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PR Team
31 October 2023 |
PR Commentary
The Snow Leopards of Pakistan
By Sneha Surendran
In the Hindu-Kush and Karakoram mountains in northern Pakistan, including parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Gilgit Baltistan, and Pakistan-occupied Kashmir (POK) roam the elusive and majestic snow leopards. Pakistan houses the third biggest population of these animals globally with Gilgit Baltistan recording the most numbers here.
In these mountainous regions, snow leopards are found at elevations of 3000-4500m with cliffs, rocky outgrowths, and deep ravines dotting the landscape. Also known as the ‘ghost of the mountains’ they are solitary and formidable predators, capable of withstanding frigid conditions. It is estimated that there are nearly 8,000 snow leopards remaining in the world, of which around 400 reside in the northern mountain ranges of Pakistan. However, these numbers are rough estimates as the snow leopards' elusive nature and camouflaging abilities render them difficult to track. The International Union for Conservation of Nature has flagged these animals under the “vulnerable” species category.
As recently as till 2017, it was believed that snow leopards were a monotypic species, that is, no sub-species of snow leopards existed. However, recent studies indicate that there could possibly be three subspecies. Furthermore, the snow leopards inhabiting the mountainous regions of Pakistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, and India potentially belong under the same sub-species.
Threats facing the snow leopards in Pakistan
Prey depletion: Apart from snow leopards, the mountains are inhabited by ibex, markhor, marmots, and other smaller mammals that are part of the leopards’ diet. However, illegal hunting and poaching of ibex and markhor is leading to a prey shortage apart from upsetting the balance of the mountain ecosystem. For instance, the markhor (large, wild goat), which is also the national animal of Pakistan, has recorded a significant drop in numbers from 2868 individuals in 2019 to nearly 800 in 2022.
In recent years, there has been a recorded increase in the population of feral dogs along the mountainous regions. These dogs hunt markhors, one of the snow leopard's primary preys, reducing food availability for the leopards. For instance, between 2006-2020, 392 markhors were killed in the Chitral Gol National Park in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province alone. Moreover, snow leopards are solitary animals that are wary of direct confrontations with humans and other predators. The presence of feral dogs in their territories can cause stress and disruption to the leopard’s movement, hunting patterns, and reproduction cycles.
Illegal hunting: Despite being a protected species, snow leopards continue to be hunted for their luxurious fur and bones and is popular in illegal wildlife trade markets. Furthermore, the bones, fur, and other parts of the animal are also used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). TCM has long been scrutinized by modern medicine, apart from being called out for using body parts of protected wildlife. The promotion of TCM is one of the goals of China’s ambitious Belt and Road initiative and has naturally sparked concerns among wildlife conservationists.
Retaliatory killings: Conflict with humans is a major threat faced by these big cats. However, this is a result of other contributing factors, primarily prey depletion which causes snow leopards to go after livestock reared by the agro-pastoralist communities inhabiting the mountains. The predators occasionally descend to the villages from their high-altitude lairs and engage in “surplus killings” by breaking into cattle corrals (enclosures used to keep livestock). There have been reports of a single snow leopard attack resulting in up to 50 animal deaths. Angered by the killing of their animals and the consequent financial stress on their livelihoods, people have resorted to killing snow leopards despite the Gilgit-Baltistan (Northern Areas) Wildlife Preservation Act 1975 outlawing this activity.
Conservation
Taking into cognizance the importance of protecting snow leopards in Pakistan, conservationists and independent organizations have stepped up with solutions to tackle the issues plaguing the safety of these big cats.
Through National Parks: Gilgit Baltistan's biggest national parks, the Khunjerab National Park and the Central Karakoram National Park enclose snow leopard territory. Conservation groups have partnered with local communities to protect and study the leopards in this region. This includes the installation of cameras to monitor the population and movement of the animals, training local herders as well as awareness campaigns on snow leopard conservation. Camera trapping studies in Chitral Gol National Park have helped researchers understand the snow leopard ecology in that area.
Environmental anthropologist Shafqat Hussain is a notable name in the field of snow leopard conservation in Pakistan. For over two decades, he has campaigned and initiated programs to conserve the snow leopards in the Gilgit Baltistan region, which he says is the “best snow leopard habitat in the world.” According to Hussain, snow leopards are keystone predators that are a vital component in the maintenance of balance in the ecosystem which makes it imperative to conserve them.
In 1999, Hussain initiated ‘Project Snow Leopard’ which later transformed into the ‘Baltistan Wildlife Conservation and Development Organisation (BWCDO). This organization works closely with local communities to spread awareness on conservation. A commendable achievement for BWCDO was largely convincing local herding communities to refrain from retribution killing of snow leopards. This they did by introducing a novel livestock insurance scheme that compensates herders whose animals fall victim to the predators. The organization also helps construct leopard-proof corrals to protect livestock, invests in the education of the children of the communities, and promotes creative exercises in local schools to inculcate the importance of wildlife conservation in the youth of the region.
In 2018, the Pakistan Snow Leopard & Ecosystem Protection Program (PSLEP) was launched for a five-year period at an event organized by the Ministry of Climate Change, UNDP-Pakistan, and the Snow Leopard Foundation (SLF). PSLEP covers almost 4,100,000 ha of three prime regions of snow leopard habitats namely, Gilgit-Baltistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and POK. It aims for sustainable land and forest management practices to conserve the territories and populations of snow leopards and other animals. It also promotes climate change adaptation into conservation efforts. Furthermore, the program calls for the creation and maintenance of biological corridors to enable the movement of snow leopards and other mountain wildlife to new regions for safety during stressful times.
