NIAS Fortnightly on Science, Technology & International Relations

CWA # 684
NIAS Fortnightly on Science, Technology & International Relations
COVER STORY: Improved Maritime Situational Awareness:

STIR Team
22 February 2022
Photo Source: marinetraffic.com

Vol 1, No. 16, 22 February 2022

Cover Story
By Hema Karnam
 
Improved Maritime Situational Awareness:
Securing the Automatic Identification System (AIS)
Maritime safety and security have been gaining increasing importance in recent years.  The Automatic Identification System (AIS) was introduced to monitor maritime traffic and improve maritime domain awareness. However, the AIS has numerous security vulnerabilities, making it prone to various types of attacks; for example, spoofing, jamming, and hijacking, as was highlighted in the recent spoofing incidents in Shanghai and Elba Island in 2019. Spoofing incidents have the potential to cause catastrophic consequences on marine trading and commerce; it is vital to study the security vulnerabilities and possible mitigation measures to counter these vulnerabilities, making the AIS more secure.

Introduction
The Automatic Identification System (AIS) monitors maritime traffic and is primarily used as a tracking system. Its other benefits include collision avoidance, search and rescue alerts, accident investigations and aids in navigation. The AIS was first introduced by the International Maritime Organisation’s (IMO) - Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) convention in 2002 as a mandatory installation for all international voyaging ships weighing over three hundred tonnes and all passenger ships, regardless of their size. The estimated number of vessels that use AIS is currently around 300,000; it is predicted to cross a million installations in the future.
 
I
AIS Communication details

The AIS transponder works by exchanging information with other Vessel Traffic Services (VTS). A VTS is a ship traffic monitoring system similar to the air traffic control system used in aviation. The AIS information that is transmitted includes dynamic information about a vessel’s current position, speed, course, and static information such as the vessel type, name, cargo, the MMSI - a nine-digit unique identifier for every AIS transponder/vessel. The idea behind this up-to-date information exchange is to improve navigational safety and avoid collisions in the often-chaotic sea lanes and thereby improve maritime situational awareness. Additionally, the AIS supposedly provides a better and reliable electronic picture of surrounding sea vessels than a RADAR in bad weather, sea state or visibility conditions.
 
The AIS works by exchanging information on two Very High Frequency (VHF) radio channels operating at frequencies 161.975 MHz and 162.025 MHz. According to the International Telecommunication Union – Radio Communication (ITU-R) sector, these over the air transmissions are standardised. The VHF data link is accomplished through a Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) scheme. Online AIS providers also collect AIS data and transmit it over the internet. The AIS data is collected using AIS gateways deployed geographically. Additionally, AIS data can be uploaded by the ship captains to the online providers using Mobile apps and special forwarding software.
 
The AIS data is reported with a varying transmission rate ranging from a couple of seconds for dynamic data to a few minutes for static data. The dynamic data is automatically fed in from the ship’s GPS unit, whereas the static data is manually set up and maintained by the vessel operators. Currently, two types of AIS transponders exist - class A for larger vessels and class B for smaller fishing boats or pleasure crafts.
 
II
Issues and Challenges of AIS

AIS was designed during an era when there were not as many security breaches as they are today, and the AIS design did not incorporate adequate security mechanisms. The US Coast Guard Navigation Centre (NAVCEN) webpage states that “AIS by design, is an open, non-proprietary, unencrypted, unprotected radio system, intended to operate on non-secure VHF-FM channels. So technically it can be spoofed - so trust but verify”. As the AIS messages are transmitted on public radio frequencies, anyone with a simple Software Defined Radio (SDR) and VHF antenna transmit or receive these AIS messages. Also, malicious adversaries can modify the AIS data while it is en route due to its insecure design.
As the ITU and the IMO SOLAS standards do not implicitly provide some of the fundamental security principles such as message confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity, malicious adversaries can easily exploit the vulnerabilities in the AIS design and its implementation protocol to disrupt and/or deny the AIS message transmission that can lead to attacks. The attacks can be carried out both at the software implementation level and/or during transmission over radio frequencies. An overview of some example attacks and their possible implications that have been evaluated and implemented are discussed below.
 
III
Types of threats
 
 
Spoofing
In this type of threat, an adversary impersonates a valid ship and assigns fictitious ship static information such as the vessel's name, type, flag, cargo, MMSI, manufacture, and dynamic information such as speed position course, and destination to a non-existent ship. This type of attack can be carried out at both the software and radio frequency levels.
In the software-based threats, the software that the AIS online providers use to upstream data is targeted by malicious adversaries to reference using an application layer protocol called AIVDM is employed. However, due to the security issues with the implementation of upstreaming the data by the online providers, any software tool can generate arbitrary AIVDM sentences that can be forwarded by any user to the AIS online providers. Due to the loosely implemented nature of the AIS receivers, the AIS providers often accept any data that they receive. Additionally, there is no source vetting involved. Therefore, there is no way to verify that the message received originated from a valid ship at the supposed location, which can cause serious security issues by violating the authenticity of the actual sender. Maritime traffic can also be spoofed by sending preformatted email reports with purported AIS information to the online providers.
 
In radio frequency-based threats, an adversary can build an AIS transmitter using an SDR and implement these attacks by generating arbitrary AIVDM messages and transmitting them via air. The spoofing scenarios described above can lead to drastic consequences, such as spoofing a vessel into the jurisdiction of an adversarial country or into restricted territorial waters or exclusive economic zones, which can escalate political tensions between rival governments. Additionally, the counterfeit information can be used by a malicious adversary to blame some other country’s vessel while carrying out illegal activities, as was recently highlighted in a report by Bloomberg, where Iranian ships used counterfeit AIS data and switched their flagged countries to Zanzibar as the US and Europe tightened sanctions over their nuclear programs.
 
