in the UN hall, PM Netanyahu reaffirmed Israel’s right to self-defence and its commitment to eliminating Hamas as a threat.

The following are the takeaways from Netanyahu’s address:
First, emphasis on military objectives and justification of military actions. PM Netanyahu made it clear that Israel’s primary goal in Gaza is to eliminate Hamas and secure the safe release of hostages. He framed military operations as defensive and necessary for national security. PM Netanyahu also defended Israel’s actions, emphasising that the military strikes were proportionate and accompanied by efforts to provide humanitarian aid. He sought to portray Israel as responsible despite ongoing hostilities.

Second, rejection of international recognition of Palestine. He criticised countries that recognised Palestinian statehood, asserting that such actions reward terrorism and undermine peace efforts. This highlighted Israel’s firm stance against external pressures regarding the conflict.

Third, communication strategy and global messaging. By broadcasting his speech directly to Gaza, PM Netanyahu demonstrated an unconventional approach to messaging, aiming to influence both Hamas and the hostages, while reinforcing Israel’s position to the international community.

Call for a “Proactive, not provocative” leadership in South Asia
PM Shehbaz Sharif, Prime Minister, Pakistan
On 26 September, Pakistan's Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif addressed the 80th United Nations General Assembly, stressing that “South Asia needs proactive, not provocative, leadership.” He recalled the May 2025 military escalation with India, accusing New Delhi of “unprovoked aggression” and asserting that Pakistan responded under Article 51 of the UN Charter, destroying seven Indian jets. He credited the US and international mediation for halting hostilities.

The Prime Minister’s speech touched on multiple global and regional concerns. He reaffirmed Pakistan’s commitment to dialogue, diplomacy, and multilateralism. He also highlighted challenges such as intensifying conflicts, climate change, disinformation campaigns, and humanitarian crises. He reiterated support for the Palestinian people and called for the right of self-determination for Kashmiris. On terrorism, he vowed Pakistan’s commitment to fight extremist groups but urged Afghan authorities to stop militants from using their soil against Pakistan. He also denounced climate injustice, arguing that vulnerable states should not be burdened with more loans to recover from disasters.

The following are the takeaways from PM Sharif’s address:
First, the desire to project Islamabad as responsible. His address signalled Islamabad’s intention to present itself as a responsible and constructive actor internationally, while safeguarding national sovereignty. By emphasising Pakistan’s commitment to dialogue, diplomacy, and adherence to the UN Charter, PM Sharif sought to counter perceptions of Pakistan as reactive or solely security-focused. The speech highlighted Pakistan’s readiness to engage multilaterally and contribute to regional and global stability.

Second, emphasis on strength and deterrence. By recalling Pakistan’s military response in May, PM Sharif projected the country’s capability and resolve. Mentioning the destruction of Indian aircraft conveyed deterrence, reassuring domestic audiences. Yet, his insistence on “proactive, not provocative” leadership balanced this message with a commitment to diplomacy and stability, showing Pakistan prefers dialogue over conflict while remaining prepared to defend itself.

Third, focus on climate, debt relief, and regional security. PM Sharif framed Pakistan within the Asian countries’ struggle for equitable treatment, highlighting “climate injustice” and the need for debt-relief mechanisms. Simultaneously, he reiterated Pakistan’s position on Kashmir and urged Afghanistan to restrain militancy, linking security concerns with regional stability. This approach reinforced Pakistan’s dual message: one is engagement with international justice, and another is a firm stance on its core security priorities.

Palestinian civilians “cannot be made to pay the price” for Hamas’ actions 
Penny Wong, Minister for Foreign Affairs, Australia
On 27 September, Penny Wong, Minister for Foreign Affairs of Australia, represented Australia in the United Nations General Assembly. She focused on the conflict-ridden state of the world at this point. She condemned the horrific attack on Israel by Hamas and Australia’s sanctions on Hamas for the same. She also stressed that Palestinian civilians “cannot be made to pay the price” for Hamas’ actions. 

The following are the takeaways from Wong’s address:
First, the stance on Palestine. She defined Australia’s position by stating that “Australia no longer sees Palestinian recognition as the destination of a peace process, but a contribution of momentum towards peace.” She stated that the international community should pave the way for peace through a two-state solution. She reiterated Australia’s call for a ceasefire in Gaza and demanded a ceasefire in Lebanon and stated that “Lebanon cannot become the next Gaza." 