PR Short Note
Tehreek-i-Labbaik Pakistan: Religious extremist or militants?
By Femy Francis
On 26 October, the Election Commission of Pakistan (ECP) issued that the right-leaning Barelvi group, Tehreek-i-Labbaik Pakistan (TLP) was not part of any “anti-state activities/ terrorism.” The Supreme Court begins the hearing by appeals against the foreign funding received by the party, headed by the Chief Justice of Pakistan Justice Qazi Fae Isa. The probe against the party was due to the 20-day protest in 2017 that brought cities to a stand-still, this was investigated by the National Counter Terrorism Authority (Nacta) and the reports examined by the ECP found that: “the commission was of the view that the respondent party, the TLP, was not involved in any anti-state activity or terrorism. Hence the commission disposed of its inquiry.” The scrutiny regarding the funding was found moot based on the fact that such a small amount cannot be accused of being acquired through prohibited funding.
Roots of Tehreek-i-Labbaik Pakistan
TLP belongs to the Sufi Barelvi thought that proclaims itself as the defender of Prophet Muhammad and often resorts to extremist violent punitive action against those who violate the sanctity. In 2021, TLP was accused of lynching Priyantha Kumara Diyawadana for the alleged sacrilegious act of violating posters of Prophet Muhammad. TLP was linked to the incident owing to its slogan: “Man Sabba Nabbiyan Faq Tulu,” kill blasphemers of the Prophet. The party officially was formed after the 2011 assassination of Salman Taseer by his police guard Qadri for defending Asia Bibi, a Christian accused of blasphemy. The guard was then detained and issued a death sentence, the Barelvi group staged a mass protest in his support. He was finally hanged in 2016 under Nawaz Sharif’s regime, after his death he was considered as a “martyr” were thousands turned in for his funeral.
His death instigated the already emerging movement of Barelvi groups collaborating under their leader Allama Khadim Hussain Rizvi. Rizvi an outstanding orator and was able to appeal to and consolidate the groups and soon was able to establish a solid support base with funds coming in from wealthy clerics and businessmen from the community.
TLP and Nawaz Sharif
In 2017, a massive protest erupted led by the TLP against the changes in oath-taking for Prophethood. This protest has Islamabad halted for 21 days. The establishment was not interested in dealing with it and suggested that the federal government have a sit-in negotiation. At last, peace was brokered by the army with the law minister removed. During this, a controversial video went viral where a military official was found giving money to disperse the crowd. This was a huge blow to the credibility of the party, with news leaked that the government urged the military to act against the militant groups. It is widely questioned if the army urged TLP to weaken PML-N to form a government again owing to the growing differences.
Radical extremism of TLP
TLP has used its extremist ideologies, radical sentiments and growing Islamophobic nature of the West furthered the party to the political sphere of Pakistan. In 2023, TLP was found responsible for vandalizing through a Christian colony and five churches after accusing a Christian house help of disrespecting the Quran. This led to the displacement of 500 Christian families. In 2020, the party staged an anti-France protest after a magazine was found publishing a caricature image of Prophet Muhammad. Soon after the rally, their founder and dear leader Rizvi passed away creating a huge vacuum in the leadership filled by his son Saad Rizvi.
TLP in the General Election of 2024
TLP is a political force in Pakistan politics and has had a detrimental influence in the ousting of Nawaz Sharif’s regime. In 2018, the party was the fifth-largest party with 2.3 million votes. The numbers were impressive considering this was the first campaign by the party. With the retracting of militant claims against the party, it has revived the TLP to resume its activities with stronger claims. While it's questionable that the party would be able to topple top layers in the elections. But with the growing group's ideology and the instalment of recruits and followers, TLP will be a vital player in splitting votes and spoiling aspirations for the contested seats. TLP can be seen to leverage its political clout and support to further its agenda create a systemic alliance and influence the outcome of the General elections in 2023. The mainstream nature of TLP in Pakistan’s politics shows a trend towards a rise of radicalized parties, in politics.
References
Nasir Iqbal, “TLP not involved in ‘terrorism,’ SC told,” Dawn, 27 October 2023;
Roohan Ahmed, “Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan: An emerging right-wing threat to Pakistan’s democracy,” Atlantic Council¸ 15 January 2022;
Dr Muhammad Abrar Zahoor, “The rise of the Right?“ TNS, 17 September 2023
PR Short Note
Pakistan International Airlines: On the verge of Shutdown
By Femy Francis
On 25 October, Dawn reported that Pakistan International Airlines cancelled over 300 flights within the last ten days. The flagship airline is on the verge of shutdown due to the unavailability of fuel and the economic crisis facing the company. Its fuel supplier Pakistan State Oil refuses to supply oil to the company owing to unpaid dues. A recent negotiation was achieved where PIA pays in cash for its daily requirements to get the fuel, a task the airline is struggling to consistently complete.
The golden days of PIA
In 1946, Mohammad Ali Jinnah the first Prime Minister of Pakistan ordered a leading industrialist M. A. Ispahani to establish a national airline for the newly independent country. Following this Orient Airways was formed which was privately owned and had limited capital and resources. The government then invited the aviation company to merge with them and form a state-owned airline in 1955 the Pakistan International Airlines. PIA saw good days when in 1962, it broke the world record for the fastest flight between London and Karachi. In 1964, PIA became the first airline to charter a flight to China from a non-communist country. During this period the flagship airlines expanded its fleet of aircraft with 720B and two Fokker F-27s. A forgotten part of the PIA history is that it provided crucial support for the now aviation giant and the most sought-after airline the Emirates. In 1984, the Dubai-based new venture approached PIA and asked for support with a budget of USD 10 million. Emirates rented two aircraft and ran the airlines operated by PIA crew and staff, with that PIA provided additional training to the new airlines.