The recent spoofing incidents observed in Shanghai and Elba Island in 2019 highlight that such spoofing or jamming attacks can result in navigational mistakes that can cause collisions or groundings and, ultimately, casualties at sea. In 2020, the Galapagos Islands, one of the world’s largest fleets of fishing nations, misreported its location (approximately 10,000 km from its observed location) to conceal illegal fishing activities in the exclusive economic zone (EEZ) around the Galápagos Islands.
 
Hijacking
In the case of AIS hijacking, the attacker in the software-based threats modifies the AIS message arbitrarily by initiating a Man in the Middle (MiTM) attack by intercepting the messages transmitted via Air through attacker-controlled AIS gateways. Once received, the messages are modified and transmitted to the online providers using proxy servers. In the case of radio frequency-based threats, the attacker modifies the AIS message by transmitting a higher powered fake AIS signal, which overrides the original AIS signal and is received by the AIS receivers. Therefore, in this type of attack, the message integrity is violated in that there is no way to ensure that the message received was the message that was sent.
 
Frequency Hopping
In the frequency hopping type of attack, the attacker impersonates the maritime authority by using a particular class of AIS messages called the control messages to instruct one or more AIS transponders to change their frequencies of operation to nonstandard channels of operation, resulting in the AIS stations unable to receive and transmit their ship’s position thereby disrupting the availability of the AIS transponders. With this type of attack, the attacker can disrupt transmission or reception whenever a ship enters a particular geographical region.
 
Timing attack
In another type of availability disruption threat, a timing attack can be used to inhibit the transmission of AIS messages by iterating through a command that instructs a victim to delay transmission by 15 minutes.
 
Replay attack
The AIS messages currently lack a timestamp, which makes the AIS transmissions very vulnerable to replay attacks. In this type of attack, a malicious adversary can record a series of legitimate AIS transmissions from a vessel and replay them at any given time to create a fictitious target with real data.
 
Collision Trigger spoofing
One of the benefits of the AIS system includes collision avoidance. This is achieved by a feature called Closest Point of Approach (CPA), which computes the minimal distance between two ships, of which at least one is in motion. The AIS based on the CPA feature then triggers a collision alert in the event of an expected collision. The trigger can result in an alert on the captain’s console or an acoustic siren that changes the ship’s course to avoid a potential collision. In this type of attack, an attacker can spoof a ship to be on a collision course with a targeted vessel, resulting in a ship going off course or running it aground during low tide.
 
IV
AIS: Way forward
 
The AIS has many security vulnerabilities which adversaries can exploit to mount attacks that can disrupt the transmission of AIS or relay false information that ultimately can affect maritime situational awareness. Hence, there is a need to enhance the security mechanisms of AIS. According to existing literature, techniques that can potentially be used include adopting public key cryptographic mechanisms such as the Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) standard into the AIS protocol, which can help achieve message authentication and integrity of the AIS messages. However, for the security mechanisms incorporated into the AIS protocol, it is vital to ensure that the capabilities introduced for providing authentication and integrity are well within the constraints of the AIS protocol and standard.
 
The capability of implementations to secure the AIS protocol and at the same time maintaining backward compatibility is an active area of research, and many methods are being proposed as demonstrations of proof of concept. However, the interoperability of these capability implementations with the existing AIS protocol needs to be explored. Another potential mitigation measure would be to explore the feasibility of employing anomaly detection techniques to detect suspicious activities such as unexpected changes in vessel routes and static information.

References
Marco Balduzzi, Alessandro Pasta, Kyle Wilhoit, “A Security Evaluation of AIS Automated Identification System,” Proceedings of the 30th Annual Computer Security Applications Conference, December 2014.
Andrej Androjna, Marko Perkovi, Ivica Pavic,Jakša Miškovi, “AIS data vulnerability indicated by a spoofing study,” MDPI – Journal of Applied Sciences, 26 April 2021.
Nguyen, Duc H, “Hardening Automatic Identification Systems: Providing integrity through an application of lightweight cryptographic techniques, ”Thesis, Naval Post Graduate School, December 2020.
 Robert E. Litts, “Security Improvements for the Automatic Identification Systems,” Thesis, Old Dominion University, May 2021.
G.C. Kessler, “Protected AIS: A Demonstration of Capability Scheme to Provide Authentication and Message Integrity,” The International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, Volume 14, Number 2, June 2020, DOI: 10.12716/1001.14.02.02
Androjna et al., “Assessing Cyber Challenges of Maritime Navigation,” Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, October 2020.
Christian et al., “A Backwards Compatible Approach to Authenticate Automatic Identification System Messages,” IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (CSR) Workshops, 2021.
“Iran Oil Tankers Said by Zanzibar to Signal Wrong Flag,” Bloomberg, 19 October 2021.
 
About the author
Hema Karnam is a PhD Scholar at the School of Conflict and Security Studies, National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS). She has an MS in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Utah State University, USA. Her current research interests include artificial intelligence for maritime awareness and cybersecurity.

 

In Brief
By Rashmi BR and Padmashree Anandhan
 
The US: First female patient cured of HIV
On 15 February, The New York Times reported that an American woman had been cured of HIV through a stem cell transplant involving the umbilical cord blood for the first time. She is the first woman and the third patient to be cured of the disease. The case was presented at the Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections, Denver, US, and is a part of the study on HIV patients receiving treatment for cancer and other serious diseases conducted by the John Hopkins University and the University of California.
 
The first successful case of cure was reported in 2008 when a man known as ‘the Berlin Patient’ received a bone marrow transplant from donors with rare genetic mutations that are resistant to HIV. In 2019, the second man to be cured, ‘the London Patient’, also underwent a similar transplant process along with antiretroviral therapy (ARV). In 2020, a Brazilian man named ‘the Sao Paulo Patient’ was reportedly free from the virus for 15 months but re-contracted after a few months. ARV therapy remains the most widely used treatment process and extends life expectancy to a near-normal rate, but not cure the disease.
 
