Global Politics Explainer

CWA # 2228
Global Politics Explainer
Nepal, Climate disasters and Gender:
How Nepal's disaster response has left its gender minorities behind

Namrata L Ghanghatkar
11 August 2026
Photo Source:

On 23 July 2026, Nepal News reported on how climate disasters magnify the daily struggles of sexual and gender minorities in Nepal. It is considered among the ten countries most affected by climate disasters between 2000 and 2019. 

Nepal’s Supreme Court recognised a third gender in law in 2007, among the earliest such rulings anywhere else in the world. Nepal’s sexual and gender minority community, an umbrella spanning LGBTQ and other identities, is estimated at 900,000 people; no census count has verified this figure. In September 2024, monsoon flooding killed 246 people and displaced more than 10,800 households nationwide. The flooding remains one of the country’s deadliest disasters. Nepal’s disaster planning has never tracked how this community specifically was affected by that flood, or by any other.

Where does the vulnerability to disaster actually start for Nepal’s gender minorities?
Climate vulnerability is not a separate problem for Nepal’s gender minorities. It is another dimension added to a marginalisation that already exists. The vulnerability that shapes how someone survives a flood or a heatwave is established years before the disaster, through ordinary social rejection that has nothing to do with climate. Coming out, or simply being identified, can cost a person their place in their family home. It can cost them any realistic access to formal employment too. This pushes many toward informal daily wage work and toward land that is cheap because it floods, sits low or was never formally registered. Landlords outside Kathmandu have been reported to refuse tenancy to transgender applicants outright once their identity becomes apparent, alongside exclusion from education and public services more broadly. Whatever a person’s specific identity within the community, the buffers most households rely on when disaster hits, savings, land title, a place to return to - are undoubtedly what years of this kind of exclusion tend to strip away first.

Disaster relief and the gender minorities: Where is the issue?
Nepal’s disaster response relies on informal community ties and local social standing. Officials and volunteers work out who needs help by asking who belongs. That system serves people still embedded in village and family life. It fails all those already pushed out of that life. This is not an oversight, but that is how the system was built. Paperwork worsens it. Many citizenship certificates still carry a name or gender a person no longer uses, since the 2007 ruling has never been applied consistently. At a bank counter, a hospital desk, or a relief distribution point, that mismatch invites suspicion rather than aid. Many people stop asking for help they are legally owed.

Is anyone accounting, and who carries the heaviest weight?
No one is, not really. The government does not track how disasters affect sexual and gender minorities; neither do most aid organisations. A 2021 review of Nepal’s climate policies, led by ICIMOD, UN Women and the UN Environment Programme, found that gender in practice means women. Everyone else disappears into the language of inclusion without ever being named in it. Dalit and Indigenous members of the community carry an added weight of caste and class discrimination on top of this. Some community groups have tried to fill the gap themselves, running tree planting and flood awareness drives in vulnerable neighbourhoods. The effort is real, but the scale is not.

What has the 2007 ruling actually changed?
Less than it should have. It remains a genuine achievement, but a legal category is not a delivery mechanism. A name on a citizenship card is not a system built to reach the person behind it. Whether someone survives the next monsoon with their home, livelihood, and dignity intact still depends on relief networks and data collection that were never designed with them in mind. They continue to operate that way, by default rather than by decision. Changing this means treating sexual and gender minorities, across the full range of who that includes, as a category disaster planning must account for. Not as one assumes it has already covered.

References
Manika Bishwakarma, “Climate disasters magnify the daily struggles of sexual and gender minorities,” Nepal News, 23 July 2026.

“Nepal introduces ‘others’ gender category in latest census,” Al Jazeera, 29 September 2021.

Ryan Thoreson, “We Have to Beg So Many People: Human Rights Violations in Nepal’s Legal Gender Recognition Practices,” Human Rights Watch, 15 February 2024.


 

About the author

Namrata L Ghanghatkar is a postgraduate student at the Department of Public Policy, Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences, Bengaluru. She is currently a research intern at the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS).