Privatization of PIA
On 19 September, Minister for Privatization Fawad Hasan Fawad held a meeting to kickstart the privatization process for the loss incurred by Pakistan International Airlines, the committee looked to set up clear timelines to expedite the process. Finance Minister Shamshad Akhtar estimated that the airlines will be liable for PKR 12 billion loss per year. As per the official PIA Half Yearly Report of 2023, till June 30 2023 revenue was PKR 120 billion with a gross profit of PKR 11.252 billion while there was a staggering increase of 359 per cent in profit, the net loss surged as well with PKR 60.715 billion.
On 25 October, in a bid to save the flagship airlines, the government and commercial bank representatives held a twelve-member committee to formulate a plan for debt restructuring to keep the airline afloat for the coming six months. The committee is allotted the responsibility to accumulate PKR 15 billion to cater for the immediate needs of the airlines.
The cause of downfall of PIA
First, Inefficiency and lack of accountability. PIA was fully supported by the government and creditors for continued operations. The airlines were incurring losses for a prolonged period due to which Prime Minister Anwaarul Haq Kakar refused to provide cash assistance for the state-owned airline and ordered restructuring. The airlines only serve three per cent of the local population while consuming a major chunk of public funds. The lack of accountability and the overlooking of the SOEs led to the massive crisis.
Second, Lack of competition. The Market is largely a self-sustaining engine based on survival and profit. The drive of competition and no protection drives private entities to keep their accounts and profits in check. The lack of competitiveness has led to the employees slacking where the national flag carrier suffered a loss of over PKR 38 billion just because of the slackness and inefficiency of its technical staff. The airline's engineering department took up to 905 days to complete maintenance jobs that were supposed to be completed in less than a month.
Third, corruption and political favours. The airline is riddled with corrupt practices, and several political leaders have used the airline for their benefit. The airlines ran on political favours and pressure where the heads of the airlines were mere cronies of the political bosses placed there on vested interests.
Hurdles facing the flagship carrier
First, hands tied due to IMF review. The ministries are rushing to sort their affairs before the first review meeting with the IMF high-power delegates to check if the conditionalities were met according to the stand-by agreement. The current government has been making moves to alter the economic landscape by privatizing loss-incurring businesses like PIA and increasing tariffs on oil. Pakistan was able to acquire 1.2 billion out of the 3 billion bailout plan and it is therefore essential for the government to deal with liabilities like PIA.
Second, taking care of the liabilities incurred by the airlines. PIA requires major restructuring to deal with the legacy liabilities. The solution had been originally floated around and approved during PM Nawaz Sharif’s government. Whereby the company would be divided into two and the staff would be slashed by 25 per cent. This would result in the lowering of PKR 457 billion worth of liabilities by 2023. What stands is that the government either would have to absolve and pay for PIA’s debts or shut down the airlines to stop them from generating further losses.
References
Shahbaz Rana, “PIA debt restructuring talks begin,” The Express Tribune, 25 October 2023;
“The trainwreck that is PIA,” Business Recorder, 26 October 2023;
“Half Yearly Report 2023,” PIAC
PR Short Note
On the “military trials” of civilians: Pakistan’s Supreme Court consider it as “Ultra Vires”
By Femy Francis
On 23 October, a five-member bench of Pakistan’s Supreme Court gave a verdict against the trial of civilians by the military courts pertaining to the 9 May violence. The verdict saw a leaping majority; four out of five judges stated the trials as “unconstitutional and without legal effect.” The bench was led by Justice Ijazul Ahsan, Justice Munib Akhtar, Justice Yahya Afridi, Syed Mazahar Ali Akbar Naqvi, and Justice Ayesha A Malik. The verdict ordered that the trial of the accused in the 9 May violence to proceed in criminal court for the civilians.
According to the short order of the Supreme Court, the Pakistan Army Act (PAA) of 1952 is in violation of the constitution and it is “Ultra Vires” that is beyond its powers, making it of no legal effect. The accused were detained under PAA Section 2(1)(d) which stated that any person who is accused of seducing or an attempt to seduce anyone against his duty or has allegiance to the government and is committed to work under any branch of the Pakistan military or defence, can be tried under the act. While Section 59 (4) states that anyone who has been accused under PAA will be liable to be tried under this act. The Court ordered: “It is further declared that any action or proceedings under the Army Act in respect of the aforesaid persons or any other persons so similarly placed (including but not limited to trial by court-martial) are and would be of no legal effect.”
Additionally, petitions by nine accused of the 9 May urging the apex court to expedite the conclusion of their case under the military court were dismissed. Stating that they have full faith and confidence in the military authority. This was rejected by the court stating that the application was not supported by proper affidavits.
Background to the “Military Trials”
The incarceration of Imran Khan, PTI's chairman resulted in violent protests on 9 May, where the supporters and activists participated in vandalism of state and military installations. The then federal government decried the violence and demanded the need to try the accused under “military court,” leading to months of discussion and back-forth between parties and courts. In August the former Chief Justice of Pakistan Umar Ata Bandial put off the hearing related to indefinity stating that the court did not want the Army pointing guns at civilians. The statement was a response to Attorney General of Pakistan Mansoor Usman Awan’s point where he said that the soldiers performed restrain considering they are well trained to shoot.