Second, the condition of aid workers and global stability. She initiated a new Declaration for the Protection of Humanitarian Personnel drawing from the death of Australian aid worker Zomi Frankcom and unprecedented danger to aid workers globally. She also condemned Russia’s offensive on Ukraine that violates the UN charter and expressed its impact on food and energy security. 

Third, promoting reforms and inclusivity. She called for reform of the UN system, especially the Security Council, to achieve better representation from Africa, Asia-Pacific and Latin America and the Caribbean. She stated that Australia has a vision for the world in which no country dominates. Adhering to its vision, it has consistently advocated for China to maintain peace and stability in the South China Sea and the Taiwan Strait. She added that Australia champions the Women, Peace and Security agenda as gender equality is primary for peace. She also addressed the challenges of climate and development.

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, President, Turkey
On 23 September, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the President of Turkey, addressed the United Nations General Assembly on the ongoing global crisis. He strongly condemned Israel’s military operation in Gaza and called it “genocide.” He also criticised the United Nations and the international community for failing to intervene more seriously and effectively on the issue. He advocated for the recognition of statehood for Palestine and emphasised the two-state solution. 

The following are the takeaways from Erdoğan’s address:
First, the denunciation of Israel’s operation in Gaza. In a sideline meeting with US President Trump and Arab leaders to discuss the peace plan for Gaza, President Erdoğan said that he is “pleased” with the results of the “fruitful” meeting aimed at ending the war in Gaza. He called for recognition to Palestine with a two-state solution at the centre. He also criticised Israel’s actions in perpetrating violence and condemned the Western countries and the UN for failing to act.

Second, sensitive regional disputes and conflicts. He raised the Kashmir dispute as a long-standing conflict that remains unresolved. He emphasised the need for a dialogue between India and Pakistan in accordance with UN resolutions. This led to India lodging a formal protest as it rejected external intervention in the bilateral issue. He also emphasised other regional conflicts like Syria, Iraq, Iran, Ukraine, Azerbaijan-Armenia and the Balkans.

Third, Turkey’s global engagement and human rights agenda. He expressed his support for development in Africa and engagement with ASEAN, Indian Ocean Rim Association, BRICS, Central Asia and Turkic States. He also advocated for the human rights of Uyghur Turks in China. He condemned Islamophobia, xenophobia and racism globally and called for a UN Special Envoy for Combating Islamophobia as stipulated in the resolution adopted on 15 March 2024.

The UN is “indispensable and irreplaceable”
King Felipe VI, Spain
On 24 September, King Felipe VI addressed the United Nations General Assembly and represented Spain. In his speech, he declared that the UN is “indispensable and irreplaceable”. He also asserted that peace in Europe is only possible with justice and accountability and referred to the June 2024 EU-UK agreement on Gibraltar. 

The following are the takeaways from King Felipe VI’s address:
First, emphasis on the UN and the rule of law. He highlighted the importance of the UN and multilateralism. He emphasised that believing in the UN means believing in the universality of the Charter and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. He added that “The dignity of the human being is non-negotiable.” He also stated that a rule-based world as “the best defence against the law of the strongest.”

Second, support towards Palestine. In reference to the war in Gaza, he stated, “Stop this massacre now. No more deaths.” He condemned the attack of Hamas on 7 October 2023 and also demanded “the Israeli Government fully uphold international humanitarian law throughout Gaza and the West Bank”. He reiterated the support for the two-state solution and stated that recognising Palestine would be a pathway to a “just and definitive” peace.

Third, promotion of sustainable development and global cooperation. His speech also shed light on the USD 4 trillion annual shortfall in financing for the Sustainable Development Goals. He reaffirmed Spain’s commitment to international development contributions and the foreign policy priorities like human rights, gender equality and environmental transition. He also called for consensus and ambition ahead of COP30 in Brazil to triple renewable energy and double energy efficiency. He also said that properly managed migration can be a “a vector of mutual development” for origin, transit and host countries.

Four Priorities of Action for a shared future and global governance
Li Qiang, Premier, China
On 26 September, China’s Premier Li Qiang represented China in the 80th session of the UNGA. In his introductory remarks, he said, “The past 80 years have been torturous but purposeful.” He stated that the founding of the UN initiated a historic experiment to escape the law of the jungle, building a postwar international order to build peace and development. 

