Review of Literature

CWA # 1669
Review of Literature
Bangladesh–Pakistan Relations:
On Memory, Justice, Diplomacy, Strategy, and Narratives

Vani Vyshnavi Jupudi
5 May 2025
Photo Source: SouthAsianVoices

The resumption of diplomatic engagement between Bangladesh and Pakistan in 2025 after fifteen years of diplomatic stagnation, demonstrates multiple layers of complexity through foreign secretary-level talks, public demands for an apology and reparations, and subtle changes in political discourse. The 1971 Liberation War's historical trauma persists in affecting relations between Bangladesh and Pakistan, these developments reflect the convergence of strategic pragmatism, normative contestation over historical memory, and the shifting of regional balance of power.

The first formal diplomatic talks between Bangladesh and Pakistan at the foreign secretary level occurred in 2010. The 2025 April, foreign secretary-level talks held in Dhaka marked the first interaction between the states post 2010. Multiple strategic elements, both current and historical, support this renewal. Bangladesh seeks to improve its regional position through diplomatic diversification, which will move it away from its historical dependence on India and China. The normalization of relations between Pakistan and Bangladesh provides Pakistan with a chance to reduce its regional isolation while presenting a new diplomatic image after years of strained relations with neighboring countries.

Commentaries and editorials published in as The Daily Star and The Independent from Bangladesh, Dawn, The News International, and The Express Tribune from Pakistan, and The Indian Express and The Times of India from India, reflect the following. 

Emphasis on Historical Memory and Calls for Accountability
Historical events play an important role in diplomacy that comes post-conflict, especially in asymmetrical power relations. Bangladesh has always reiterated the demand for a formal apology from Pakistan for the 1971 Liberation War atrocities, which stands as an example for the efforts taken to institutionalize normative justice into aspects of interstate relations. This demand was raised by the officials during the 2025 foreign office consultations as well.

When a state calls for such acknowledgment it reflects the state’s active effort to assert moral authority in interstate relations. Bangladesh’s invocation of memory politics aims to construct a narrative of victimhood and justice that the world audience recognize. In this case Pakistan acknowledging past atrocities would create domestic opposition, strengthening calls for historical accountability in additional cases. The historical reckoning between Bangladesh and Pakistan serves as a moral necessity for closure but simultaneously creates barriers to diplomatic relations.

The News International published "Healing History" on April 20, 2025, to argue that acknowledgment is a fundamental requirement for achieving true reconciliation. The lack of an official apology indicates that Bangladesh politically uses memory to mobilize its population, but Pakistan continues to use selective historical amnesia as its standard diplomatic approach. This form of asymmetry in historical framing highlights the tension between realism and  constructivism.

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Demands for Economic Reparations and Transitional Justice
The demand for $4.5 billion in reparations from Bangladesh demonstrates the practical implementation of transitional justice principles that go beyond symbolic actions. The compensation request by Bangladesh follows international patterns where post-conflict nations establish reparative measures to resolve past injustices.

The Pakistani government has always considered demands of this nature as political in nature, but Bangladesh has now officially presented these claims during diplomatic negotiations. The formal articulation during diplomatic talks marks an evolution in Bangladesh's approach—transforming historical grievances into concrete financial claims. According to articles from Arab News, Pakistani officials have expressed worry that accepting reparations would create a "dangerous precedent" for both international and domestic disputes.

The implementation of economic reparations would serve three purposes: they would restore trust while acknowledging past harm and provide financial support for Bangladesh's development path. The political reality of actual payment makes reparations function more as a symbolic tool to maintain Bangladesh's moral position while exposing Pakistan's refusal to compromise. The economic justice notion directly connects to Bangladesh's national vision of historical dignity by including material recognition in its narrative of nation-building.

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Demands of Accountability, Forgiving and Looking Forward
Public diplomacy and media framing are crucial tools that the state uses to shape diplomatic narratives. The Daily Star and The Independent in Bangladesh promote engagement through their articles while maintaining that historical justice stands essential for the country ("Positive Move to Improve Ties," The Daily Star, April 19, 2025). Dawn and The News International in Pakistan focus on "forgiveness" and "forward-looking relations" providing little to no information about accountability.

The Indian media outlets The Indian Express and Times of India present strategic concerns by viewing Bangladesh's actions as part of a China-Pakistan-Bangladesh alliance. These framings influence popular perceptions, thereby indirectly impacting the diplomatic space available for political leaders. When looked at this from a soft power aspect, the control and contestation of narratives becomes central in shaping diplomatic actions and impact.