Pakistan Army Act
The Pakistan Army Act (PAA) was established in 1952 for the special trial of military personnel under the act with their own legal code that is different from the civilian criminal court. The act aims to prosecute the military or any civilian linked with the military in the wrongdoing or violation of law. In 1966 during the military rule of Ayub Khan the purview of the law was extended to civilians participating in mutiny.The former cabinet consisting of the PML-N and the PPP coalition amended the Pakistan Army Act and the Official Secrets Act in 2023 under which once found guilty one could be detained for up to five years. Section- A of the amendment states: “Anyone who discloses or causes to be disclosed any information…shall be […] punished with rigorous imprisonment for a term which may extend to five years,” and Section 26-B forbids any participation by the accused under the act and a hiatus have to observed for two years after the release.
The pressure imposed by the PDM coalition is heavily criticized as political targeting against the PTI leaders and their chairman Imran Khan before the general elections. The amendment further came under scrutiny as President Arif Alvi claimed that he did not assent to the Official Secrets Amendment Bill 2023 & Pakistan Army Amendment Bill 2023 and that his office disregarded his orders and furthered the bill.
Responses: Political parties, Legal fraternity, Media and Military
The verdict gathered laudations across the political, legal and civilian spectrum. Senior counsel Khwaja Ahmad Hosain called the Judgment “historic and bold,” with the court supporting the constitution without any fear or favour. He also said: “As long as courts were independent, challenges could be faced and overcome. The nations with independent judges giving decisions in accordance with their oaths of office flourish and prosper.” Advocate Usma Khawar said: “trailblazing verdict, challenging military trials for civilians, marks an unprecedented stride.” PTI lawyer Aitzaz Ahsan stated: “Today's verdict is highly significant and it will help strengthen the constitution, law, and the civilian institutions of the country. “The legal experts also weighed in on the verdict stating that as long as the civilian courts are functioning there is no need to try civilians under military.
The verdict also garnered staunch protest with Attorney General for Pakistan (AGP) Mansoor Usman Awan assuring a petition will be filed against the verdict. Expressing his disapproval, he believes that the military country fulfils all the requirements of criminal courts. He snidely remarked that: “Constitutional amendment was required to try terrorists but not for civilians? I am trying to understand your argument.” PML-N Deputy Secretary Ataullah Tarar said that there was no need for the appeal in the first place as the military court protects the rights of the accused.
An op-ed in Dawn, ‘Military courts’ suggested that the state would be better off accepting the order mandated by the Supreme Court. The author pointed out that the actions of the accused in light of the arrest of their leader did cross the line but the decision of their trial under court-martial was a bit excessive. The op-ed circles back to the excessive nature of the previous verdict and that they cannot be tried on par with actual terrorists and foreign spies. The trial would further the massive imbalance of power between the civilians and the establishment.
An Editorial in Dawn, ‘Situationer: Why these cases may not end up in ‘ordinary’ courts’ by Malik Asad stated even after the verdict it is unlikely that the accused will be tried under common criminal court and that they would be shifted to either the special court or anti-terrorism court which are opaque in nature as well. Asad highlighted an anonymous military law expert’s opinion that the verdict stands to question all the decisions made under military court and the previous incarceration under the same act. The verdict “incapacitated the army to proceed against a civilian even in cases pertaining to the “work of defence, arsenal, naval, military or air force affairs.”
It is expected that an appeal would be filed against the judgment demanding the trial under a controversial “military court.” What is to be considered is how long the discussion will be prolonged and what about the accused awaiting the judgment. The final verdict on the issue stands to be vital and would have an overarching effect on the political spectrum of Pakistan.
Excerpts from the Supreme Court's Short Order
First, Act “Ultra Vires”
“It is hereby declared by Mr. Justice Ijaz ul Ahsan, Mr. Justice Munib Akhtar, Mr. Justice Sayyed Mazahar Ali Akbar Naqvi and Mrs. Justice Ayesha A. Malik that clause (d) of subsection (1) of Section 2 of the Pakistan Army Act, 1952 (in both of its sub clauses (i) & (ii)) and subsection (4) of Section 59 of the said Act are ultra vires the Constitution and of no legal effect.”
Second, Accused to be tried under criminal court
“Without prejudice to the generality of the foregoing the trials of civilians and accused persons, being around 103 persons who were identified in the list provided to the Court by the learned Attorney General for Pakistan by way of CMA No.5327 of 2023 in Constitution Petition No.24 of 2023 and all other persons who are now or may at any time be similarly placed in relation to the events arising from and out of 9th and 10th May, 2023 shall be tried by Criminal Courts of competent jurisdiction established under the ordinary and / or special law of the land in relation to such offences of which they may stand accused”
Third, No action proceeding under the act of legal effect
“It is further declared that any action or proceedings under the Army Act in respect of the aforesaid persons or any other persons so similarly placed (including but not limited Constitution Petition to trial by Court Martial) are and would be of no legal effect.” (“SC rules against civilians’ court martial,” The Express Tribune, 23 October 2023)
References
“SC rules against civilians’ court martial,” The Express Tribune, 23 October 2023;
Nasir Iqbal, “SC strikes down ‘military justice’ for civilians,” Dawn, 24 October 2023;
Haseeb Bhatti, “May 9 riots: SC declares military trials of civilians null and void,” Dawn, 23 October 2023;
Malik Asad, “Situationer: Why these cases may not end up in ‘ordinary’ courts,” Dawn, 24 October 2023;
“Military courts,” Dawn, 25 October 2023;
Joel Guinto, “Pakistan: Supreme Court halts military trials of Imran Khan supporters,” BBC, 24 October 2023;
“PML-N not happy with SC decision on military courts: Tarar,” The Nation, 24 October 2023
PR Short Note
Nawaz Sharif’s return and agenda for Pakistan’s revival
By Dhriti Mukherjee
On 21 October, former Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s return to Pakistan after a four-year absence marked a significant moment in the country’s political landscape. During his address to a massive gathering at Minari-Pakistan, Sharif presented a comprehensive nine-point agenda aimed at addressing ongoing crises, inflation, poverty, and unemployment. Sharif’s return has ignited anticipation and debate, as he embarks on his mission to revive Pakistan’s economic and political landscape.
