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STIR Team
19 April 2022 |
NIAS Fortnightly on Science, Technology and International Relations (STIR)
Vol 1, No. 20, 19 April 2022
Cover Story
Ukraine: The Recurring Russian Cyberattacks
Jeshil Samuel J
The cyberattacks on Ukraine are not a new phenomenon; however, the large scale Ukrainian and global retaliation are. The Russian cyberattacks on Ukraine before the invasion have brought its hybrid warfare strategy to the limelight. The problem of attribution and governance in cyberspace has yet again surfaced, and the international community does not seem to have an answer.
On 24 February, the Russian invasion of Ukraine began. However, experts had predicted a series of cyberattacks from Moscow even before the physical invasion started. In early January, Russian state-sponsored cyber groups relentlessly targeted Ukrainian cyberspace. The attacks have ranged from simple webpage defacements to large scale DDOS (Distributed Denial of Service) and ransomware attacks.
I
Russia- Ukraine Cyberattacks: A profile
On 11 January, multiple government agencies in the US (Federal Bureau of Investigation, National Security Agency, Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency) issued an advisory on Russian state-sponsored cyber operations in Ukraine. The advisory consisted of mitigation and detection strategies to protect the victims of state-sponsored cyberattacks.
On 14 January, multiple Ukrainian websites (private and government-run) were defaced and brought down by suspected Russian hackers. Close to seventy official websites were hit during the attack. The website of the Ukrainian Cabinet, Ministry of External Affairs and Education Ministry was forced to shut down for a brief period. A few Ukrainian websites were hijacked, and hackers displayed messages warning the Ukrainian government and the public to be prepared for the worst. In the aftermath of the large-scale attack, the European Union offered technical assistance to the Ukrainian government to restore their systems online.
On 15 January, Microsoft's Threat Intelligence Centre (MSTIC) released a technical post that analyzed a new malware known as WhisperGate. WhisperGate was a sophisticated wiper malware (malware that deletes data on the victim's system) that prominently targetted Ukrainian entities. The malware was found in Ukrainian systems on 13 January. The malware also disguised itself as ransomware to avoid drawing attention.
On 16 and 18 January, the Ukrainian government blamed the Russian government for conducting large-scale cyberattacks. The Ukrainian government also released a statement saying that multiple government agencies had lost data due to a malware attack on their systems.
The Ministry of Digital Transformation mentioned that the cyberattacks were part of Russia's hybrid warfare strategy.
On 15 February, Ukraine's Defence Ministry and two major banks were hit by DDOS attacks. On the same day, a declassified intelligence report revealed that Russian state-sponsored hackers had infiltrated the networks of the Ukrainian military and energy sector.
On 23 February, researchers from cybersecurity firms ESET and Symantec found a second wiper malware in Ukrainian systems. The new malware was dubbed HermeticWiper. Hackers used the malware to target Ukrainian financial institutions and government contractors primarily. The hackers deployed the malware and massive DDOS attacks to make it difficult for cybersecurity experts to prevent. Moreover, according to researchers, the malware was created well in advance and had similarities to the earlier found WhisperGate malware.
On 24 February, before the Russian troops entered Ukraine, the world's largest commercial satellite company Viasat suffered a massive cyberattack. The multifaceted cyberattack temporarily disabled broadband services for thousands of Ukrainians. On the same day, the Russian National Computer Incident Response and Coordination Center warned businesses and the public about cyberattacks targetting Russian cyberspace. The Kremlin's website and other key Russian government websites were shut down by hackers using DDOS attacks.
II
Targeting Ukraine's Cyberspace
The recent cyberattacks on Ukraine are not the first time Russia has weaponized cyberspace. Russian state-sponsored cyberattacks have been carried out by Russian Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) groups since 2004. APT is a highly sophisticated threat actor who uses cyberspace for acts of espionage, coercion, theft, dissent and terrorism. APTs are usually state-sponsored due to the scale of their operations and their high-value targets. Despite Russia constantly denying any connection, cybersecurity firms have associated APTs such as Nobelium, Turla, Strontium, and Sandworm with the Russian military intelligence wing, General Staff of the Armed Forces (GRU) and the Federal Security Services (FSB).
Russian cyberattacks on Ukraine date back to 2014 with the Russian annexation of Crimea. Soon after the annexation, Russia began supporting rebel groups in eastern Ukraine and along with this support came a spew of cyberattacks defacing Ukrainian websites and spreading Russian propaganda. In the same year, Russian state-sponsored hackers attacked the Election Commission of Ukraine to rig the presidential elections. Though the initial attack was successful, Ukrainian officials later discovered the hack and prevented the wrong candidate from winning the election.
In 2015, Russian state-sponsored hackers went on to target Ukrainian critical infrastructures. In December 2015, for example, a Russian APT known as SandWorm began targeting the Ukrainian power grid using its BlackEnergy malware. The malware allowed hackers to control parts of the power grid remotely. Through the attack, SandWorm shut down the entire power grid of Kyiv for six hours, thereby affecting nearly 2.3 lakh Ukrainian citizens. In 2016, a similar attack was carried out by Russian hackers where almost 20 per cent of Kyiv's power grid was turned off for more than six hours. In both these instances, the attack on power grids directly led to the loss of lives due to the subfreezing temperatures in Kyiv.