The following are the key takeaways from his speech
First, reflection on eight decades. He proceeded to reflect on eight decades of the UN. First, he emphasised the humanities' quest for peace and development amidst conflict. Second, he stated that solidarity and cooperation are the most powerful drivers for human progress. Third, while stating fairness and justice as the values pursued by the international community, he said, “History keeps reminding us that when might dictates right, the world risks division and regression; when fairness and justice prevail, societies enjoy stability and thrive.”

Second, current challenges and China’s vision. Reflecting on current challenges, he stated that the rise of unilaterism and Cold War mentality as the disrupters to the global order. He said, “Humanity has once again come to a crossroads.” He highlighted China’s Global vision and initiatives by reiterating President Xi’s “vision of building a community with a shared future for humanity.” He laid out the initiatives such as Community with a Shared Future for Humanity, Global Development Initiative, Global Security Initiative, Global Civilisation Initiative and the latest, Global Governance Initiative. He said, “China is ready to take coordinated and effective actions together with all sides to offer more concrete solutions and promote world peace and development.”

Third, four priorities for action. First, peace and security. He said, “All countries belong to the same global village and rely on each other for security. We should uphold the vision of common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security, and respect the legitimate security concerns of all countries.” Stating that the disputes must be solved via dialogue, he highlighted that China promoted peace talks in the Ukraine crisis and the Palestinian-Israeli conflict and co-established the International Organisation for Mediation. 

Second, development and win-win cooperation. He said, “A major cause of the current global economic doldrums is the rise in unilateral and protectionist measures, such as tariff hikes and erection of walls and barriers.” He emphasised China’s development in the global economy, such as its contribution of 30 per cent to the global economic growth, the world’s second largest importer, Belt and Road cooperation and the support and openness in innovations (5G and AI).
Third, civilisational dialogue and exchange. Quoting a Chinese adage, he said, “A single flower does not make spring; one hundred flowers in full blossom bring spring to the garden.” He called for an inclusive attitude and engaging exchange and mutual learning, and said, “Obsession with so-called "civilizational superiority" or ideology-based circles only breeds more division and confrontation.”

Fourth, shared challenges and global governance. He called for “the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities” to tackle climate challenges, while sharing China’s achievement stories and progress. In AI, he mentioned China’s Global AI initiative and the creation of the World AI Cooperation Organisation. He concluded his speech by restating China’s commitment to the UN Charter. He added that China will set up the China-UN Global South-South Development Facility and will establish a global centre for sustainable development in Shanghai.

Finland champions values, smart diplomacy, and global justice
Alexander Stubb, President, Republic of Finland
On 24 September, the President of the Republic of Finland, Alexander Stubb, addressed the UN General Assembly. He began his address by stating, “foreign policy is based on three pillars: values, interests, and power.” He added that for smaller countries like Finland, power arises from its capacity to cooperate with others and “Smart diplomacy is what gives a smaller player at least relative influence.”  

The following are the key takeaways from his speech:
First, multilateralism and transactionalism. He stated that growing divisions exist in these two streams and said, “Even a transactional or multivectoral foreign policy should rest on a core of fundamental values. Without them, foreign policy will ultimately run into a wall.” 

Second, the shift of power to Africa, Asia and Latin America. He stated that these regions possess both agency and power and views them as emerging economic, political and cultural forces.
Third, position on conflicts and crises. On Ukraine, he said, “Russia has no right to continue its aggression against Ukraine. On Gaza, he said, “Israel has no right to violate international law in Palestine. An immediate ceasefire is needed in Gaza. Humanitarian aid must be granted safe and unhindered access. The hostages must be released.” He added that “the UN needs to focus its efforts on its most important goals: ending and preventing wars, protecting human rights, and acting as a catalyst for sustainable development.”

Furthermore, he called for expanded UNSC membership and seats for Asia, Africa and Latin America with no veto power. Finland announced candidacy for 029–2030 Security Council seat.

Saudi Arabia champions dialogue, conflict resolution, and green energy leadership
Prince Faisal bin Farhan Al-Saud, Foreign Minister, Saudi Arabia
On 29 September, Foreign Minister Prince Faisal bin Farhan delivered Saudi Arabia’s statement at the UNGA. 