Sharif’s resurgence in Pakistani politics
Sharif’s massive gathering at Minar-i-Pakistan marked the formal beginning of the election campaign for the Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), as he presented his economic and political agenda before a crowd of thousands. He addressed a massive public rally in Lahore and held meetings with his party leaders, as well as representatives of other political parties. These meetings included prominent figures such as former Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, PML-N Chief Organiser Maryam Nawaz, former Finance Minister Ishaq Dar, and others.
During the meetings, the political and economic situation of the country was discussed in detail. Additionally, the upcoming court proceedings on 24 October, related to legal and judicial issues concerning Nawaz Sharif’s case, were a central topic of conversation. Asam Tarar briefed the meeting about legal and judicial issues concerning Nawaz Sharif’s case and the upcoming court proceedings on 24 October.
Exploring the nine-point agenda
Sharif’s nine-point agenda, presented upon his return to Pakistan, reflects his vision for addressing the country’s economic and political challenges. While the speech contained key priorities, it lacked specific details about implementation strategies. Sharif’s agenda underscores the urgent need for fiscal responsibility, economic stability, and comprehensive reforms to revitalise Pakistan’s economy and legal system.
In his speech, Sharif emphasised the need to reduce government and administrative expenditures. He highlighted “the need for better fiscal management.” Sharif brought forth the point of increasing income and revenues while implementing fundamental reforms in the taxation system. The need for “strengthening exports” to achieve “sustainable economic growth” was also underlined. Sharif went on to identify the IT sector as “an essential driver of economic growth globally,” stating that Pakistan “should harness its potential.”
The agenda also included the importance of “addressing energy price concerns” and the “effective management” of the country’s state-owned enterprises, as current inefficient management is leading to a substantial public burden. Along these lines, he noted that to address the plight of the public, “employment generation” remains critical. Finally, when speaking of reforms, Sharif understated that the “modernisation of agriculture” and bringing about reforms for a “swift and inexpensive” justice system are factors of rising importance in Pakistan’s journey of growth and development.
Reconciliation and Outreach
A key development was the decision for Sharif to act as the focal person for the Pakistan Democratic Movement (PDM), a coalition of opposition parties. The PDM parties would be contacted again, and Sharif would personally reach out to various leaders, including Asif Ali Zardari, Maulana Fazlur Rahman, Attaullah Mengal, and Bilawal Bhutto Zardari. Sharif stated that he would thank the PDM leadership for its support of Shehbaz Sharif’s government.
References
Muhammad Saleh Zaafir, “Nawaz resumes political activities at Jati Umra residence,” The News International, 23 October 2023;
“Gallup poll: Nawaz’s return improves PMLN’s political fortunes: snap poll,” The News International, 23 October 2023;
Rizwan Shehzad, “A look at Nawaz’s nine-point agenda,” The Express Tribune, 22 October 2023;
Hamza Rao, “Nawaz vows to let bygones be bygones,” The Express Tribune, 22 October 2023
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Anand V
Shreya Upadhyay
TWTW Special Edition
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Aparna A Nair
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Femy Francis
Anu Maria Joseph
Padmashree Anandhan
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Akshath Kaimal
Rohini Reenum
Mahesh Bhatta
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Aishal Hab Yousuf
Jayasree
Rebecca Ann Oommen
Manik Dhawan
Santhosh Guru PR
Lekshmi MK
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Padmashree Anandhan
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Padmashree Anandhan
Tanvi Thara Harendra Jha
Mahesh Bhatta
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Akshath Kaimal
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Padmashree Anandhan
Akshath Kaimal
Abhimanyu Solanki
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Global Politics Team
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Anu Maria Joseph
Lekshmi MK
Brighty Ann Sarah
Lekshmi MK
Yesasvi Koganti
Lekshmi MK
Vani Vyshnavi Jupudi
Aparna A Nair
Lekshmi MK
Vani Vyshnavi Jupudi
R Preetha
Lekshmi MK
Global Politics Team
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Global Politics Team
Global Politics Team
Lekshmi MK
Femy Francis
Yesasvi Koganti
Akshath Kaimal
Preetha Renganarayanan
Lekshmi MK
Global Politics Team
Nishchal Nath Pandey
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Anu Maria Joseph
Lekshmi MK
Preetha Renganarayanan
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Preetha Renganarayanan
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Anu Maria Joseph
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Brighty Ann Sarah
IPRI Team
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Padmashree Anandhan
Aparna A Nair
Sunidhi Sampige
Lekshmi MK
Lekshmi MK
Akriti Sharma
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan
Merin Treesa Alex
Preetha Renganarayanan
Tanvi Thara Harendra Jha
Santhiya M
Brighty Ann Sarah
Preetha Renganarayanan
Brighty Ann Sarah
Rohini Reenum
Lekshmi MK
Swati Sood
Sunidhi Sampige & Tanvi Thara Harendra Jha
Lekshmi MK
Emma Rose Boby
Abhimanyu Solanki
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Femy Francis
Femy Francis
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Brighty Ann Sarah
Rohini Reenum
Akshath Kaimal
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Akshath Kaimal
Preetha Renganarayanan
Preetha Renganarayanan