In 2017, another Russian APT known as FancyBear caused havoc to Ukrainian systems using the infamous NotPetya ransomware. Ransomware is malicious software that encrypts data on a victim's system until a ransom amount is paid. The NotPetya ransomware was primarily used to target Ukrainian government offices, newspapers, media houses, health services and banks. However, the ransomware ended up targeting systems outside Ukraine, causing massive losses to businesses worldwide. The total estimated cost of the damage caused by the NotPetya ransomware is estimated to be around USD 10 billion.
III
Cyberwarfare as a security tool
Russian hackers regularly target other countries for monetary gains and steal confidential data. The ransomware business, for example, is a lucrative industry within Russia. However, in Ukraine, Russian interests are different. Cyberattacks on Ukrainian cyberspace prove that Russian hackers are not in it for monetary benefits. Russian hackers have targeted Ukrainian interests for the following reasons.
First, to promote the Russian government's interests. The Russian government has turned a blind eye toward cybercriminals and ransomware gangs operating from Russia for their allegiance to the government. Hackers and cybercrime groups operating from Russia follow certain principles, such as not targeting Russian businesses or citizens and helping the Russian government target individuals or state actors whenever needed. Cyberattacks on specific critical infrastructures such as power grids and water treatment facilities could be very costly for the Ukrainian government to fix. Using cyberattacks and ransomware attacks (in particular), the Russian government could also target the Ukrainian financial sector and create an alternate revenue stream to circumvent the heavy sanctions imposed by the West. Cyberspace has also been pivotal in acting as a propaganda machine for the Russian government during the conflict. From posting pro-Russian signs and messages on Ukrainian government websites to creating online forums for pro-Russian protestors and rebels, the Russian government has meticulously utilized cyberspace to promote its goals and agendas.
Second to conduct large-scale disinformation campaigns. Since the Cold War era, Russians have used disinformation campaigns to manipulate and distract the attention of their enemies. These disinformation campaigns could be in the form of a state-owned news agency, malignant social media posts, fake news bulletins on television and radio shows, and conducting conferences to create false biases among the attendees. The PizzaGate scandal that broke out in the US during the 2016 Presidential elections is an excellent example of a Russian disinformation campaign using social media. The Russian secret service and military intelligence agencies have been closely associated with these disinformation campaigns making them harder to prevent and more potent on unaware citizens. According to the US Department of State, in the case of the recent Ukrainian conflict, Russia has been trying to spread disinformation, including Ukraine and Ukrainian government officials are the aggressors in the war, the West is pushing Ukraine to fight, the deployment of combat troops is just repositioning Russian forces within its borders, the US plans for chemical weapon attacks on Donbas, and NATO has plotted against Russia since the end of the Cold War.
Third, as a military strategy. The Russians had followed the idea of hybrid warfare during their invasion of Crimea in 2014, and it can be seen in the present invasion of Ukraine as well. The main attribute of hybrid warfare is the use of non-state actors to sow chaos and confusion among enemies. In this case, Russia uses hackers and ransomware gangs as its proxies. As a part of their military strategy in Crimea, the Russians used a series of cyberattacks to throw the Ukrainians off-guard. Once the Ukrainians were busy dealing with the confusion caused by the cyberattacks, the Russian military began ground operations in Crimea. This strategy allows countries like Russia to target bigger opponents or countries with stronger international support since none of the attacks can be entirely attributed back to Russia. Attribution of cyberattacks, in particular, are notoriously difficult to prove, and even the United Nations has been unable to resolve the issue of attribution in cyberspace. In the case of Ukraine, it was also in Russia's best interest to escalate tensions using cyberattacks since cyberattacks do not necessarily lead to physical confrontations. Russia could continue targeting Ukrainian critical infrastructure without fearing any kind of intervention from NATO or the EU.
Retaliation for the cyberattacks on Ukraine
The Russian invasion of Ukraine has made Russia a prime target for hacktivists worldwide. Hacktivists use cyberattacks or data thefts to expose entities that they feel are against their norms and values. For example, the infamous hacktivist group Anonymous publicly announced a cyberwarfare campaign against Putin and his allies on 1 March. Since then, the group has defaced multiple Russian government websites and stolen data from Russia's space agency Roscosmos. In another instance, a hacktivist group known as the Cyber Partisans attacked the railway system of Belarus using cyberattacks, paralyzing the railway lines between Minsk, Orsha and Osipovichi. The hacktivist group claimed that they had conducted the attacks to slow down the movement of Russian troops to Ukraine through Belarus.
Right after the physical invasion of Ukraine, the Ukrainian government started enrolling veteran cybersecurity experts to be part of its cyber army. The role of the cyber army was to bombard Russian websites with fake requests (DDOS) and collect critical information about Russian entities. The cyber army has grown exponentially, with even less experienced script kiddies (budding hackers) being given tasks to carry out daily. The Ukrainian cyber army and hacktivists worldwide have targeted Russian businesses, banks, media houses, and websites through large-scale cyber attacks. The targeting of Russian financial institutions, in particular, could be catastrophic for Russia when coupled with the economic sanctions imposed on the country. However, experts also fear that the use of cyberattacks by Ukraine would only push Russia to increase its cyber operations, and the use of script kiddies in the cyber army could lead to attacks on unintended targets, thus escalating the issue further.
IV
Future of Cyberwars
First, an increase in cyberattacks. In the immediate future, we can see a drastic increase in the number of cyberattacks faced by both Russia and Ukraine. The cyber attacks from the Ukrainian side would be oriented towards shaming and threatening Russian entities. In contrast, the attacks from the Russian side would be more focused on Ukrainian critical infrastructure. The cyberattacks will continue to persist despite ceasefires and peace talks occurring in the physical world. Russia will continue its disinformation campaigns in Ukraine using cyberspace in the long run. Russia's recruitment of new rebels in the Donbas region could also be facilitated using cyberspace.