The following are the key takeaways from his speech:
First, comments on the current world order. He attributed the “laxity of practical international efforts and selectivity in implementing international law and international humanitarian law” as the reason for the “expansion of the circle of violence and conflicts and the threat to the principles of international legitimacy. “ He rejected political polarisation and stated commitment to enhanced dialogue and rapprochement. 

Second, on conflicts and issues. On Israeli actions, he said, “the Kingdom reiterates its rejection and condemnation of all Israeli crimes committed against the Palestinian people.” On regional issues, he reaffirmed support for Lebanon’s sovereignty, Syria’s peaceful resolution and Yemen’s political resettlement and continued mediation effort in conflicts. Additionally, the Kingdom also expressed its readiness to continue mediating between Russia and Ukraine. 

Third, on energy security. He further stated commitment “to achieving a balance among three pillars: energy security, providing affordable energy for all, and diminishing the effects of climate change.” Stating the Saudi Green Initiative, the Middle East Green Initiative, and plans for a carbon capture hub capable of storing 44 million tons annually by 2035, Riyadh stated its aim to become a leader in clean hydrogen exports. 

TWTW Regional Roundups

News from around the world
Padmashree Anandhan, Rizwana Banu S, M Santhiya, Merin Treesa Alex, Rohini Reenum, Femy Francis, and Anu Maria Joseph.
 
CHINA THIS WEEK
China: Nepal Airlines Corporation to start direct flight to Guangzhou, China, reports Khabarhub
On 21 September, Khabarhub reported that Nepal Airlines Cooperation (NAC) will have direct commercial flights between Kathmandu and Guangzhou, China, from 25 September 2025. This is the national carrier of Nepal and marks the first time that NAC is operating direct flight service to China. NAC's Executive Chairman, Yubaraj Adhikari, confirmed that all technical preparations have been made to complete the necessary flight permission. , Currently, the Nepal airline serves 11 international destinations across nine countries. The NAC noted that this not only increases their international operations but also contributes to Nepal’s national pride and supports their diplomatic tourism outreach. 

China: To let go of the Special and Differential Treatment benefits in the WTO
On 23 September, China announced that it will forgo any special benefits it gains from its developing country status at the World Trade Organization. China’s Premier Li Qiang made this announcement, stating that this country no longer seeks access to Special and Differential Treatment. In this regard, WTO Director-General Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala said: “This is a culmination of many years of hard work, and I want to applaud China's leadership on this issue.” Separately, the US has previously  argued that there can be no meaningful WTO reform until countries like China and other major economies relinquish their SDT titles and grants. Countries like China and Saudi Arabia, under the SDT, can set higher tariffs and even get subsidies. 

China: Typhoon Ragasa triggers mass evacuations after 17 dead in Taiwan 
On 24 September, two million people were evacuated after Typhoon Ragasa made landfall in southern China’s Guangdong province. The typhoon brought winds of 241 kilometres per hour and torrential rain, causing seawater intrusion in cities like Zhuhai and Shenzhen. It is the world's strongest storm this year, equivalent to a Category 5 hurricane. In Taiwan, the storm’s aftermath left 17 dead and others missing after a barrier lake burst, flooding Hualien County. Hong Kong reported 90 injuries and issued a level 10 warning. The Philippines also faced flooding and eight deaths earlier. As Ragasa moves west, weakening to a tropical depression by 26 September, rescue efforts continue amid widespread destruction. 

China: To reduce its greenhouse emissions by 7-10 per cent
On 25 September, the BBC reported that China’s President Xi Jinping announced that China will reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 7-10 per cent by 2035. China is the world’s biggest source of planet-warming gases, and for the first time, they have committed to cutting emissions. This comes as the US is rolling back plans to combat climate change, with  US President Donald Trump terming it a con job and a hoax. The pledges are submitted every five years as part of the Paris Agreement. The UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres said: “We absolutely need countries to come [...] with climate action plans that are fully aligned with 1.5 degrees, that cover the whole of their economies and the whole of their greenhouse gas emissions.” He also said: “It is essential that we have a drastic reduction of emissions in the next few years if you want to keep the 1.5 degrees Celsius limit alive.” 