Emma Rose
Rohini Reenum
Lekshmi MK
Tanvi Thara Harendra Jha
Femy Francis
Mahesh Batt
Femy Francis
Rizwana S Banu
Anu Maria Joseph
Anu Maria Joseph
Rohini Reenum
Bibhu Prasad Routray
Sunidhi Sampige
Sunidhi Sampige
Sunidhi Sampige
Santhiya M
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Lekshmi MK
Anu Maria Joseph
Akshath Kaimal
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Anu Maria Joseph
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Padmashree Anandhan
R Preetha
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Akriti Sharma
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Padmashree Anandhan
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Santhiya M
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R Preetha
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Avishka Ashok
Padmashree Anandhan
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Mahesh Batta
Brighty Ann Sarah and R Preetha
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R Preetha
Padmashree Anandhan
Brighty Ann Sarah and R Preetha
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Brighty Ann Sarah and R Preetha
Padmashree Anandhan
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Abhiruchi Chowdhury
Vani Vyshnavi Jupudi
Brighty Ann Sarah and R Preetha
IPRI Team
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
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Anu Maria Joseph
Femy Francis
Femy FrancisÂ
R Preetha
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
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Rohini Reenum
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Brighty Ann Sarah, R Preetha, Santhiya M, Aparna A Nair and M Kejia
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Abhiruchi Chowdhury
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Chittrothu Vaihali
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R Preetha
Ananya Dinesh
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Aashish Ganeshan
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
Femy Francis
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Padmashree Anandhan
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
R Preetha and Brighty Ann Sarah
R Preetha
Nuha Aamina
Emma Rose Boby
GP Team
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GP Team
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C Shraddha
Femy Francis
C Shraddha
Anu Maria Joseph
Anu Maria Joseph
Bibhu Prasad Routray
Nova Karun K
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Santhiya M
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C Shraddha
Vaneeta
D Suba Chandran
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D Suba Chandran
Rohini Reenum
Rohini Reenum
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GP Team
Trisha Roy
IPRI Team
Ayan Datta
Anu Maria Joseph
Ayan Datta
Anu Maria Joseph
Anu Maria Joseph
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
Samruddhi Pathak
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C Shraddha
Kumari Krishna
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Anu Maria Joseph
Ayan Datta
Nupur Priya
C Shraddha, Vaishak Sreekumar, Kumari Krishna, Nova Karun K
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Kavithasri M
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Ashna Pathak & Surangana Rajya Laxmi Rana
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Nuha Aamina
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IPRI Team
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S Shaji
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Anu Maria Joseph
Ayan Datta
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Advik S Mohan
Advik S Mohan
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Rohit Paswan
Padmashree Anandhan
Ayan Datta
Shreya Jagadeesan
Bishwarupa Kar
Saritha VK & Mahesh Mohan
Sruthy
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Advik S Mohan
Neha Tresa George
Samruddhi Pathak
Neha Tresa George
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Ayan Datta
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Sayeka Ghosh
GP Team
Neha Tresa George
Advik S Mohan
Ramya B
Sim V
Pummy Lathigara
Ronakk Tijoriwala
Arya Madhavan S
Ankita Chakra
Rianne Rajath P
GP Team
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GP Team
Swagathi Annabel
Bishwarupa Kar
Ayush Bhattacharjee
Shifa Moideen
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L S Hareesh
Mugdha Chaturvedi
Ayan Datta
Vaneeta
Pummy Lathigara
Ms Ramya
Nivetha B
Leivon Victor Lamkang
Siddhima M
Pranesh Selvaraj
Dhriti Mukherjee
Nandini Khandelwal
Prajwal T V
Ronakk Tijoriwala
Govind Anoop
Shreya Jagadeesan
Rohit Paswan
Nupur Priya
Neha Tresa George
Shilpa Joseph
Vetriselvi Baskaran
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Dhriti Mukherjee
Rohini Reenum
GP Team
Shilpa Jospeh
Samruddhi Pathak
Sayeka Ghosh
Govind Anoop
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Neha Tresa George
Padmashree Anandhan
Diya Madhavan
GP Team
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Vaneeta
Dhriti Mukherjee
Ashwini Barla
Ayan Datta
Karthik Manoharan
Ramya B
Prajwal T V
IPRI Team
Vaneeta
Sayeka Ghosh
Ayan Datta
Karthik Manoharan
Prajwal TV
Mayank Bharti
Ronakk Tijoriwala
Deepika Seervi
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Anu Maria Joseph
Anu Maria Joseph
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Anu Maria Joseph
Jerry Franklin A
Anu Maria Joseph
Anu Maria Joseph
IPRI Team
Dhriti Mukherjee
Prajwal T V
Rohini Reenum
IPRI Team
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Dhriti Mukherjee
IPRI Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Ronakk Tijoriwala
Neha Tresa George
Shilpa Joseph and Ken Varghese
IPRI Team
Femy Francis
IPRI Team
Dhriti Mukherjee
Torunika Roy
GP Team
IPRI Team
Dhriti Mukherjee
IPRI Team
Mugdha Chaturvedi
Dhriti Mukherjee
By young scholars of NIAS Course on Global Politics: Contemporary World Order and Theories. Compiled by Sayeka Ghosh.