Second, the rapid increase of cybercriminals. During times of war, the economies of both parties involved get affected. The ease of doing business, for example, has taken a hit during conflicts. In the case of the Russia-Ukraine crisis, both countries will suffer economically even after the war ends. Russia would suffer mainly because of the crippling sanctions, and Ukraine would have to bear the brunt of all the material losses and damages caused by the Russians. Unemployment rates will increase, and people (specially trained in computer science) will resort to illegal means to earn a living. Cybercrime groups in Russia and Ukraine will see a surge since the ransomware industry is a booming field with high returns. Both governments will not bother to keep the cybercriminals in check if they do not meddle with their national interests.
Third, the intervention of allies and international organizations. Ukraine has already received assistance to recover from cyber attacks from the European Union. If the attacks continue to persist, countries in the region such as Estonia and Latvia would take an active role in helping Ukraine defend its cyberspace. Organizations such as the United Nations would request both parties to stop the cyber attacks and engage in a peaceful dialogue. In the case of Russia, China would be one of the major allies to get involved in attacking Ukrainian cyberspace. Even before Russia could launch cyberattacks on Ukraine, Chinese hackers had started targeting Ukrainian entities. Lastly, the UN may consider forming uniform international laws and norms to govern cyberspace. However, this is a distant dream since both the US, Russia, and China have differing opinions on how cyberattacks should be dealt with.
References
Cynthia Brumfield, "Russia-linked cyberattacks on Ukraine: A timeline," CSO, 1 April 2022.
Patrick Howell, "Russian hackers tried to bring down Ukraine's power grid to help the invasion," MIT Technology Review, 12 April 2022.
Andy Greenberg, "Russia's Sandworm hackers attempted a third blackout in Ukraine," Wired, 12 April 2022.
Tom Burt, "Disrupting cyberattacks targeting Ukraine," Microsoft, 7 April 2022.
Thomas Brewster, "Most severe cyberattack since Russian invasion crashes Ukraine internet provider," Forbes, 28 March 2022.
Sue Halpern, "The threat of Russian cyberattacks looms large," The New Yorker, 22 March 2022.
Elizabeth Gibney, "Where is Russia's cyberwar? Researchers decipher its strategy," Nature, 17 March 2022.
Gordon Corera, "Russia hacked Ukrainian satellite communications, officials believe," BBC, 25 March 2022.
Natasha Ishak, "Is Russia holding back from cyberwar?," Vox, 19 March 2022.
"Russian government sites facing unprecedented cyber attacks -report," Reuters, 17 March 2022.
Sam Shead, "We want to send them back to the stone age," CNBC, 23 March 2022.
Ian Levy, "Use of Russian technology products and services following the invasion of Ukraine," National Cyber Security Centre, 29 March 2022.
Yashasvi Yadav, "The real real story behind Russia-Ukraine cyberwars," Times of India, 5 April 2022.
Catalin Cimpanu, "Second data wiper attack hits Ukraine computer networks," The Record, 23 February 2022.
"Russian APT and Ransomware groups," Flashpoint, 3 March 2022.
Jody Westby, "Russia has carried out 20 years of cyber attacks that call for international response," Forbes, 20 December 2020.
Aparna Banerjea, "NotPetya: How a Russian malware created the world's worst cyberattack ever," Business Standard, 27 August 2018.
Maggie Smith, "Russia has been at war with Ukraine for years -in cyberspace," The Conversation, 7 February 2022.
Office of the Spokesperson, "Facts vs fiction: Russian disinformation on Ukraine," US Department of State, 20 January 2022.
Anthem Iibiz & Christian Kaunert, "What is hybrid warfare and why is it such a threat?," The Mint, 22 July 2021.
Ryan Gallagher, "Belarus hackers allegedly disrupted trains to thwart Russia," Bloomberg, 28 February 2022.
Joseph Marks, "11 reasons we haven't seen big Russian cyber attacks yet," The Washington Post, 3 March 2022.
Thomas Seal & Alberto Nardelli, "Russia cyber attacks are struggling to impact Ukraine's networks," Bloomberg Quint, 18 March 2022.
Janosch Delcker, "Ukraine's IT army: Who are the cyber guerrillas hacking Russia?," DW, 24 March 2022.
About the author
Jeshil Samuel J is a postgraduate scholar from the Department of International Studies, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru currently enrolled at the NIAS Online Certificate Course on Contemporary Peace Processes.
IN BRIEF
By Rashmi Ramesh
IPCC Report: Emphasis on mitigation and climate action
On 4 April 2022, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) released a report titled "Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change". The report is prepared by the Working Group III of the IPCC and is part of the IPCC Sixth Assessment Report scheduled to be released in September 2022. The UN Secretary-General Antonio Guterres remarked that the latest IPCC report is "a litany of broken promises" and added that "this is not a fiction or exaggeration. It is what science tells us will result from our current energy policies. We are on a pathway to global warming of more than double the 1.5-degree limit".
Following are the key takeaways. First, growing anthropogenic GHG emissions. The net emissions have increased since 1850, courtesy the industrial revolution. Human actions have further accelerated the process, and the total net anthropogenic GHG emissions have increased between 2010-19. There are clear regional and income variations in terms of the contribution to GHG emissions, with 10 per cent of households with the highest per capita income contributing the largest share of global emissions.