The new method presented by the scientists involves umbilical cord blood, which is more readily available than adult stem cells. The woman is known as ‘the New York Patient’ has been free of the virus for 14 months. The essential point to note is that all the three cured patients are affected by cancer and receive treatments primarily targeted at eliminating cancer cells rather than HIV. The 25 patients in the study undergo chemotherapy and later receive stem cells that will help them build an immune system resistant to HIV. Sharon Lewin, the president of the International AIDS Society, said: “bone marrow transplants are not a viable strategy to cure most people living with HIV… This report confirms that a cure for HIV is possible and further strengthens using gene therapy as a viable strategy for an HIV cure.”
 
The new treatment promises progress in healthcare science and system in terms of availability, the lesser need to keenly match the umbilical cord stem cells of the recipient and donors, unlike the adult stem cells, the intensity of side effects, and the possibility of curing the mixed-race patients. However, there are genuine concerns regarding the process. First, the treatments have been experimented on HIV patients who are also affected by cancer. The viability of its usage for other HIV patients is yet to be seen. Second, though better available, the treatment will still not be easily accessible to nearly 40 million patients, most of whom live in the developing and least-developed world. (Apoorva Mandavilli, “A woman is cured of HIV using a novel treatment,” The New York Times, 15 February 2022; James Gallagher, “HIV: First woman in the world believed to be cured of virus,” BBC, 16 February 2022; FP Staff, “US woman becomes first to be cured of HIV: Know all about the umbilical cord blood treatment,” Firstpost, 17 February 2022; Mike Macrae, “American woman appears to be entirely cured of HIV after unique medical treatment,” Science Alert, 16 February 2022; “Woman cured of HIV after stem cell transplant,” Al Jazeera, 16 February 2022; “Second man seems to be free of AIDS virus after transplant,” Al Jazeera, 5 March 2019)
 
France: One Ocean Summit 2022 
On 11 February, leaders and representatives from 100 countries attended the One Ocean summit hosted by the French President, Emmanuel Macron in the coastal city of Brest. The summit brought out ways to deal with the threats to the ocean, such as overfishing, plastic pollution, use of carbon-intensive fuels, and how countries can commit to the measures to preserve the ocean. President of the European Commission, Ursula von der Leyen, who spoke at the summit, highlighted three critical areas of cooperation to conserve the oceans: "a new international coalition to protect biodiversity on high seas, which constitute 95 per cent of the ocean; a major computing project allowing researchers to digitally simulate the world's oceans; and the EU's research mission to restore our ocean and waters by 2030." 
 
For the first time, an attempt has been made by the EU in drafting a framework for ocean biodiversity and marine life conservation. There have been many individual laws governing the seas, shipping standards, and marine environment, but the ocean's health has been mentioned at the summit. There is a special focus on marine species. Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing practices in the EU and management of marine litter have been significant concerns. Other challenges such as underwater noise, pollutant air emissions, greenhouse gas emissions, aggressive aquatic species, residues, oily discharge, and ship recycling were part of the larger focus areas of the summit. The EU proposed the European Digital Twin Ocean and EU4 Ocean coalition to bridge the gap in seabed mapping and facilitate ocean education at all levels. The US committed only to reducing plastic pollution and promised to guard the environment. Common goals established between UNESCO and the EU serve as a possibility for intra- regional and international ocean cooperation. 
 
The launch of Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ), an internationally binding treaty under the UNCLOS, urged the states to sign an agreement by the end of 2022. This treaty will drive all states towards global ocean protection and help look beyond the national territory and given goals. It brings in the responsibility factor to ensure that states don’t restrict themselves to only conserving the marine biodiversity within their region. It aims to push towards one ocean for all. (“One Ocean Summit: UNESCO pledges to have at least 80% of the seabed mapped by 2030,” UNESCO, 10 February 2022; “One Ocean Summit: new steps strengthen EU leadership in protecting the Ocean,” European Commission, 11 February 2022; “World leaders at France summit mull ways to protect oceans,” Associated Press, 11 February 2022)
 

 

S&T Nuggets
By Akriti Sharma and Harini Madhusudan
 
CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT
The US: Sea levels to increase by two feet end of the century
On 15 February, according to a report by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), coastal sea levels in the US will increase by afoot by the end of 2050 and two feet by the end of the century. The report titled, “2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report- Updated projections available through 2150 for all U.S. coastal waters'' is an update of a study done in 2017. The report states that the coastal flooding will moderately increase (almost ten times more than the current rate) and further extend inland. Additionally, if the emission reduction targets are not met by the end of the century the sea-level rise can be 3-5 feet. The report suggested an increase in the monitoring of the sea level, which would help track the changes in the sea by using methods such as satellite monitoring to help build better policymaking to address the increase in the sea level. (“2022 Sea Level Rise Technical Report Updated projections available through 2150 for all U.S. coastal waters,” NOAA, February 2022; Henry Fountain, “Coastal Sea Levels in the U.S. to Rise a Foot by 2050, Study Confirms,” The New York Times, 15 February 2022)
 
Environment: Endurance22 reaches the target area in Antarctica
On 13 February, the BBC reported that the historical ship that wrecked in the world's coldest region had been traced. In 1915, a ship of the Antarctic explorer Sir Ernest Shackleton, Endurance sank into the Weddell Sea in the Antarctic. The ship had 28 explorers who survived and were stranded on the frozen sea.The wreck is protected as a Historic Site and Monument under the Antarctic Treaty. The ship is around 3000 metres under the frozen sea. The Endurance expedition aimed at being the first to cross Antarctica from the Weddell Sea via the South Pole to the Ross Sea. The Endurance22 Expedition is the first to deploy underwater vehicles to search for the wreck of a lost ship. These hybrid vehicles combine the attributes of a Remote Operating Vehicle (ROV) and an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV). The Endurance22 expedition started on 5 February 2022 has finally located the ship. (Jonathon Amos, “Shackleton's Endurance: Modern star maps hint at famous wreck's location,” BBC, 13 February 2022)
 