By the NIAS-IPRI Course scholars on Contemporary Conflicts, Peace Processes, Theories and Thinkers. Compiled by Ayan Datta.
Vaneeta
Kavithasri M
Mallika Joseph
Rohini Reenum
Padmashree Anandhan
Tiara Marie Warjri
GP Team
Femy Francis
Akhil Ajith
Dhriti Mukherjee
IPRI Team
D Suba Chandran
Padmashree Anandhan
Femy Francis
Rohini Reenum
Dhriti Mukherjee
D Suba Chandran
Rohini Reenum
Dhriti Mukherjee
NIAS South Asia Team
NIAS South Asia Team
Devi Chandana M
Alka Bala
D Suba Chandran
Rohini Reenum
Dhriti Mukherjee
Rohini Reenum
Dhriti Mukherjee
GP Team
IPRI Team
Lakshmi Karlekar
GP Team
Sayeka Ghosh
IPRI Team
Nupur Priya
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Dhriti Mukherjee
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Vaneeta
Arya Prasad
Sayeka Ghosh
Alka Bala
Diya Madhavan
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Femy Francis
IPRI Team
Ramya B
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Padmashree Anandhan
Rosemary Kurian
Alka Bala
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T C A Raghavan
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Karthik Manoharan
Rosemary Kurian
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Manasa G
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LS Hareesh
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Padmashree Anandhan, Femy Francis, Rohini Reenum, Akriti Sharma, Akhil Ajith, Shamini Velayutham and Anu Maria Joseph
Alka Bala
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Alka Bala
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Padmashree Anandhan
Anu Maria Joseph
GP team
Hoimi Mukherjee
Richa Chandola
Aprajita Kashyap
Shreya Pandey
Binod Khanal
Rishika Yadav
Padmashree Anandhan
Anu Maria Joseph
Nuha Aamina
Alka Bala
Sayani Rana
​​​​​​​Ashok Alex Luke
Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri
Femy Francis
Amit Gupta
Kuri Sravan Kumar
Yogeshwari S
Abhishek Ranjan
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IPRI Team
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Nithyashree RB
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
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NIAS Africa Team
Anu Maria Joseph
GP Team
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Jerry Franklin A
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
PR Team
Amit Gupta
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Akhil Ajith
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
Femy Francis
Femy Francis
Femy Francis
Femy Francis
NIAS Africa Team
Nithyashree RB
Jerry Franklin
GP Team
IPRI Team
PR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Nithyashree RB
PR Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan
Rishika Yadav
Sreeja JS
Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri
GP Team
IPRI Team
PR Team
Prof Joyati Bhattacharya
IPRI Team
GP Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Jerry Franklin A
IPRI Team
Dhriti Mukherjee
PR Team
Femy Francis
Shamini Velayutham
Sneha Surendran
PR Team
PR Team
PR Team
NIAS Africa Team
Anu Maria Joseph
GP Team
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NIAS Africa Team
Sneha Surendran
Heribert Dieter
IPRI Team
Nithyashree RB
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
Sneha Surendran
Rishika Yadav
Padmashree Anandhan
Jerry Franklin A
Rishika Yadav
GP Team
IPRI Team
Jerry Franklin A
Lakshmi Parimala H
GP Team
Rishika Yadav
IPRI Team
D Suba Chandran
GP Team
Indrani Talukdar
IPRI Team
S Shaji
Jerry Franklin A
Sneha Surendran
Himani Pant
D. Suba Chandran
Ankit Singh
IPRI Team
Rubina Pradhan
Bibhu Prasad Routray
Nithyashree RB
Bibhu Prasad Routray
Devjyoti Saha
NIAS Africa Team
Jerry Franklin A
Anu Maria Joseph
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
Lakshmi Parimala
GP Team
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Padmashree Anandhan
Sneha Surendran
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
IPRI Team
Rishika Yadav, Sneha Surendran, Sandra D Costa, Ryan Marcus, Prerana P and Nithyashree RB
GP Team
Harini Madhusudan, Rishika Yada, Sneha Surendran, Prerana P, Sreeja JS and Padmashree Anandhan
GP Team
IPRI Team
Bibhu Prasad Routray
NIAS Africa Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Jerry Franklin
IPRI Team
Bibhu Prasad Routray
NIAS Africa Team
Jerry Franklin
Anu Maria Joseph
GP Team
IPRI Team
Anu Maria Joseph
GP Team
Rishika Yadav, Sreeja JS, Nithyashree RB, and Melvin George
Nithyashree RB
Sreeja JS
Rishika Yadav
Padmashree Anandhan
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Devjyoti Saha
Indrani Talukdar
Debangana Chatterjee
Kasturi Chatterjee
Ankita Dutta
Amrita Purkayastha
GP Team
Lakshmi Parimala H
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
Padmashree Anandhan
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
Sourina Bej
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan
D Suba Chandran
D Suba Chandran
D Suba Chandran
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
Avishka Ashok
Madhura Mahesh
Padmashree Anandhan
Ankit Singh
Anu Maria Joseph
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Sethuraman Nadarajan
Avishka Ashok
IPRI Team
GP Team
GP Team
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GP Team
Allen Joe Mathew, Sayani Rana, Joel Jacob
Ankit Singh
Bhoomika Sesharaj
Madhura Mahesh
Harini Madhusudan
Avishka Ashok
Akriti Sharma
Padmashree Anandhan
Poulomi Mondal
Mohaimeen Khan
Padmashree Anandhan
Madhura Mahesh
Padmashree Anandhan
Janardhan G