Second, rapid urbanization. Towns and cities have the lion's share of increasing emissions. Redesigning the cityscape with changes in transport system- from private electric vehicles to electric public transport system, reduction of distances that must be travelled, sustainable infrastructure and smart city plans are some of the key focus areas of the report.
Third, the warnings. The report highlights that the world is not on the course yet, to limit the temperature rise by the Paris Agreement.
Fourth, emphasis on the co-existence of sustainable development goals and mitigation efforts. The IPCC vice-chair Ramón Pichs-Madruga said: "we see that equity and just transitions can lead to deeper ambitions for accelerated climate action."
Fifth, the positives. The rate of growth of emissions between 2010-19 has been lower than the previous decade, from 2000-09. The cost of producing solar and wind energy has reduced by nearly 85 per cent since 2010, though it is nowhere near to replacing the non-renewables. The report also takes a positive note on the visible climate action being undertaken in many countries. The IPCC Chair Hoesung Lee said that "there are policies, regulations and market instruments that are proving effective. If these are scaled up and applied more widely and equitably, they can support deep emission reductions and stimulate innovation."
In comparison to the Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) of the IPCC, the Working Group reports of the AR6 emphasizes on the "unequivocal human influence" on the earth's system. This provides more impetus to already loud calls to formally recognize the end of Holocene and the beginning of the Anthropocene epoch.
For the first time, an IPCC report has included a chapter on the social aspects of climate change. The chapter titled "Demand, Services and Social Aspects of Mitigation" emphasizes on the demand-side of intervention, such as the use of public transport networks, energy-efficient homes, encouraging people for using cleaner modes of cooling and movement. In other words, there is a focus on motivating people to change consumption patterns which can potentially reduce GHG emissions between 40 to 70 per cent by 2050. ("Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change", IPCC, 04 April 2022; "Explained: What are the takeaways from the latest IPCC report on climate change?", The Hindu, 10 April 2022; "Explained: What is the IPCC, and why are its Assessment Reports important?", The Indian Express, 05 April 2022; Kieran Mulvaney, "It's now or never: UN climate report's 4 urgent takeaways", National Geographic, 05 April 2022)
S&T NUGGETS
By Harini Madhusudan and Akriti Sharma
CLIMATE AND ENVIRONMENT
The US: Arctic bases sinking due to climate change
On 16 April, The Associated Press reported that the US military bases in the Arctic and sub-Arctic are failing to prepare for installations because of climate change. The roads and the bases are sinking and cracking due to the thawing of permafrost. Earlier, the US military had recognized climate change as a threat to national security. Additionally, wildfires, storms, hurricanes, and floods have added to the interruptions in the training, installations and other operations. Earlier, in October 2021, Pentagon had called for incorporating global warming in the strategic planning and training of troops to manage their water supplies and deal with heat injuries. (Ellen Knickmeyer, "Pentagon climate plan: war-fighting in hotter, harsher world," The Associated Press, 16 April 2022)
Environment: Antarctic ice shelves collapsed because of hot air from the Pacific
On 14 April, according to the researchers reported by the New York Times, the rapid collapse of the ice shelves in the Antarctic was due to the warm moisture laden air from the Pacific Ocean. In 1995, Larsen A and in 2002 Larsen B shelves disintegrated. It has been found that the warming up of the planet over the years had weakened and fractured the ice shelves, resulting in their collapse. According to a climatologist and meteorologist at the Université Grenoble Alpes reported by the New York Times said: "We identify atmospheric rivers as a mechanism that can create extreme conditions over the ice shelves of the Antarctic Peninsula and potentially lead to their destabilization," He added: "The only reason why melting has not been significant so far is because it's just farther south compared to the others, therefore colder," The researchers are now fearing that Larsen C is also at risk of collapsing.(Henry Fountain, "Why Did Two Antarctic Ice Shelves Fail? Scientists Say They Now Know," The New York Times, 14 April 2022)
Tunisia: Diesel tank sinks
On 16 April, a diesel carrying tanker carrying 750 tonnes of fuel sank in southeastern Tunisia. On 15 April, the crew had made an emergency call due to bad weather which the cause of the sinking. The tanker was sailing from Egypt to Malta when it sank in the Gulf of Gabes. Environment Minister Leila Chikhaoui said that the situation was "under control". The Environment Ministry said: "to evaluate the situation … and take necessary preventive decisions in coordination with the regional authorities," However, the oil leakage had not begun and authorities are discovering ways to pump out the oil from the tanker which would be a challenging task. ("Diesel tanker sinks off Tunisia risking environmental disaster," The Guardian, 16 April 2022)
South Africa: Devastating floods in KwaZulu-Natal province