The 2025 diplomatic reset between Bangladesh and Pakistan demonstrates the multifaceted nature of contemporary diplomacy in South Asian countries. Bangladesh’s dual strategy of expanding their diplomatic footprint while maintain their demand for justice aligns with the state’s aim to raise as regional middle power. Pakistan a state constrained by external isolation and internal politics extends their aim for soft recalibration without giving into the normative demands. The interplay of realist interests, constructivist identity narratives, and the relevance of media framing is illustrated in this relationship. 

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India wants to be watchful
The 2025 thaw occurs within the broader context of shifting regional power configurations. Bangladesh’s assertive foreign policy which balances the existing strong economic ties with India, engaging with China via projects as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and now the resumption of diplomatic relations with Pakistan demonstrate a turn to towards multipolar engagement rather than allegiance to a single bloc.

The Indian Express commentary "As Pakistan and Bangladesh Get Close, India Should Be Watchful" (April 19, 2025) warns that India's strategic establishment views Bangladesh's moves with unease. But Dhaka's diplomatic maneuvers are less about antagonizing India and more about maximizing strategic space.

A stronger relationship between Pakistan and Bangladesh provides Pakistan with a unique chance to participate in South Asian discussions that extend past its ongoing disputes with India. The balancing act of Bangladesh demonstrates its growth as a stronger regional power that can maintain multiple strategic alliances instead of following one direction.

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About the author
Vani Vyshnavi Jupudi is an undergraduate student at CHRIST (Deemed to be university) BGR campus, currently pursuing her degree under the Department of International Studies, Political Science and History.


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Trump making Europe great again
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1734

GP Team

The World This Week #317
NATO Summit 2025 and Russia-Mali bilateral agreements
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1733

Ananya Dinesh

China and the Pacific Islands 
What was the recent China-PIC joint statement about? What it says, and what it means?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1728

M Kejia

G7 Summit 2025:
The Focus on the Middle East and Trade negotiations
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1726

GP Team

The World This Week #316
China-Central Asia Summit in Kazakhstan, and the G7 Summit in Canada
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1725

Brighty Ann Sarah, R Preetha, Santhiya M, Aparna A Nair & M Kejia

Operation Midnight Hammer: US bombs three nuclear sites in Iran
What were the three Iranian nuclear sites that were targeted? What are the B2 Bombers and Bunker Buster Bombs? What do these attacks mean? What Next?
Conflict Weekly
June 2025 | CWA # 1724

IPRI Team

Conflict Weekly #286
The Spiralling Israel-Iran Crisis, and the Dangerous Hunger Hotspots
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1721

Rizwana Banu S and Santhiya M

Who are the Afrikaners?
Why is Trump interested in the Afrikaner question in South Africa?
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1720

Lekshmi MK

New WMO Report on Arctic Warming
What are the social, economic and environmental implications of Arctic warming
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1719

J Yamini  

China’s EV Surge
What contributes to the rise of BYD
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1717

J Yamini

Gender Violence in Pakistan:
What are the larger issues in the Noor Mukadam case?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1715

Femy Francis

The US-China:
On Tariffs, Rare Earths and Visas
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1713

GP Team

The World This Week #315
The UN Ocean Conference in France and the US-China Meeting in London
CW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1712

R Preetha

The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1705

GP Team

The World This Week #314
Elections in South Korea and Poland I China and the Pacific Island Countries I Bangladesh Election Announcement 2026
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1703

M Kejia 

Sagarmatha Sambaad in Nepal
Kathmandu’s Global Agenda for the Himalayas
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1700

R Preetha

Ethiopia bans the TPLF
What does the TPLF ban mean for the Pretoria agreement? What next for Ethiopia?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1694

Aashish Ganeshan

The US:
Harvard vs Trump Administration
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1691

GP Team

The World This Week #313
China-ASEAN-GCC Summit I President Macron's visit to South East Asia I Trump Vs Harvard
The World This Week
May 2025 | CWA # 1690

GP Team

The World This Week #312
Elections in Romania, Portugal & Poland I UK-EU Summit
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1689

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine
Continuing Russia’s Aerial Attacks, despite exchange of prisoners
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1688

Ayan Datta

Gaza
The Humanitarian Crisis and Israel’s Renewed Offensive
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1685