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Elections in South Korea and Poland I China and the Pacific Island Countries I Bangladesh Election Announcement 2026
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1703

M Kejia 

Sagarmatha Sambaad in Nepal
Kathmandu’s Global Agenda for the Himalayas
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1700

R Preetha

Ethiopia bans the TPLF
What does the TPLF ban mean for the Pretoria agreement? What next for Ethiopia?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1694

Aashish Ganeshan

The US:
Harvard vs Trump Administration
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1691

GP Team

The World This Week #313
China-ASEAN-GCC Summit I President Macron's visit to South East Asia I Trump Vs Harvard
The World This Week
May 2025 | CWA # 1690

GP Team

The World This Week #312
Elections in Romania, Portugal & Poland I UK-EU Summit
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1689

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine
Continuing Russia’s Aerial Attacks, despite exchange of prisoners
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1688

Ayan Datta

Gaza
The Humanitarian Crisis and Israel’s Renewed Offensive
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1685

Aparna A Nair

UK-EU Summit:
First step towards a reset
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1683

Aashish Ganeshan

Elections in Portugal:
The Rise of Chega Party and the Search for Political Stability
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1679

Aashish Ganeshan

US in the Middle Easr
Trump’s visit to Saudi Arabia, Qatar and UAE
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1678

Gauri Gupta

China in Latin America
China-CELAC forum: Strengthening ties with Latin America and Caribbean
The World This Week
May 2025 | CWA # 1677

GP Team

The World This Week #310-311
China in Latin America and the Carribbean I Trump's Middle East Visit I Denmark as the new Arctic Chair
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1675

Lekshmi MK

Turkey:
PKK disbands after 40 years of armed insurgency
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1673

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine:
The Discussion in Turkiye and the Elusive Ceasefire
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1671

Abhiruchi Chowdhury

US, Ukraine and Russia:
Air attacks amidst a Minerals deal and Ceasefire Proposals
Global Politics Early Bird
May 2025 | CWA # 1670

Fleur Elizabeth Philip

Singapore Elections in 2025:
People’s Action Party (PAP) Wins, Again
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1667

R Preetha and Brighty Ann Sarah

East Asia:
Tough Tariff Negotiations with the US
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1666

Padmashree Anandhan

The US-Ukraine
The mineral deal with the US
Conflict Weekly
May 2025 | CWA # 1665
Conflict Weekly # 280-81
India-Pakistan De-escalation I Ukraine Discussion in Istanbul I The Battle over Port Sudan I Disbanding of PKK in Turkiye I France-Algeria Diplomatic Tensions
Global Politics Early Bird
May 2025 | CWA # 1663

R Preetha

Canada Elections 2025:
What do the results convey? What next for Mark Carney?
Conflict Weekly 250th Issue
October 2024 | CWA # 1480

IPRI Team

This Week in History
July 2024 | CWA # 1413

Ramya B

Global Politics Early Bird
May 2024 | CWA # 1336

Femy Francis

This Week in History
April 2024 | CWA # 1275

Ramya B

NIAS Global Politics Database
March 2024 | CWA # 1251

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
This Week in History
March 2024 | CWA # 1246

Sivasubramanian K

NIAS Global Politics Database
February 2024 | CWA # 1226

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
The World This Week
November 2023 | CWA # 1148

GP Team

The War in Ukraine
October 2023 | CWA # 1091

Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri

Issues for Europe
NIAS Pakistan Weekly
October 2023 | CWA # 1087

PR Team

The World This Week
October 2023 | CWA # 1083

GP Team

Conflict Weekly
August 2023 | CWA # 1049

IPRI Team

IPRI Quarterly Forecasts I Triggers, Trends, and Trajectories
July 2023 | CWA # 1012

Bibhu Prasad Routray

Myanmar continues to burn
The World This Week
July 2023 | CWA # 1009

GP Team

2022: The World This Year
December 2022 | CWA # 879

Padmashree Anandhan

The Ukraine War
2022: The World This Year
December 2022 | CWA # 872

Sapna Elsa Abraham

Europe: Heatwaves, Wildfires, Droughts, and Ice Melt in Alps
November 2022 | CWA # 838

Rishma Banerjee

Tracing Europe's droughts
NIAS Africa Weekly
March 2022 | CWA # 705

NIAS Africa Team

In Focus: Libya
The World This Week: 150th Issue
December 2021 | CWA # 630

GP Team

Europe in 2021
Pakistan Reader
October 2021 | CWA # 588

Abigail Miriam Fernandez

TLP is back again
NIAS Fortnightly on Science, Technology & International Relations
August 2021 | CWA # 528

STIR Team

Space Tourism
GLOBAL PROTEST MOVEMENTS
September 2020 | CWA # 337

Anju Annie Mammen

The FATF Meeting, February 2020
February 2020 | CWA # 235

Lakshmi V Menon

Science, Technology and International Relations
September 2019 | CWA # 162

Lakshman Chakravarthy N

5G: A Primer
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 71

Mahesh Bhatta

Nepal
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 70

Nasima Khatoon

The Maldives
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 69

Harini Madhusudan

India
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 68

Sourina Bej

Bangladesh
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 67

Seetha Lakshmi Dinesh Iyer

Afghanistan
United States
July 2018 | CWA # 47

Rahul Arockiaraj

East Asia
June 2018 | CWA # 26

Siddhatti Mehta