On 19 April, the government of South Africa sent 10,000 troops to KwaZulu-Natal province to manage the devastating impact of the floods. As of 19 April, 440 people have died, and 63 are missing. The government has declared floods a national disaster. South African National Defence Force (SANDF) said that the troops would assist in rescue operations. The floods have damaged essential infrastructure including roads, water and electricity, bridges, schools and hospitals. On 18 April, President Cyril Ramaphosa addressed the nation and announced many measures to address the situation. He said that the government will "spare no expense" to to provide assistance and rebuild the infrastructure. According to the officials, the floods in the KwaZulu-Natal region are the worst floods in the history of South Africa owing to the magnitude of damage.("KwaZulu-Natal floods: South Africa army sends 10,000 troops," BBC, 19 April 2022)
HEALTH
The UK: Valneva vaccine approved
On 16 April, a new COVID-19 vaccine was approved in the UK manufactured by Valneva. The manufacturing of the vaccine has been done using more traditional technology similar to polio and flu vaccines. It contains an inactivated copy of the virus so that it can teach the body to fight the virus. Earlier, the government canceled the deal which was supposed to deliver 100 million vaccines due to breach of obligations. Similar to the AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccines, Valneva also requires two doses. During trials the people had more neutralizing antibodies which outnumbered the AstraZeneca vaccine. The vaccine can prove to be revolutionary for the global efforts to fight the pandemic. ("Valneva Covid vaccine approved for use in UK," BBC, 16 April 2022)
SPACE
China: Chinese crew returns to Earth after spending 182 days in orbit
On 16 April, three Chinese astronauts returned after spending a national record of up to 182 days in Orbit, marking China's second crewed space station mission. The astronauts spent six months aboard the Tianhe which is the core module for China's space station that is under construction. While they were abroad, they are said to have conducted many extravehicular activities of 12 hours and 36 minutes, hosted live science lectures for students on Earth, and carried out a range of science experiments and technology tests. The crew returned on Shenzhou-3, and was the first time that China employed a 'rapid return' system cutting down the number of orbits to five from 11 after leaving Tianhe. The crew landed in nine hours after docking. (Andrew Jones, "Shenzhou-13 astronauts return to Earth after 182-day mission," SpaceNews, 16 April 2022)
Space: NROL-85 spy satellite launched by SpaceX
On 17 April, marking the 148th launch of the Falcon 9 and its 14th mission of 2022, the SpaceX rocket was used to launch NROL-85. SpaceX has received a contract from the US Air Force in 2019 to launch NROL-87 and NROL-85. The company has previously launched NRO satellites under such commercial contracts. The NRO series of the National Reconnaissance Office is known to build and operate classified US government surveillance and intelligence satellites. This marks the 61st mission launched by the agency since its existence was revealed in 1996. (Sandra Erwin, "SpaceX launches NROL-85 spy satellite for US National Reconnaissance Office," SpaceNews, 17 April 2022)
TECHNOLOGY
Ukraine-Russia War: AI facial recognition to identify the displaced in Ukraine War
On 13 April, BBC reported, how an otherwise controversial AI technology that is used for facial recognition is being used by the Ukrainian authorities in more than a thousand cases to identify individuals that are dead or displaced. In March, the company Clearview AI announced that they have given their technology to the Ukrainian government. Clearview is known to be a controversial company for its facial recognition system in the world. It owns a system called a "search engine for faces," which is a database created from billions of photos scraped from social media companies like Facebook or Twitter. And as Google helps with finding information with a string of words, this technology helps with a photo or a face. This controversial site has been on legal battles with big tech companies and governments for their data procurement strategies, and its usage in active-war has raised many legal questions. (James Clayton, "How facial recognition is identifying the dead in Ukraine," BBC, 13 April 2022)
Cryptocurrency: Gamers targeted by North Korean hackers
On 15 April, investigators from the US, linked a group of North Korea backed hackers to a massive cryptocurrency heist that targeted players of the game Axie Infinity. In the game, the players could earn crypto through gameplay or by trading their avatars. It is alleged that a group named "Lazarus" which is believed to be controlled by the North Korean government were involved in the breach that hacked USD 615 million from the players. Lazarus are previously known for their 2014 heist when they were accused for hacking Sony Pictures and leaking confidential information. ("North Korean hackers target gamers in $615m crypto heist - US," BBC, 15 April 2022)
Twitter: Board pondering 'poison pill' against Musk bid
On 17 April, the Twitter board pulled a move to arm itself against a possible 'hostile' takeover. This move was made after Elon Musk publicly announced his intent to buy the platform at USD 43 billion. Twitter will adopt a "poison pill" or a "limited-duration shareholder rights plan." This will prevent anyone from having more than 15 per cent stake in the company. Twitter also released a statement that called Musk's plan, 'unsolicited, non-binding proposal to acquire Twitter,' with no attempts made to negotiate with the company. The "poison pill" is like a nuclear option for businesses, and the current plan for twitter is expected to expire on 14 April 2023. ("Twitter board takes action to fight Musk bid," BBC, 17 April 2022)
About the authors
Harini Madhusudan, Rashmi Ramesh, and Akriti Sharma are PhD scholars at the School of Conflict and Security Studies, NIAS.
