NIAS Pakistan Reader

CWA # 1613
NIAS Pakistan Reader
PM Sharif’s Visit to Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan: Connectivity, Defence, Energy and Politics

Abhiruchi Chowdhury
10 March 2025
Photo Source: Ministry of Foreign Affairs Pakistan

What happened?
On 23 February, PM Shehbaz Sharif visited Azerbaijan for two-day official visit which was followed by his visit to Uzbekistan. Azerbaijan and Pakistan have agreed to increase “bilateral investment” to USD two billion.

With Uzbekistan, Pakistan expressed its ambition to increase bilateral trade engagement to USD two billion.

On 4 March, PM Sharif formulated a committee which would be headed by Deputy PM and Foreign Minister Ishaq Dar which will make sure that the signed MoUs with Azerbaijan are enacted speedily.  

During PM Sharif’s visit to Azerbaijan, four MoUs were inked between Pakistan’s Frontier Works Organization, Pakistan State Oil and Azerbaijan’s State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic. One of the MoUs signed is regarding the Machike-Thailan-Tarujabba White Oil pipeline project which will link Machike in Punjab to Tarujabba in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The project is expected to supplement the oil pipeline which runs from Karachi to Peshawar. With the commencing of the pipeline project, it is anticipated that it would bring down the cost of transportation and curb environment pollution. In addition to that, the 427 km pipeline would enable seamless supply of petroleum derived products from Karachi to Peshawar.

With Uzbekistan, an MoU was inked between Lahore and Bukhara for formulating “twin-city relations.” The two countries also signed agreement which would enhance news collaboration among Associated Press of Pakistan and National Information Agency of Uzbekistan. Both sides also agreed for establishing Pakistan-Uzbekistan High-Level Strategic Council. Further, the two sides inked agreements to cooperate in science, technology, and innovation.    
What is the background?
First, Pakistan’s trade relations with Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan. The volume of trade between Pakistan and Azerbaijan in 2024 amounted to USD 22 million, an increase of USD 4.9 million from the previous year. The increase in trade could be attributed to the 15 MoUs inked between the two countries during President Ilham Aliyev’s visit to Pakistan in July 2024. Bilateral trade volume between Pakistan and Uzbekistan surpassed USD 400 million in 2024. Pakistan primarily exports rice, finished garments, meat, and sports gear to Uzbekistan while it imports chemical fertilizers, vegetables and cotton yarn. In 2023, both countries had inked USD one billion bilateral trade deal to increase their cooperation in tourism sector, textile, banking, oil and natural resources and enhance cultural engagement.

Second, Pakistan’s search to increase connectivity with Uzbekistan. Pakistan discussed its interest in starting the railway line which would connect the two countries and would go through Afghanistan. The two countries had earlier agreed upon the Uzbekistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan railway line project in 2023. Also, flights have started to operate between Tashkent and Lahore. Both the countries are also looking to start new flight routes between Samarkand, Bukhara and Karachi. The two countries have also agreed upon visa exemption for diplomats and people working in military intelligence, internal affairs and who are engaged in professional and technical training.

Third, the Afghanistan factor in Pakistan’s relations with Uzbekistan. Peace and stability in Afghanistan are extremely crucial for Pakistan’s projects with Uzbekistan to prove fruitful. Pakistan’s ties with the Taliban has been a major irritant with its relations with Uzbekistan. Taliban in Afghanistan was seen as a security threat to Uzbekistan, given Taliban’s opposition to Uzbek groups in Afghanistan. Pakistan and Uzbekistan also face the threat from the presence of Islamic State in the Central Asia and Afghanistan. Other militant groups such as Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and Islamic Jihad Union who have been given refuge in Afghanistan are seen as security concerns by both the countries. As a result, investors are reluctant to infuse funds in projects which could possibly be targeted by the militant groups in future.

Fourth, defence cooperation between Pakistan and Azerbaijan. After Azerbaijan’s largest weapon supplier- Russia got involved in the Ukraine war and its prime rival- Armenia looked to strengthen defense ties with India, Azerbaijan turned to Pakistan for diversifying its arm purchase.  In 2024, Pakistan and Azerbaijan inked an arms agreement worth USD 1.6 billion. Under this accord, Pakistan agreed to supply JF-17 Thunder Block III fighters to Azerbaijan.