MIDDLE EAST THIS WEEK
Iran: Tehran says it will “never seek to build a nuclear bomb”
On 24 September, Iranian President Masoud Pezeshkian at the United Nations General Assembly said that Iran will “never seek to build a nuclear bomb.” President Pezeshkian said that France, UK, and Germany (E3 countries) “falsely presented themselves as parties of good standing” to the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), acting “at the behest of the United States of America.” Further, he accused the E3 of disparaging “Iran’s sincere efforts as insufficient” and bypassing “legal obligations” to portray Iran’s “lawful remedial measures, taken in response to the United States’ withdrawal from the JCPOA and to Europe’s breach as gross violations.” In response, French President Emmanuel Macron, in a statement on X  said that “an agreement is still possible” and that it is up to Iran to “meet the legitimate conditions” that have been set. Additionally, US President Donald Trump’s Middle East Envoy Steve Witkoff said that the US is pursuing dialogue with Iran and has “no desire” to hurt them. This development comes after E3 countries on 28 August launched a 30-day process to reimpose sanctions on Iran over its nuclear program, under the “snapback” mechanism built within the JCPOA. Reimposition of sanctions on Iran will come into effect on 27 September if no agreement is reached between Iran and the E3 countries. 

Syria: Restores diplomatic relations with Ukraine
On 25 September, Al Jazeera reported that Syria and Ukraine have restored diplomatic ties following a meeting between their leaders, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and Syrian interim President Ahmed al-Sharaa, on the sidelines of the UNGA United Nations General Assembly. Following the signing of a communiqué establishing relations, the Ukrainian President wrote on X, “We welcome this important step and are ready to support the Syrian people on their path to stability.” It is to be noted that Ukraine had broken off diplomatic ties with Syria following the then Bashar al-Assad government’s decision to recognise the “independence” of the Russian-backed breakaway republics of Donetsk and Luhansk in eastern Ukraine. Following this, Syria had announced breaking of relations.

Iran: Signs nuclear power plant deal with Russia
On 26 September, Al Jazeera quoted reports from the Iranian media which revealed details of a USD 25 billion deal inked between Iran and Russia to construct four nuclear reactors in the city of Sirik in the southern Hormozgan Province. Each reactor will be a Generation III power reactor and is expected to generate 5GW of electricity. Earlier, on 24 September, Russia’s state nuclear agency, Rosatom had confirmed the signing of a memorandum of understanding, however, not divulged any details. Presently, Iran only has one operational nuclear power plant in the Bushehr which was also built by Russia and has a generation capacity of 1GW.

Iran: UN sanctions reimposed by E3 countries
On 27 September, Al Jazeera reported that Iran has called back its envoys to the United Kingdom, France and Germany (E3) countries for further discussion following the re-imposition of sanctions by these countries under a UN “snapback” mechanism. The sanctions were imposed after China and Russia’s efforts at the UN Security Council failed to delay the reimposition of sanctions. The E3 countries had warned Iran last month that a failure to reach a nuclear deal by the end of August would automatically lead to a reimposition of sanctions.

AFRICA THIS WEEK
Kenya: President Ruto targets US trade deal by year-end
On 24 September, Kenya's President William Ruto stated that he aims to sign a trade deal with the US by the end of 2025. He stated that both countries have made "good progress" on a bilateral trade agreement. He also added , "We have a trade deficit in favour of China, but the one for the U.S. is fairly balanced, so we are still looking at avenues on how to balance trade with all our trading partners." Additionally, he said, "I will be asking him (US Secreatry of State Rubio) for the US to consider seriously renewing and extending AGOA (African Growth Opportunity Act) for at least a minimum of five years, because it is a platform that connects Africa and the US in a very fundamental way, and it can go a long way in solving some of the trade deficits and challenges that exist at the moment."

West Africa: Three West African countries to quit the ICC
On 24 September, Burkina Faso, Mali, and Niger declared their intention to withdraw from the International Criminal Court (ICC), citing neo-colonial bias. Three military leaders of the respective countries jointly stated: “The ICC has proven itself incapable of handling and prosecuting proven war crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes of genocide, and crimes of aggression.” According to the report by the BBC, the countries aim to establish “indigenous mechanisms”for peace and justice and reject the ICC’s authority. The formal withdrawal process requires one year’s notice to the UN. The ICC has not yet responded to the announcement.