Environment: UNEP report on major environmental threats
On 17 February, the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) launched the 2022 edition of the “Frontiers report: Noises, Blazes and Mismatches: Emerging Issues of Environmental Concern”. The report has stated the major environmental threats, including climate change, wildfires and noise pollution. It has addressed noise pollution by stating its long-term physical and mental health impacts. It suggests measures that can be implemented to create a positive and restorative environment in urban areas. It discusses wildfires and their link to climate change and its impact on human health. It also suggests measures to address wildfires. It also looks at how climate change disrupts human and animal life cycles and the need to restore ecosystems. (“Frontiers 2022: Noise, Blazes and Mismatches,” UNEP, 17 February 2022)
 
HEALTH
The Netherlands: New HIV variant found
On 20 February, a new variant, VB, of HIV was found in the Netherlands, which is more virulent and damaging to human health. Patients With the VB variant had a viral load between 3.5 and 5.5 times higher, a decline in the rate of CD4 cell, and increased transmissibility. The study was published in The Lancet titled “A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands”. According to SciTechDaily, the first author of the paper, Dr Chris Wymant, from the University of Oxford, said: “Before this study, the genetics of the HIV were known to be relevant for virulence, implying that the evolution of a new variant could change its impact on health. Discovery of the VB variant demonstrated this, providing a rare example of the risk posed by viral virulence evolution.”(“Highly Virulent and Destructive New HIV Variant Discovered in the Netherlands,” SciTechDaily, 20 February 2022; “A highly virulent variant of HIV-1 circulating in the Netherlands,” Science, 3 February 2022)
 
Health: Gene therapy received for Tay-Sachs disease
On 20 February, Nature published a study titled “First Gene Therapy for Tay-Sachs Disease Successfully Given to Two Children”. Tay-Sachs is a severe neurological disease caused by a deficiency in an enzyme, HexA, which breaks down a fatlike substance that usually exists in tiny amounts in the brain. However, without HexA, this fat-like substance can accumulate to damage and kill neurons. It was discovered in 1883 by a British ophthalmologist. There is still no treatment for the disease. The treatment was given to two children using two harmless viral vectors to deliver DNA instructions to brain cells that teach them how to produce the missing enzyme. These DNA instructions enter the nucleus of these cells and stay, allowing for the long-term production of HexA. (Miguel Sena-Esteves, “First Gene Therapy for Tay-Sachs Disease Successfully Given to Two Children,” The Conversation US, 15 February 2022)
 
SPACE
China: Shanghai local government and China’s Xingwang sign a deal to foster a commercial space hub
On 17 February, the local government of Shanghai and the Chinese company for the broadband mega constellation agreed intending to foster a space hub that supports satellite mass production and reusable rockets. The China Satellite Network Group or Xingwang was established in 2021 as a national project to develop a low-earth mega constellation consisting of 13,000 satellites. Chinese entities CASC, CASIC, and CETC have LEO broadband constellations which would be superseded by the mega constellation. Many Chinese commercial rocket companies would seek them as opportunities for contracts. (Andrew Jones, “Shanghai signs agreement with China’s mega constellation group, aims to foster commercial space hub,” SpaceNews, 17 February 2022)
 
Europe: EU lays a plan for a satellite-based system to boost their space traffic management system
On 15 February, the European Commission released a “joint communication,” outlining the EU approach to Space Traffic Management (STM). This is done to develop international regulations for safe and responsible operations and increase EU capabilities to track objects. Thus, the EU wants to work with the US and the UN. A part of the proposal in the joint communication involves improving the capabilities of the EU Space Surveillance and Tracking (SST) Program to ensure they reduce the reliance on US data and create their capacity. The second part of the proposal seeks to develop multinational agreements on STM. (Jeff Foust, “European Union lays out a plan to bolster space traffic management capabilities,” SpaceNews, 20 February 2022)
 
Space: Conjunction Squalls of debris from the Russian ASAT test overwhelms SSA systems
On 18 February, it was reported that the debris from the ASAT weapon demonstration in November are creating surges of close satellite approaches, with up to tens of thousands in a week, among the active satellites in the low earth orbits. conjunction squalls were first noticed in January 2022 and are expected to reach 40,000 conjunctions per day predicted purely from one event. Such disturbances will overwhelm the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) systems. (Jeff Foust, “Russian ASAT debris creating “squalls” of close approaches with satellites,” SpaceNews, 18 February 2022)
 
TECHNOLOGY
Europe: The Global mRNA technology transfer hub and the EU-AU Summit
On 18 February, at the EU-AU summit in Brussels, the WHO Director-General announced that Egypt, Kenya, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa and Tunisia would be the first six countries in Africa to produce mRNA vaccines on the African continent. This initiative is a part of the Global mRNA technology transfer hub established in 2021 to support manufacturers in low- and middle-income countries to produce their vaccines, medicines and diagnostics to address health emergencies and reach universal health coverage according to international standards. The primary efforts are centred on mRNA technologies and biologicals, which are essential for vaccine manufacturing. They can be extended for other products, such as insulin to treat diabetes, cancer medicines and vaccines for other priority diseases like malaria, tuberculosis and HIV. (WHO, “WHO announces first technology recipients of mRNA vaccine hub with strong support from African and European partners,” 18 February 2022)
 
Australia: Bionic eye tech aims to help blind people see
 On 14 February, the results of a medical trial of bionic, artificial eyes were surgically implanted on sheep. The study was aimed at ultimately helping people with various kinds of blindness. A device named Phoenix 99 was prepared by a team of researchers from the University of Sydney and the University of New South Wales. The device is wirelessly linked to a camera attached to a pair of glasses and works by stimulating the user’s retina. The device was tested on animals to see if it caused any adverse physical reactions, and following its success, it is now said to be in a test phase with human patients. (Bernd Debusmann Jr, “Bionic eye tech aims to help blind people see,” BBC, 14 February 2022)
 
About the authors
Harini Madhusudan, Rashmi Ramesh and Akriti Sharma are PhD Scholars at the School of Conflict and Security Studies, NIAS. Padmashree Anandhan is a research assistant at NIAS.