Fifth, political support for each other’s positions on India and Armenia. Azerbaijan has continually backed Pakistan’s stance on the dispute over Jammu and Kashmir with India. Azerbaijan was a part of the Islamabad declaration (2021) along with Turkiye that voiced distress over India allegedly amending the status of Jammu and Kashmir in 2019. The declaration demanded for a peaceful resolution to the dispute over Jammu and Kashmir as per UN Security Council resolutions. Pakistan, too supported Azerbaijan’s claim over Nagorno-Karabakh region which is in contention with Armenia. The Islamabad declaration also called for ceasing of Azerbaijan-Armenia clash. It reiterated the call to respect the sovereignty of Azerbaijan over its territory as per UN Security council resolution.

What does it mean?
First, the MoUs signed with Azerbaijan and Uzbekistan might not necessarily translate into increase in trade volume. Pakistan is likely to experience an increase in water shortages which would impact the exports of agricultural products to the two countries.
 
Second, the resurgence of Tehreek-e-Taliban in Pakistan is likely to impede the construction of railway line project with Uzbekistan. Also, it would be very difficult for Islamabad and Tashkent to increase people to people contact, given the surge in numbers of illegal migration emancipating from Pakistan.

References
“In PM’s Baku visit, Pakistan and Azerbaijan vow boosting bilateral investment to $2bn,” Dawn, 24 February 2025
“Pakistan and Uzbekistan agree to expand bilateral trade to $2bn,” Dawn, 26 February 2025
Dilan Pamuk, “Turkey, Azerbaijan, Pakistan issue joint declaration,” AA, 14 January 2021
“PM Shehbaz forms Dar-led body for ‘early realisation’ of accords with Azerbaijan,” Dawn, 4 March 2025
 “$1billion trade deal signed with Uzbekistan,” The Express Tribune, 24 February 2023


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Rizwana Banu S and Santhiya M

Who are the Afrikaners?
Why is Trump interested in the Afrikaner question in South Africa?
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1720

Lekshmi MK

New WMO Report on Arctic Warming
What are the social, economic and environmental implications of Arctic warming
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1719

J Yamini  

China’s EV Surge
What contributes to the rise of BYD
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1717

J Yamini

Gender Violence in Pakistan:
What are the larger issues in the Noor Mukadam case?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1715

Femy Francis

The US-China:
On Tariffs, Rare Earths and Visas
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1713

GP Team

The World This Week #315
The UN Ocean Conference in France and the US-China Meeting in London
CW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1712

R Preetha

The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1705

GP Team

The World This Week #314
Elections in South Korea and Poland I China and the Pacific Island Countries I Bangladesh Election Announcement 2026
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1703

M Kejia 

Sagarmatha Sambaad in Nepal
Kathmandu’s Global Agenda for the Himalayas
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1700

R Preetha

Ethiopia bans the TPLF
What does the TPLF ban mean for the Pretoria agreement? What next for Ethiopia?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1694

Aashish Ganeshan

The US:
Harvard vs Trump Administration
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1691

GP Team

The World This Week #313
China-ASEAN-GCC Summit I President Macron's visit to South East Asia I Trump Vs Harvard
The World This Week
May 2025 | CWA # 1690

GP Team

The World This Week #312
Elections in Romania, Portugal & Poland I UK-EU Summit
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1689

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine
Continuing Russia’s Aerial Attacks, despite exchange of prisoners
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1688

Ayan Datta

Gaza
The Humanitarian Crisis and Israel’s Renewed Offensive
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1685

Aparna A Nair

UK-EU Summit:
First step towards a reset
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1683

Aashish Ganeshan

Elections in Portugal:
The Rise of Chega Party and the Search for Political Stability
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1679

Aashish Ganeshan

US in the Middle Easr
Trump’s visit to Saudi Arabia, Qatar and UAE
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1678