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Global Politics Team
Femy Francis
Akshath Kaimal
Preetha Renganarayanan
Lekshmi MK
Nishchal Nath Pandey
IPRI Team
Brighty Ann Sarah
Anu Maria Joseph
Lekshmi MK
Preetha Renganarayanan
Preetha Renganarayanan
Brighty Ann Sarah
Brighty Ann Sarah
IPRI Team
Global Politics Team
IPRI Team
Global Politics Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Sunidhi Sampige
Lekshmi MK
Lekshmi MK
Akriti Sharma
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan
Merin Treesa Alex
Preetha Renganarayanan
Tanvi Thara Harendra Jha
Santhiya M
Brighty Ann Sarah
Preetha Renganarayanan
Brighty Ann Sarah
Sunidhi Sampige & Tanvi Thara Harendra Jha
Lekshmi MK
Emma Rose Boby
Abhimanyu Solanki
Femy Francis
Femy Francis
Aparna A Nair
Rohini Reenum
Akshath Kaimal
Preetha Renganarayanan
Akshath Kaimal
Preetha Renganarayanan
Preetha Renganarayanan
Emma Rose
Rohini Reenum
Tanvi Thara Harendra Jha
Femy Francis
Mahesh Batt
Rizwana S Banu
Anu Maria Joseph
Anu Maria Joseph
Rohini Reenum
Bibhu Prasad Routray
Sunidhi Sampige
Sunidhi Sampige
Santhiya M
Anu Maria Joseph
Lekshmi MK
Anu Maria Joseph
Akshath Kaimal
IPRI Team
Preetha Renganarayanan
Preetha Renganarayanan
Lekshmi MK
Sunidhi Sampige & Tanvi Harendra
NIAS Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Rohini Reenum
Akriti Sharma
IPRI Team
Anu Maria Joseph
GP Team
Anu Maria Joseph
R Preetha
Akriti Sharma
GP Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Brighty Ann Sarah
Padmashree Anandhan
Akshath Kaimal
Brighty Ann Sarah
Akriti Sharma
Femy Francis
GP Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Padmashree Anandhan
Rohini Reenum
IPRI Team
Brighty Ann Sarah and Preetha R
Anu Maria Joseph
D Suba Chandran
IPRI Team
GP Team
GP Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Neha Tresa George
Vani Vyshnavi Jupudi
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
Rizwana S Banu
Brighty Ann Sarah
GP Team
IPRI Team
Advik S Mohan
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
Padmashree Anandhan
Santhiya M
Anu Maria Joseph
R Preetha
Brighty Ann Sarah
Anshuman Behera
Anshuman Behera
Bibhu Prasad Routray
Kasvi Batra
Avishka Ashok
Padmashree Anandhan
Anu Maria Joseph
Mahesh Batta
Brighty Ann Sarah and R Preetha
GP Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
R Preetha
Padmashree Anandhan
Brighty Ann Sarah and R Preetha
IPRI Team
Abhimanyu Solanki
Ditipriya Ghosh
Anu Maria Joseph
Brighty Ann Sarah and R Preetha
Padmashree Anandhan
GP Team
IPRI Team
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
Astha Panda
Ayush Joshi
Vani Vyshnavi Jupudi
Brighty Ann Sarah and R Preetha
IPRI Team
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
GP Team
Lekshmi MK
Anu Maria Joseph
Femy Francis
Femy FrancisÂ
R Preetha
Lekshmi MK
Kasvi Batra
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
GP Team
IPRI Team
Naomi Miriam Mathew
Kasvi Batra
Lekshmi MK
Lekshmi MK
Naomi Miriam MathewÂ
NIAS Global Politics Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Rohini Reenum
IPRI Team
Brighty Ann Sarah, R Preetha, Santhiya M, Aparna A Nair and M Kejia
Anu Maria Joseph
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
Swati Sood
R Preetha
GP Team
Brighty Ann Sarah
Merin Treesa Alex
Kasvi Batra
Chittrothu Vaihali
M Kejia
IPRI Team
Astha Panda
Emma Rose Boby
Fleur Elizabeth Philip
Merin Treesa Alex
Santhiya M
GP Team
Ananya Dinesh
Farhaz Rashid Ahmed
Farhaz Rashid Ahmed
Gauri Gupta
Aparna A Nair
GP Team
Brighty Ann Sarah, R Preetha, Santhiya M, Aparna A Nair & M Kejia
IPRI Team
Kumari Gargi, Naomi Miriam Matthew, & Fleur Elizabeth PhilipÂ
Rizwana Banu S
Rizwana Banu S and Santhiya M
Lekshmi MK
Gauri Gupta
J Yamini
Santhiya M
Lekshmi MK
GP Team
Gauri Gupta
Ananya Dinesh
Santhiya M
Merin Treesa Alex
GP Team
Emma Rose Boby
M KejiaÂ
Lekshmi MK
Santhiya M
R Preetha
Lekshmi MK
Gauri Gupta
Merin Treesa Alex
Aparna A Nair
Fleur Elizabeth Philip
Fleur Elizabeth Philip
GP Team
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Brighty Ann Sarah
Aashish Ganeshan
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
Femy Francis
Padmashree Anandhan
Aashish Ganeshan
Gauri Gupta
GP Team
Brighty Ann Sarah and R Preetha
Anu Maria Joseph
Padmashree Anandhan
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
Fleur Elizabeth Philip
Vani Vyshnavi Jupudi
R Preetha and Brighty Ann Sarah