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Aishal Hab Yousuf 

Sri Lanka and Press Freedom:
Five Takeaways on Political influence, Legal mechanisms to control, Ethnic sensitivities and History of State intimidation
Global Politics Review: WPF Report 2026
June 2026 | CWA # 2142

Glynnis Winona B

Bhutan and Press Freedom:
Four takeaways on Regulatory control, Economic fragility, and Social constraints
Global Politics Review: WPF Report 2026
June 2026 | CWA # 2141

Aishal Hab Yousuf

Maldives and Press Freedom:
Four takeaways on the influence of democracy, legislation, and state funding
Global Politics Review: WPF Report 2026
June 2026 | CWA # 2140

Nithin V

Pakistan and Press Freedom:
Four takeaways Military influence, cyber laws, political instability, and youth-driven digital journalism
Global Politics Review: WPF Report 2026
June 2026 | CWA # 2139

Siddhi Halyur

Afghanistan and Press Freedom:
Four takeaways on political control, religious restrictions and economic vulnerabilities 
Global Politics Review: WPF Report 2026
June 2026 | CWA # 2138

Siddhi Halyur

Nepal and Press Freedom:
Three takeaways on Political constraints, Missing legal protection and Funding issues
TWTW Explainer
June 2026 | CWA # 2136

Acsah H

The Blue Origin Rocket Explosion:
Does this leave Jeff Bezos grounded, Elon Musk unchallenged, and NASA’s lunar timeline in jeopardy?
CW Note
June 2026 | CWA # 2131

Rohini Reenum

Israel-Lebanon Tensions:
New Deal amidst Israeli incursion and Hezbollah’s retaliation
CW Explainer
June 2026 | CWA # 2130

Akshath Kaimal

The UK-Rwanda Asylum Deal: 
Why did the Permanent Court of Arbitration reject Rwanda’s claims? What was Rwanda’s complaint? Why did the UK cancel the deal?
CW Column
June 2026 | CWA # 2129

Anu Maria Joseph

Conflicts in Africa This Week:
The Ebola fear in DR Congo and the Elections in Ethiopia amidst conflicts
TWTW Note
May 2026 | CWA # 2126

Aparna A Nair

The Shenzhou-23 Mission:
China's Space Missions, Technology, and Infrastructure
CW Note
May 2026 | CWA # 2124

Glynnis Winona B

The Crisis in Cuba:
The US Sanctions, Energy Crisis, and Economic Instability
CW Note
May 2026 | CWA # 2123

Akshath Kaimal

The Ebola and the DR Congo:
Multiple Outbreaks, Fragile Healthcare System, and Ineffective Global Responses
CW Column
May 2026 | CWA # 2122

Radhika M Agarwal

The War in Ukraine:
Ballistic missiles, Nuclear drills with Belarus, and the Czech ammunition initiative
CW Column
May 2026 | CWA # 2120

Brighty Ann Sarah

Conflicts in the Middle East
The US-Iran War Week Thirteen: Escalating Hostilities, Tenuous Ceasefire and Tense Negotiations
CW Column
May 2026 | CWA # 2119

Anu Maria Joseph

Conflicts in Africa
The Ebola spread in DR Congo, The Faye-Sonko split in Senegal, and the Deepening US military involvement in Nigeria
TWTW Note
May 2026 | CWA # 2115

Aparna A Nair

The Putin-Xi Summit
Trade, Technology, Security, and Pipeline
Global Politics Explainer
May 2026 | CWA # 2114

Glynnis Winona B

What makes the UAE a global player?
Explaining the Governance, Economy, People, and Strategic Influence of a Small Middle Eastern State
Global Politics Explainer
May 2026 | CWA # 2113

Aishal Hab Yousuf

Sri Lanka and the US-Iran War:
Rising oil imports, Austerity measures and State capacity
The World This Week
May 2026 | CWA # 2111

NIAS Global Politics Team

The Trump-Xi Summit
The Africa Forward Summit 2026 I North Korea's Constitutional Amendment 2026
TWTW Note
May 2026 | CWA # 2110

Aishal Hab Yousuf

The Trump-Xi Summit:
Managing Strategic Competition through Trade, Technology, and Diplomacy
Conflict Weekly
May 2026 | CWA # 2092

NIAS Global Politics Team

The US-Iran War, Week Ten
CW Column on Middle East: Escalating Israeli Aggression in Lebanon I UAE's Covert Manoeuvres
CW Note
May 2026 | CWA # 2090

Brighty Ann Sarah

The US-Iran War, Week Ten:
Fraying Ceasefire, Renewed Negotiations and the Risk of a Stalemate
The World This Week
May 2026 | CWA # 2089

Global Politics Team

King Charles's US Visit
TWTW Takeaways
May 2026 | CWA # 2088

Nithin V

Emphasis on strong bilateral relations, democratic values and security cooperation
TWTW Note
May 2026 | CWA # 2087

Siddhi Halyur

Exploring Strategic Sectors of Cooperation
TWTW Note
May 2026 | CWA # 2086

Aishal Hab Yousuf

Implications for the Middle East and the Energy Market
TWTW Note
May 2026 | CWA # 2085

Glynnis Winona B

Growing US-Europe differences and Challenges for Berlin
CW Note
May 2026 | CWA # 2083

Brighty Ann Sarah

The US-Iran War, Week Nine:
Deadlocked Negotiations, Competing Agendas and Domestic Pressure
CW Note
May 2026 | CWA # 2082

Akshath Kaimal

Escalating Violence in Mali:
Between Ethnic Insurgencies, Jihadist Attacks, and Military Coups
The World This Week
April 2026 | CWA # 2080

Global Politics Team

Four Takeaways of the WFP's report on the fallouts of the Middle East crisis
TWTW Note
April 2026 | CWA # 2079

Aishal Hab Yousuf

From Post-War Pacifism to Strategic Recalibration and Autonomy
CW Note
April 2026 | CWA # 2074

Brighty Ann Sarah

Israel-Lebanon Ceasefire:
Asymmetric Terms, Fragile Truce and Israeli Occupation
CW Note
April 2026 | CWA # 2073