Guinea: Referendum to permit junta participation in Presidential elections
On 24 September, Guinea's Directorate General of Elections announced that, according to the provisional results, over 90 per cent of Guinean voters approved a constitutional referendum enabling junta leader Mamady Doumbouya to run for president. The draft constitution extends presidential terms from five to seven years and permits junta members to contest elections. Opposition parties were suspended ahead of the vote, prompting calls for a boycott over political repression and restricted civic space. Doumbouya came to power in 2021 through a military coup after ousting President Alpha Condé.

Uganda: Resident Museveni to seek a seventh term in the 2026 election
On 24 September, President Yoweri Museveni, who has been in power since 1986, confirmed his candidacy for Uganda’s January 2026 presidential election, aiming for a seventh term. Ahead of the elections, Museveni has promised to make Uganda a USD 500 billion economy by 2030. His main challenger, Bobi Wine's candidacy, was approved by the Election Commission on 25 September. Wine previously contested in 2021, securing 35 per cent of the vote against Museveni, who secured 58 per cent. 

Kenya: President Ruto calls for African representation at the UNSC
On 25 September, Kenyan President William Ruto urged the UN to grant Africa permanent representation at the Security Council, stating that the continent’s exclusion undermines the institution’s credibility. Addressing the UN General Assembly, Ruto emphasized that Africa bears the “heaviest cost of instability,” yet remains sidelined in global decision-making. His remarks reflect growing calls for reform of the UN system, reflecting contemporary geopolitical realities. 

Malawi: Peter Mutharika wins the presidential elections 
On 25 September, Malawi's Election Commission announced that former President Peter Mutharika has won the presidential election, securing 56.8 per cent of the vote against incumbent President Lazarus Chakwera, who secured 33 per cent. The election, held on 16 September , was shaped by widespread economic hardship, including high inflation and fuel shortages. Chakwera conceded defeat and pledged a peaceful transition. 

Seychelles: Elections spotlight sovereignty, environment, and drug crisis
On 26 September, Seychelles conducted presidential and parliamentary elections. Incumbent President Wavel Ramkalawan is seeking a second term amidst concerns over drugs, the environment, and sovereignty. 73,000 voters will choose a president from eight candidates and 35 National Assembly representatives from 125 candidates. His main rival is Patrick Herminie of the United Seychelles Party. Seychelles faces high heroin addiction rates. According to the 2023 Global Organized Crime Index, Seychelles have one of the highest heroin addiction rates in the world. A run-off will follow if no candidate secures above 50 per cent of the vote. 

EUROPE THIS WEEK
Russia: NATO Secretary-General Rutte stresses use of "all means" to defend against airspace breaches by Russia
On 23 September, NATO Secretary-General Mark Rutte stated that the alliance would use all means to defend against airspace breaches by Russia. On 19 September, Estonia accused Russia of breaching its airspace near Koidula in the southeast; on 10 September, Poland accused Moscow of violating its airspace with drones. The alliance reaffirmed its commitment to Article 5 of the treaty and emphasized the use of both military and non-military tools to defend the member states. Rutte was asked about shooting down the suspect aircraft with reference to Poland’s Prime Minister Donald Tusk’s prior statement on Poland shooting down aircraft that violate Poland’s territory. He replied that it would depend on the intent, armaments, and potential risk to allies. He also added that it was “too early to say” if Russia was linked to the drone incident at Copenhagen Airport.

AMERICAS THIS WEEK
US-Canada Trade Talks: Canada's Prime Minister says current negotiations proceed towards review of USMCA
On 23 September, Canada’s Prime Minister Mark Carney said that ongoing trade negotiations would proceed towards the review of the United States-Mexico-Canada trade agreement (USMCA). He stated that Canada has the best trade deal with compliant goods being exempt from US tariffs. Along with US President Donald Trump, they both agreed to structure the agreement that would proceed towards the review of CUSMA. The USMCA replaced the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) in 2020. Made during the first term of the US President, it requires a joint assessment every six years. The US, Mexico, and Canada started the trade talks last week. Canada's Prime Minister said that with the current deal, they decided to sign the agreement after they reached “the right deal” for Canada.

About the Authors
Femy Francis, Anu Maria Joseph, and Padmashree Anandhan are Project Associates at NIAS. Rohini Reenum is a Doctoral Student at NIAS. Rizwana Banu S is an undergraduate student at the Department of Political Science, Madras Christian College. Merin Treesa Alex is a postgraduate student at the Department of International Studies, Stella Maris College, Chennai. M Santhiya is from the Department of Political Science, Madras Christian College, Chennai. 

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