Avishka Ashok
Anu Maria Joseph
Apoorva Sudhakar
Rashmi BR
Kaviyadharshini A
Avishka Ashok
Chrishari de Alwis Gunasekare
Aparupa Bhattacherjee
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IPRI Team
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GP Team
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NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
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GP Team
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Vignesh Ram
Sai Pranav
Harini Madhusudan, Rishma Banerjee, Padmashree Anandhan, Ashwin Immanuel Dhanabalan, and Avishka Ashok
Sourina Bej
Padmashree Anandhan and Rishma Banerjee
Mathew Sonu Simon
Sourina Bej
Rashmi BR and Akriti Sharma
Rashmi Ramesh
Rishma Banerjee
Sai Pranav
Emmanuel Selva Royan
Padmashree Anandhan
Ashwin Immanuel Dhanabalan
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
Avishka Ashok
Angelin Archana
Shreya Upadhyay
Uma Purushothaman
Debangana Chatterjee
Himani Pant
Sethuraman Nadarajan
Avishka Ashok
GP Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Sourina Bej
Padmashree Anandhan
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
GP Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Sourina Bej
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
STIR Team
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Avishka Ashok
NIAS Africa Team
STIR Team
STIR Team
STIR Team
Emmanuel Selva Royan
GP Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
STIR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Rishma Banerjee
Rashmi Ramesh
Sourina Bej
S Shaji
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
STIR Team
NIAS Africa Team
Naina Singh
GP Team
Amit Gupta
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
STIR Team
STIR Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Ashwin Immanuel Dhanabalan
Joeana Cera Matthews
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
Joeana Cera MatthewsÂ
Ashwin Immanuel Dhanabalan
STIR Team
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Mohamad Aseel Ummer
IPRI Team
STIR Team
Shalini Balaiah
Angelin Archana
Prakash Panneerselvam
N Jayaram
S Shaji
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
Apoorva Sudhakar
Joeana Cera Matthews
Padmashree Anandhan
Harini Madhusudan
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Sneha M
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
D. Suba Chandran
Ankit Singh
Ankit Singh
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Sneha M
D. Suba Chandran
D. Suba Chandran
Sneha M
Ankit Singh
Apoorva Sudhakar
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
GP Team
GP Team
GP Team
GP Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Harshita Rathore
GP Team
Apoorva Sudhakar
Ankit Singh
Ankit Singh
Sneha M
Vishnu Prasad
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Ankit Singh
Apoorva Sudhakar
Ankit Singh
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Vaishnavi Iyer
Joeana Cera Matthews
Sneha M
Ankit Singh
Apoorva Sudhakar
Ankit Singh
STIR Team
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Joeana Cera MatthewsÂ
Sourina Bej
IPRI Team
D. Suba Chandran
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
D. Suba Chandran
Apoorva Sudhakar
Sneha M
D. Suba Chandran
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
D. Suba Chandran
Ankit Singh
Apoorva Sudhakar
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
D. Suba Chandran
D. Suba Chandran
Chetna Vinay Bhora
GP Team
IPRI Team
STIR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Aswathy Koonampilly
GP Team
IPRI Team
STIR Team
GP Team
Sourina Bej
Harini Madhusudan
Vineeth Daniel Vinoy
GP Team
IPRI Team
STIR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
Juan Mary Joseph
Joeana Cera MatthewsÂ
Sukanya Bali
Joeana Cera MatthewsÂ
IPRI Team
Bhuvan Ningania
STIR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
Lokendra Sharma
GP Team
IPRI Team
Apoorva Sudhakar
Anu Maria Joseph
GP Team
Jeshil J Samuel
STIR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
STIR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Keerthana Rajesh Nambiar
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Anu Maria Joseph
Sankalp Gurjar
Apoorva Sudhakar
Lokendra Sharma
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Dincy Adlakha
Dincy Adlakha
Joeana Cera MatthewsÂ
GP Team
IPRI Team
STIR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
SDP Scholar
GP Team
IPRI Team
Chetna Vinay Bhora
Anju Joseph
GP Team
IPRI Team
SDP Scholars
GP Team
Sarthak Jain
Sourina Bej
Vibha Venugopal
Dincy Adlakha
Udbhav Krishna P
Joeana Cera Matthews
Keerthana Rajesh Nambiar
Julia Mathew
Dhanushaa P
GP Team
IPRI Team
SDP Scholars
GP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
Apoorva Sudhakar
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
​​​​​​​Rashmi BR
GP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
V S Ramamurthy and Dinesh K Srivastava
Lokendra Sharma
GP Team
Harini Madhusudan
Apoorva Sudhakar
IPRI Team
GP Team
GP Team
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Akriti Sharma
Avishka Ashok
Apoorva Sudhakar
Sukanya Bali
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
Apoorva Sudhakar
Avishka Ashok
Harini Madhusudan
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Sukanya Bali
Aparupa Bhattacherjee
GP Team
IPRI Team
N Manoharan and Drorima Chatterjee
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
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