Akshath Kaimal

The US-Iran War, Week Eight:
A Fragile Ceasefire, Attempts to Control Hormuz and the Stalled Talks in Islamabad
Special Commentary
April 2026 | CWA # 2072

Anu Maria Joseph

Three Years of War in Sudan
Prolonged Stalemate, Humanitarian Cost, External Interventions and Regional Fallouts
Conflict Weekly Special Edition
April 2026 | CWA # 2070

NIAS Global Politics Team

The US-Iran War I Conflicts in Africa I The War in Ukraine I China-Japan Tensions I Pakistan-Afghanistan Clashes
April 2026 | CWA # 2069

Padmashree Anandhan

The War in Ukraine
Expanding Drone Warfare, Russia's Strategic Patience and Ukraine's Diplomatic Outreach
April 2026 | CWA # 2068

Femy Francis 

China-Japan Tensions
Escalating Defence Posturing and Economic Decoupling
April 2026 | CWA # 2067

Anu Maria Joseph

Conflicts in Africa
Continuing Conflicts in Sudan, South Sudan and DR Congo, Security issues in Nigeria, and Political Instability in Madagascar
April 2026 | CWA # 2065

Lakshmi Venugopal Menon

The US-Iran War, Israel-Hamas Conflict and their interconnected fallouts
April 2026 | CWA # 2064

Anwesha Ghosh

Gender Repression, Leadership Rifts, Regional Realignments and Clashes with Pakistan
April 2026 | CWA # 2063

Ramya B

Russia (Jan-Mar 2026)
Assertive Military Posture, Attempts for an Economic Turnaround and Search for Partners
April 2026 | CWA # 2062

Himani Pant

Europe (Jan-Mar 2026)
Trade diversification & FTAs, Increased defence spending, Tightening irregular migration and Economic slowdown
April 2026 | CWA # 2061

S Shaji

Africa (Jan-Mar 2026)
Elections, Civil Wars, Militancy and Peace Initiatives
The World This Quarter
April 2026 | CWA # 2059

Adarsh Vijay

April 2026 | CWA # 2058

Nishchal N Pandey  & Mahesh Raj Bhatta

Nepal (Jan-Mar 2026)
Political Upheaval, Generational Change and Economic Uncertainty
The World This Quarter
April 2026 | CWA # 2057

Bibhu Prasad Routray

Myanmar (Jan-Mar 2026)
An Illegitimate Regime's Consolidation Game
The World This Quarter
April 2026 | CWA # 2056

Ashik J Bonofer

Southeast Asia (Jan-Mar 2026)
Deteriorating situation in Myanmar, Philippines as the ASEAN Chair, New government in Thailand, and Economic & Environmental challenges
The World This Quarter
April 2026 | CWA # 2054

Amrita Jash

Regional assertion, Pragmatic recalibration with the West and Avoiding military entanglement in the Middle East
The World This Quarter
April 2026 | CWA # 2053

Anand V

The "Two Sessions," Recalibrated growth targets, Technology prioritization, and Military purges
The World This Quarter
April 2026 | CWA # 2052

Shreya Upadhyay

Conflict Weekly
April 2026 | CWA # 2050

IPRI Team

March 2026 | CWA # 2042

Preetha Renganarayanan

Five Takeaways of the US Annual Threat Assessment (ATA) Report for 2026
March 2026 | CWA # 2039

Femy Francis

Trump-Xi Meeting
Why did Trump reschedule it? What does that mean?
March 2026 | CWA # 2035

Akshath Kaimal

Pakistan-Afghanistan Conflict
Broken ceasefire, Expanding military strikes and Worsening humanitarian situation
Global Politics Early Bird
March 2026 | CWA # 2033

Mahesh Bhatta

Nepal after elections:
Five major challenges for the new government
March 2026 | CWA # 2023

Femy Francis

New Five-Year Plan, Ethnic Unity Law, and an Enhanced Defence Budget
March 2026 | CWA # 2019

Akshath Kaimal

Rising Violence in Nigeria
Limited State Capacity, Multiple Actors, and a Complex Security Environment
The World This Week
March 2026 | CWA # 2017

Global Politics Team

March 2026 | CWA # 2011

Tanvi Thara Harendra Jha

Resetting Economic, Strategic and Cultural Ties
March 2026 | CWA # 2009

Sreemaya Nair

Nepal Elections 2026
Rise of a new leadership and Reset in political landscape
March 2026 | CWA # 2004

Akshath Kaimal

Instability returns, with a fragile peace agreement, uptick in violence and limited international engagement
March 2026 | CWA # 2003

Yesasvi Koganti

From bilateral ties to a special strategic partnership
March 2026 | CWA # 2002

Femy Francis

Reducing trade deficit and recalibrating economic cooperation with Beijing
March 2026 | CWA # 2001

Preetha Renganarayanan

Six major takeaways on the economy, border and internal security and Iran
February 2026 | CWA # 1998

Anu Maria Joseph

Instability in Sudan
Response to the genocide call and the threats of a regional spillover
March 2026 | CWA # 1991

Global Politics Team

PR Commentary
February 2026 | CWA # 1986

Preetha Renganarayanan

Focus on Trade, Defense, Energy and Regional Connectivity
PR Commentary
February 2026 | CWA # 1985

Abhimanyu Solanki

Basant in Pakistan
The return of Basant, and what it signifies
February 2026 | CWA # 1977

Anu Maria Joseph

Violence in Nigeria
US military deployment amidst worsening insurgency
February 2026 | CWA # 1976

Lekshmi MK

The War in Ukraine
The Geneva Talks and Growing Negotiation Asymmetry
Pakistan in 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1971

Vani Vyshnavi Jupudi

Pakistan Budget 2025-26
Legislating stabilisation under IMF discipline and coalition constraints
Pakistan in 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1970

Aparna A Nair

Pakistan & China
Ten Years of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
PR Explainer
November 2025 | CWA # 1968