R Preetha
Nuha Aamina
GP Team
Abhishiktha S Kumar
Emma Rose Boby
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Anu Maria Joseph
C Shraddha
Femy Francis
C Shraddha
Esther Gamako Zugwai
Vani Vyshnavi Jupudi
Anu Maria Joseph
Anu Maria Joseph
Anu Maria Joseph
Bibhu Prasad Routray
Nova Karun K
Nuha Aamina
IPRI Team
Suchitra Jakkala
Padmashree Anandhan
Santhiya M
Brighty Ann Sarah
C Shraddha
GP Team
Vaneeta
Vaneeta
D Suba Chandran
IPRI Team
C Shraddha
D Suba Chandran
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
GP Team
Nuha Aamina
D Suba Chandran
IPRI Team
Rohini Reenum
Rohini Reenum
South Asia Brief Team
Souparno Rakshit, Emma Rose Boby and Souparnika Suresh
GP Team
South Asia Brief Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
Trisha Roy
IPRI Team
Ayan Datta
Anu Maria Joseph
Ayan Datta
Anu Maria Joseph
Ayan Datta
Anu Maria Joseph
South Asia Brief Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
Samruddhi Pathak
Sayeka Ghosh
Neha Tresa George
IPRI Team
Kumari Krishna
C Shraddha
Kumari Krishna
Vaneeta
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
Vaneeta
Ayan Datta
Anu Maria Joseph
Anu Maria Joseph
Ayan Datta
GP Team
Nupur Priya
IPRI Team
Ayan Datta
C Shraddha, Vaishak Sreekumar, Kumari Krishna, Nova Karun K
IPRI Team
GP Team
PR Team
IPRI Team
Nupur Priya
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
Prajwal TV
Kavithasri M
IPRI Team
Ashna Pathak & Surangana Rajya Laxmi Rana
Anu Maria Joseph
Ayan Datta
Samruddhi Pathak
Femy Francis
IPRI Team
Abhiruchi Chowdhury
GP Team
Nuha Aamina
Rohini Reenum
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Ayan Datta
S Shaji
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Anu Maria Joseph
Ayan Datta
Advik S Mohan
GP Team
Advik S Mohan
Advik S Mohan
IPRI Team
Rohit Paswan
Padmashree Anandhan
Ayan Datta
Shreya Jagadeesan
Bishwarupa Kar
Saritha VK & Mahesh Mohan
Sruthy
GP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
Advik S Mohan
GP Team
Advik S Mohan
Neha Tresa George
IPRI Team
Samruddhi Pathak
Neha Tresa George
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
Ayan Datta
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Sayeka Ghosh
GP Team
Neha Tresa George
Advik S Mohan
Samruddhi Pathak
Padmashree Anandhan
Ramya B
Sim V
Pummy Lathigara
Ronakk Tijoriwala
Arya Madhavan S
Ankita Chakra
Rianne Rajath P
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Ayan Datta
Anu Maria Joseph
Vetriselvi Baskaran
GP Team
Swagathi Annabel
Bishwarupa Kar
Prajwal T V
Ayush Bhattacharjee
Shifa Moideen
IPRI Team
Vetriselvi Baskaran
L S Hareesh
Mugdha Chaturvedi
Ken B Varghese
Ayan Datta
Vaneeta
Pummy Lathigara
Ms Ramya
Nivetha B
Leivon Victor Lamkang
Siddhima M
Pranesh Selvaraj
Dhriti Mukherjee
GP Team
Nandini Khandelwal
Prajwal T V
Ronakk Tijoriwala
Govind Anoop
Shreya Jagadeesan
Rohit Paswan
Nupur Priya
Neha Tresa George
Shilpa Joseph
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Vetriselvi Baskaran
IPRI Team
Dhriti Mukherjee
Dhriti Mukherjee
Rohini Reenum
GP Team
Shilpa Jospeh
Samruddhi Pathak
Sayeka Ghosh
Govind Anoop
Ayan Datta
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Neha Tresa George
Padmashree Anandhan
Diya Madhavan
GP Team
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Vaneeta
Dhriti Mukherjee
Ashwini Barla
Ayan Datta
Karthik Manoharan
Ramya B
Prajwal T V
IPRI Team
GP Team
Vaneeta
Sayeka Ghosh
Ayan Datta
Karthik Manoharan
Prajwal TV
Mayank Bharti
Ronakk Tijoriwala
Deepika Seervi
Ayan Datta & Sayeka Ghosh
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Anu Maria Joseph
Anu Maria Joseph
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Anu Maria Joseph
Jerry Franklin A
Anu Maria Joseph
Anu Maria Joseph
IPRI Team
Dhriti Mukherjee
Prajwal T V
Rohini Reenum
GP Team
IPRI Team
Vetriselvi Baskaran
Dhriti Mukherjee
IPRI Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Padmashree Anandhan
Ronakk Tijoriwala
Neha Tresa George
Shilpa Joseph and Ken Varghese
IPRI Team
Femy Francis
IPRI Team
Dhriti Mukherjee
Torunika Roy
GP Team
LS Hareesh
IPRI Team
Dhriti Mukherjee
IPRI Team
Mugdha Chaturvedi
Dhriti Mukherjee
By young scholars of NIAS Course on Global Politics: Contemporary World Order and Theories. Compiled by Sayeka Ghosh.
Akhil Ajith
By the NIAS-IPRI Course scholars on Contemporary Conflicts, Peace Processes, Theories and Thinkers. Compiled by Ayan Datta.