Gauri Gupta

China in Latin America
China-CELAC forum: Strengthening ties with Latin America and Caribbean
The World This Week
May 2025 | CWA # 1677

GP Team

The World This Week #310-311
China in Latin America and the Carribbean I Trump's Middle East Visit I Denmark as the new Arctic Chair
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1675

Lekshmi MK

Turkey:
PKK disbands after 40 years of armed insurgency
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1673

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine:
The Discussion in Turkiye and the Elusive Ceasefire
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1671

Abhiruchi Chowdhury

US, Ukraine and Russia:
Air attacks amidst a Minerals deal and Ceasefire Proposals
Global Politics Early Bird
May 2025 | CWA # 1670

Fleur Elizabeth Philip

Singapore Elections in 2025:
People’s Action Party (PAP) Wins, Again
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1667

R Preetha and Brighty Ann Sarah

East Asia:
Tough Tariff Negotiations with the US
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1666

Padmashree Anandhan

The US-Ukraine
The mineral deal with the US
Conflict Weekly
May 2025 | CWA # 1665
Conflict Weekly # 280-81
India-Pakistan De-escalation I Ukraine Discussion in Istanbul I The Battle over Port Sudan I Disbanding of PKK in Turkiye I France-Algeria Diplomatic Tensions
Global Politics Early Bird
May 2025 | CWA # 1663

R Preetha

Canada Elections 2025:
What do the results convey? What next for Mark Carney?
Conflict Weekly 250th Issue
October 2024 | CWA # 1480

IPRI Team

This Week in History
July 2024 | CWA # 1413

Ramya B

Global Politics Early Bird
May 2024 | CWA # 1336

Femy Francis

This Week in History
April 2024 | CWA # 1275

Ramya B

NIAS Global Politics Database
March 2024 | CWA # 1251

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
This Week in History
March 2024 | CWA # 1246

Sivasubramanian K

NIAS Global Politics Database
February 2024 | CWA # 1226

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
The World This Week
November 2023 | CWA # 1148

GP Team

The War in Ukraine
October 2023 | CWA # 1091

Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri

Issues for Europe
NIAS Pakistan Weekly
October 2023 | CWA # 1087

PR Team

The World This Week
October 2023 | CWA # 1083

GP Team

Conflict Weekly
August 2023 | CWA # 1049

IPRI Team

IPRI Quarterly Forecasts I Triggers, Trends, and Trajectories
July 2023 | CWA # 1012

Bibhu Prasad Routray

Myanmar continues to burn
The World This Week
July 2023 | CWA # 1009

GP Team

2022: The World This Year
December 2022 | CWA # 879

Padmashree Anandhan

The Ukraine War
2022: The World This Year
December 2022 | CWA # 872

Sapna Elsa Abraham

Europe: Heatwaves, Wildfires, Droughts, and Ice Melt in Alps
November 2022 | CWA # 838

Rishma Banerjee

Tracing Europe's droughts
NIAS Africa Weekly
March 2022 | CWA # 705

NIAS Africa Team

In Focus: Libya
The World This Week: 150th Issue
December 2021 | CWA # 630

GP Team

Europe in 2021
Pakistan Reader
October 2021 | CWA # 588

Abigail Miriam Fernandez

TLP is back again
NIAS Fortnightly on Science, Technology & International Relations
August 2021 | CWA # 528

STIR Team

Space Tourism
GLOBAL PROTEST MOVEMENTS
September 2020 | CWA # 337

Anju Annie Mammen

The FATF Meeting, February 2020
February 2020 | CWA # 235

Lakshmi V Menon

Science, Technology and International Relations
September 2019 | CWA # 162

Lakshman Chakravarthy N

5G: A Primer
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 71

Mahesh Bhatta

Nepal
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 70

Nasima Khatoon

The Maldives
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 69

Harini Madhusudan

India
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 68

Sourina Bej

Bangladesh
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 67

Seetha Lakshmi Dinesh Iyer

Afghanistan
United States
July 2018 | CWA # 47

Rahul Arockiaraj

East Asia
June 2018 | CWA # 26

Siddhatti Mehta