Vani Vyshnavi Jupudi

Pakistan and the US
A New opening, or another cycle?
PR Explainer
November 2025 | CWA # 1967

R Preetha

Risks, Reforms and Trajectories
November 2025 | CWA # 1966

Lekshmi MK

Five Questions on Challenges, Capacity and Policies
The World This Week
February 2026 | CWA # 1962

Global Politics Team

Regional Roundups: From East Asia to the Americas
Early Bird
February 2026 | CWA # 1961

Lekshmi MK

What does it mean for domestic politics and regional stability?
The World This Week
February 2026 | CWA # 1955

Global Politics Team

Regional Roundups: From East Asia to the Americas
TWTW Note
January 2026 | CWA # 1947

Brighty Ann Sarah

TWTW Note
January 2026 | CWA # 1946

Preetha Renganarayanan

The Davos Summit 2026
Five Major Takeaways from The World Economic Forum
The World This Week
January 2026 | CWA # 1945

Global Politics Team

Conflict Weekly Note
January 2026 | CWA # 1943

Anu Maria Joseph

CW Note
January 2026 | CWA # 1942

Lekshmi MK

CW Note
January 2026 | CWA # 1941

Brighty Ann Sarah

Conflict Weekly
January 2026 | CWA # 1940

IPRI Team

TWTW Note
January 2026 | CWA # 1939

Lekshmi MK

CW Note
January 2026 | CWA # 1937

Anu Maria Joseph

State of Global Politics 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1931

Padmashree Anandhan

NATO Summit 2025
State of Global Politics 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1930

Aparna A Nair

State of Global Politics 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1924

Padmashree Anandhan

NATO Summit 2025
State of Global Politics 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1914

Preetha Renganarayanan

State of Global Politics 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1913

Rohini Reenum

State of Global Politics 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1912

Lekshmi MK

State of Global Politics 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1911

Swati Sood

State of Global Politics 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1905

Femy Francis

State of Peace and Conflict 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1902

Brighty Ann Sarah

State of Peace and Conflict 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1893

Lekshmi MK

State of Peace and Conflict 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1889

Femy Francis

State of Peace and Conflict 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1881

Sunidhi Sampige

China Reader
December 2025 | CWA # 1864

Femy Francis

Ten Takeaways of a SCMP Interview with a former PLA Colonel
TWTW Note
December 2025 | CWA # 1861

Femy Francis

China Reader
CW Column: The Conflicts in The Middle East
November 2025 | CWA # 1859

Brighty Ann Sarah

CW Column: The War in Ukraine
November 2025 | CWA # 1858

Padmashree Anandhan

This Week in History
August 2025 | CWA # 1801

R Preetha

28 August 1963
Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech and the Civil Rights Movement in the US
The World This Week
August 2025 | CWA # 1790

GP Team

The World This Week#323-324
The Trump-Putin meeting & the US-China tariff extension
TWTW note
August 2025 | CWA # 1780

Abhiruchi Chowdhury

Trump tariffs:
Weaponization of access to the US economy
The World This Week
August 2025 | CWA # 1779

GP Team

The World This Week#322
US tariffs on India, Brazil and Canada & the EU-US trade deal
This Week in History
August 2025 | CWA # 1778

Lekshmi MK

28 July 1914
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, starting the First World War
Global Politics Explainer
July 2025 | CWA # 1770

Abhiruchi Chowdhury

Pakistan-Afghanistan relations:
Why the focus on terrorism, refugees, and Uzbekistan as the third partner?
The World This Week
July 2025 | CWA # 1769

GP Team

The World This Week#321
Indian PM Modi's visit to the Maldives I Elections to the Upper House in Japan
Global Politics Explainer
July 2025 | CWA # 1762

Lekshmi MK

Ocean Darkening: 
What is the phenomenon? What are its effects? And who are more vulnerable?
Global Politics Explainer
July 2025 | CWA # 1749

R Preetha

Africa as the Hunger Epicenter
Of the 13 Global Hunger Hotspots, 8 are in Africa: Five reasons why
The World This Week
July 2025 | CWA # 1748

GP Team

The World This Week #318
PM Modi’s Visit to Trinidad and Tobago & Ghana, One big beautiful bill, and Quad Foreign Ministers Meeting
Global Politics Explainer
July 2025 | CWA # 1744

Chittrothu Vaihali

EU-Canada Summit 2025
What is security and defence partnership all about?
Conflict Weekly
July 2025 | CWA # 1742

IPRI Team

Conflict Weekly # 287-88
The 12 Day War and the Congo-Rwanda Peace Deal
Global Politics Explainer
July 2025 | CWA # 1738

Fleur Elizabeth Philip

Thailand and Cambodia
What was the phone call between PM Shinawatra and President of Senate Hun Sen? What is the border dispute between the two? Why has this become an issue?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1735

Padmashree Anandhan

NATO Summit 2025:
Trump making Europe great again
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1734

GP Team

The World This Week #317
NATO Summit 2025 and Russia-Mali bilateral agreements
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1733

Ananya Dinesh

China and the Pacific Islands 
What was the recent China-PIC joint statement about? What it says, and what it means?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1728

M Kejia

G7 Summit 2025:
The Focus on the Middle East and Trade negotiations
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1726

GP Team

The World This Week #316
China-Central Asia Summit in Kazakhstan, and the G7 Summit in Canada
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1725

Brighty Ann Sarah, R Preetha, Santhiya M, Aparna A Nair & M Kejia

Operation Midnight Hammer: US bombs three nuclear sites in Iran
What were the three Iranian nuclear sites that were targeted? What are the B2 Bombers and Bunker Buster Bombs? What do these attacks mean? What Next?
Conflict Weekly
June 2025 | CWA # 1724

IPRI Team

Conflict Weekly #286
The Spiralling Israel-Iran Crisis, and the Dangerous Hunger Hotspots
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1721

Rizwana Banu S and Santhiya M

Who are the Afrikaners?
Why is Trump interested in the Afrikaner question in South Africa?
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1720