Aparna A Nair

UK-EU Summit:
First step towards a reset
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1683

Aashish Ganeshan

Elections in Portugal:
The Rise of Chega Party and the Search for Political Stability
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1679

Aashish Ganeshan

US in the Middle Easr
Trump’s visit to Saudi Arabia, Qatar and UAE
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1678

Gauri Gupta

China in Latin America
China-CELAC forum: Strengthening ties with Latin America and Caribbean
The World This Week
May 2025 | CWA # 1677

GP Team

The World This Week #310-311
China in Latin America and the Carribbean I Trump's Middle East Visit I Denmark as the new Arctic Chair
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1675

Lekshmi MK

Turkey:
PKK disbands after 40 years of armed insurgency
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1673

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine:
The Discussion in Turkiye and the Elusive Ceasefire
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1671

Abhiruchi Chowdhury

US, Ukraine and Russia:
Air attacks amidst a Minerals deal and Ceasefire Proposals
Global Politics Early Bird
May 2025 | CWA # 1670

Fleur Elizabeth Philip

Singapore Elections in 2025:
People’s Action Party (PAP) Wins, Again
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1667

R Preetha and Brighty Ann Sarah

East Asia:
Tough Tariff Negotiations with the US
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1666

Padmashree Anandhan

The US-Ukraine
The mineral deal with the US
Conflict Weekly
May 2025 | CWA # 1665
Conflict Weekly # 280-81
India-Pakistan De-escalation I Ukraine Discussion in Istanbul I The Battle over Port Sudan I Disbanding of PKK in Turkiye I France-Algeria Diplomatic Tensions
Global Politics Early Bird
May 2025 | CWA # 1663

R Preetha

Canada Elections 2025:
What do the results convey? What next for Mark Carney?
Conflict Weekly 250th Issue
October 2024 | CWA # 1480

IPRI Team

This Week in History
July 2024 | CWA # 1413

Ramya B

Global Politics Early Bird
May 2024 | CWA # 1336

Femy Francis

This Week in History
April 2024 | CWA # 1275

Ramya B

NIAS Global Politics Database
March 2024 | CWA # 1251

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
This Week in History
March 2024 | CWA # 1246

Sivasubramanian K

NIAS Global Politics Database
February 2024 | CWA # 1226

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
The World This Week
November 2023 | CWA # 1148

GP Team

The War in Ukraine
October 2023 | CWA # 1091

Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri

Issues for Europe
NIAS Pakistan Weekly
October 2023 | CWA # 1087

PR Team

The World This Week
October 2023 | CWA # 1083

GP Team

Conflict Weekly
August 2023 | CWA # 1049

IPRI Team

IPRI Quarterly Forecasts I Triggers, Trends, and Trajectories
July 2023 | CWA # 1012

Bibhu Prasad Routray

Myanmar continues to burn
The World This Week
July 2023 | CWA # 1009

GP Team

2022: The World This Year
December 2022 | CWA # 879

Padmashree Anandhan

The Ukraine War
2022: The World This Year
December 2022 | CWA # 872

Sapna Elsa Abraham

Europe: Heatwaves, Wildfires, Droughts, and Ice Melt in Alps
November 2022 | CWA # 838

Rishma Banerjee

Tracing Europe's droughts
NIAS Africa Weekly
March 2022 | CWA # 705

NIAS Africa Team

In Focus: Libya
The World This Week: 150th Issue
December 2021 | CWA # 630

GP Team

Europe in 2021
Pakistan Reader
October 2021 | CWA # 588

Abigail Miriam Fernandez

TLP is back again
NIAS Fortnightly on Science, Technology & International Relations
August 2021 | CWA # 528

STIR Team

Space Tourism
GLOBAL PROTEST MOVEMENTS
September 2020 | CWA # 337

Anju Annie Mammen

The FATF Meeting, February 2020
February 2020 | CWA # 235

Lakshmi V Menon

Science, Technology and International Relations
September 2019 | CWA # 162

Lakshman Chakravarthy N

5G: A Primer
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 71

Mahesh Bhatta

Nepal
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 70

Nasima Khatoon

The Maldives
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 69

Harini Madhusudan

India
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 68

Sourina Bej

Bangladesh
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 67

Seetha Lakshmi Dinesh Iyer

Afghanistan
United States
July 2018 | CWA # 47

Rahul Arockiaraj

East Asia
June 2018 | CWA # 26

Siddhatti Mehta