Lekshmi MK

New WMO Report on Arctic Warming
What are the social, economic and environmental implications of Arctic warming
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1719

J Yamini  

China’s EV Surge
What contributes to the rise of BYD
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1717

J Yamini

Gender Violence in Pakistan:
What are the larger issues in the Noor Mukadam case?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1715

Femy Francis

The US-China:
On Tariffs, Rare Earths and Visas
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1713

GP Team

The World This Week #315
The UN Ocean Conference in France and the US-China Meeting in London
CW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1712

R Preetha

The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1705

GP Team

The World This Week #314
Elections in South Korea and Poland I China and the Pacific Island Countries I Bangladesh Election Announcement 2026
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1703

M Kejia 

Sagarmatha Sambaad in Nepal
Kathmandu’s Global Agenda for the Himalayas
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1700

R Preetha

Ethiopia bans the TPLF
What does the TPLF ban mean for the Pretoria agreement? What next for Ethiopia?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1694

Aashish Ganeshan

The US:
Harvard vs Trump Administration
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1691

GP Team

The World This Week #313
China-ASEAN-GCC Summit I President Macron's visit to South East Asia I Trump Vs Harvard
The World This Week
May 2025 | CWA # 1690

GP Team

The World This Week #312
Elections in Romania, Portugal & Poland I UK-EU Summit
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1689

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine
Continuing Russia’s Aerial Attacks, despite exchange of prisoners
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1688

Ayan Datta

Gaza
The Humanitarian Crisis and Israel’s Renewed Offensive
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1685

Aparna A Nair

UK-EU Summit:
First step towards a reset
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1683

Aashish Ganeshan

Elections in Portugal:
The Rise of Chega Party and the Search for Political Stability
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1679

Aashish Ganeshan

US in the Middle Easr
Trump’s visit to Saudi Arabia, Qatar and UAE
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1678

Gauri Gupta

China in Latin America
China-CELAC forum: Strengthening ties with Latin America and Caribbean
The World This Week
May 2025 | CWA # 1677

GP Team

The World This Week #310-311
China in Latin America and the Carribbean I Trump's Middle East Visit I Denmark as the new Arctic Chair
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1675

Lekshmi MK

Turkey:
PKK disbands after 40 years of armed insurgency
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1673

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine:
The Discussion in Turkiye and the Elusive Ceasefire
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1671

Abhiruchi Chowdhury

US, Ukraine and Russia:
Air attacks amidst a Minerals deal and Ceasefire Proposals
Global Politics Early Bird
May 2025 | CWA # 1670

Fleur Elizabeth Philip

Singapore Elections in 2025:
People’s Action Party (PAP) Wins, Again
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1667

R Preetha and Brighty Ann Sarah

East Asia:
Tough Tariff Negotiations with the US
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1666

Padmashree Anandhan

The US-Ukraine
The mineral deal with the US
Conflict Weekly
May 2025 | CWA # 1665
Conflict Weekly # 280-81
India-Pakistan De-escalation I Ukraine Discussion in Istanbul I The Battle over Port Sudan I Disbanding of PKK in Turkiye I France-Algeria Diplomatic Tensions
Global Politics Early Bird
May 2025 | CWA # 1663

R Preetha

Canada Elections 2025:
What do the results convey? What next for Mark Carney?
Conflict Weekly 250th Issue
October 2024 | CWA # 1480

IPRI Team

This Week in History
July 2024 | CWA # 1413

Ramya B

Global Politics Early Bird
May 2024 | CWA # 1336

Femy Francis

This Week in History
April 2024 | CWA # 1275

Ramya B

NIAS Global Politics Database
March 2024 | CWA # 1251

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
This Week in History
March 2024 | CWA # 1246

Sivasubramanian K

NIAS Global Politics Database
February 2024 | CWA # 1226

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
The World This Week
November 2023 | CWA # 1148

GP Team

The War in Ukraine
October 2023 | CWA # 1091

Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri

Issues for Europe
NIAS Pakistan Weekly
October 2023 | CWA # 1087

PR Team

The World This Week
October 2023 | CWA # 1083

GP Team

Conflict Weekly
August 2023 | CWA # 1049

IPRI Team

IPRI Quarterly Forecasts I Triggers, Trends, and Trajectories
July 2023 | CWA # 1012

Bibhu Prasad Routray

Myanmar continues to burn
The World This Week
July 2023 | CWA # 1009

GP Team

2022: The World This Year
December 2022 | CWA # 879

Padmashree Anandhan

The Ukraine War
2022: The World This Year
December 2022 | CWA # 872

Sapna Elsa Abraham

Europe: Heatwaves, Wildfires, Droughts, and Ice Melt in Alps
November 2022 | CWA # 838

Rishma Banerjee

Tracing Europe's droughts
NIAS Africa Weekly
March 2022 | CWA # 705

NIAS Africa Team

In Focus: Libya
The World This Week: 150th Issue
December 2021 | CWA # 630

GP Team

Europe in 2021
Pakistan Reader
October 2021 | CWA # 588

Abigail Miriam Fernandez

TLP is back again
NIAS Fortnightly on Science, Technology & International Relations
August 2021 | CWA # 528

STIR Team

Space Tourism
GLOBAL PROTEST MOVEMENTS
September 2020 | CWA # 337

Anju Annie Mammen

The FATF Meeting, February 2020
February 2020 | CWA # 235

Lakshmi V Menon

Science, Technology and International Relations
September 2019 | CWA # 162

Lakshman Chakravarthy N

5G: A Primer
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 71

Mahesh Bhatta

Nepal
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 70

Nasima Khatoon

The Maldives
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 69

Harini Madhusudan

India
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 68

Sourina Bej

Bangladesh
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 67

Seetha Lakshmi Dinesh Iyer

Afghanistan
United States
July 2018 | CWA # 47

Rahul Arockiaraj

East Asia
June 2018 | CWA # 26

Siddhatti Mehta