Vaneeta
Kavithasri M
Mallika Joseph
Rohini Reenum
Padmashree Anandhan
Tiara Marie Warjri
GP Team
Akhil Ajith
Femy Francis
Femy Francis
Akhil Ajith
Akhil Ajith
Dhriti Mukherjee
IPRI Team
D Suba Chandran
Padmashree Anandhan
Femy Francis
Akhil Ajith
Dhriti Mukherjee
Rohini Reenum
GP Team
Dhriti Mukherjee
D Suba Chandran
Rohini Reenum
Dhriti Mukherjee
NIAS South Asia Team
NIAS South Asia Team
Devi Chandana M
Alka Bala
D Suba Chandran
Rohini Reenum
Dhriti Mukherjee
Rohini Reenum
Dhriti Mukherjee
GP Team
IPRI Team
Lakshmi Karlekar
GP Team
Sayeka Ghosh
IPRI Team
Karthik Manoharan
Nupur Priya
GP Team
Dhriti Mukherjee
Femy Francis
IPRI Team
Vaneeta
Arya Prasad
Sayeka Ghosh
Alka Bala
GP Team
Diya Madhavan
IPRI Team
GP Team
Femy Francis
IPRI Team
Ramya B
NIAS South Asia Team
Devi Chandana M
Padmashree Anandhan
Rosemary Kurian
Alka Bala
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
T C A Raghavan
IPRI Team
Karthik Manoharan
Rosemary Kurian
NIAS Africa Team
Manasa G
GP Team
IPRI Team
D Rohan Kumar
LS Hareesh
Ramya B
GP Team
NIAS South Asia Team
NIAS South Asia Team
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
Asanga Abeyagoonasekera
GP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
NIAS South Asia Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
NIAS Latin America Team
NIAS South Asia Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
Jerry Franklin A
GP Team
IPRI Team
Padmashree Anandhan, Femy Francis, Rohini Reenum, Akriti Sharma, Akhil Ajith, Shamini Velayutham and Anu Maria Joseph
Alka Bala
IPRI Team
Bibhu Prasad Routray
Narmatha S and Anu Maria Jospeh
Alka Bala
Rosemary Kurian
IPRI Team
CEAP Team
GP Team
Femy Francis
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
CEAP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Anu Maria Joseph
GP team
Hoimi Mukherjee
Richa Chandola
Aprajita Kashyap
Shreya Pandey
Binod Khanal
Rishika Yadav
Padmashree Anandhan
Anu Maria Joseph
Nuha Aamina
Alka Bala
Sayani Rana
​​​​​​​Ashok Alex Luke
Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri
Femy Francis
Amit Gupta
Kuri Sravan Kumar
Yogeshwari S
Abhishek Ranjan
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Nithyashree RB
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Anu Maria Joseph
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
Jerry Franklin A
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
PR Team
Amit Gupta
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Sneha Surendran
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Akhil Ajith
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Femy Francis
Femy Francis
Femy Francis
Femy Francis
Prerana P
CR Team
NIAS Africa Team
Nithyashree RB
Jerry Franklin
GP Team
IPRI Team
PR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Nithyashree RB
PR Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan
Rishika Yadav
Sreeja JS
Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri
Yogeswari S
GP Team
IPRI Team
PR Team
Prof Joyati Bhattacharya
IPRI Team
GP Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Jerry Franklin A
IPRI Team
Dhriti Mukherjee
PR Team
Femy Francis
Shamini Velayutham
Dhriti Mukherjee
Ankit Singh
Sneha Surendran
PR Team
PR Team
PR Team
PR Team
NIAS Africa Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Feben Itty
Genesy B
Sreeja JS
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Sneha Surendran
Heribert Dieter
IPRI Team
Nithyashree RB
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
Sneha Surendran
Rishika Yadav
Padmashree Anandhan
NIAS Africa Team
Jerry Franklin A
Sneha Surendran
Nithyashree RB
Rishika Yadav
GP Team
IPRI Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Jerry Franklin A
NIAS Africa Team
Lakshmi Parimala H
GP Team
Rishika Yadav
IPRI Team
D Suba Chandran
GP Team
Indrani Talukdar
IPRI Team
S Shaji
Jerry Franklin A
Sneha Surendran
NIAS Africa Team
Himani Pant
Ankita Dutta
D. Suba Chandran
Ankit Singh
Sneha Surendran
IPRI Team
Rubina Pradhan
Medini Hegde
Ramya Balasubramanian
Bibhu Prasad Routray
Nithyashree RB
Bibhu Prasad Routray
Devjyoti Saha
NIAS Africa Team
Jerry Franklin A
Anu Maria Joseph
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
Lakshmi Parimala
GP Team
IPRI Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Sneha Surendran
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
IPRI Team
Rishika Yadav, Sneha Surendran, Sandra D Costa, Ryan Marcus, Prerana P and Nithyashree RB
GP Team
Harini Madhusudan, Rishika Yada, Sneha Surendran, Prerana P, Sreeja JS and Padmashree Anandhan
GP Team
IPRI Team
Bibhu Prasad Routray
NIAS Africa Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Jerry Franklin
GP Team
IPRI Team
Bibhu Prasad Routray
NIAS Africa Team
Jerry Franklin
Anu Maria Joseph
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Jerry Franklin
Anu Maria Joseph
Akshaya S
GP Team
Rishika Yadav, Sreeja JS, Nithyashree RB, and Melvin George
Nithyashree RB
Sreeja JS
Rishika Yadav
Rishika Yadav and Nityashree RB
Padmashree Anandhan
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Devjyoti Saha
Indrani Talukdar
Debangana Chatterjee
Kasturi Chatterjee
Ankita Dutta
Amrita Purkayastha
GP Team
Lakshmi Parimala H
Amit Gupta
GP Team
GP Team
Rishika Yadav
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
Padmashree Anandhan
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
Himani Pant
Sourina Bej
IPRI Team
GP Team
Indrani Talukdar
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan
D Suba Chandran
D Suba Chandran
Bhoomika Sesharaj
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
D Suba Chandran
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
Avishka Ashok
Madhura Mahesh
Padmashree Anandhan
Ankit Singh
Riya Itisha Ekka
Apoorva Sudhakar
Sayani Rana
Anu Maria Joseph
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Sethuraman Nadarajan
Avishka Ashok
IPRI Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
Allen Joe Mathew, Sayani Rana, Joel Jacob
Sethuraman Nadarajan
Ankit Singh
Bhoomika Sesharaj
Madhura Mahesh
Harini Madhusudan
Avishka Ashok
Akriti Sharma
Padmashree Anandhan
Poulomi Mondal
Mohaimeen Khan
Padmashree Anandhan
Madhura Mahesh
Padmashree Anandhan
Janardhan G
Avishka Ashok
Anu Maria Joseph
Apoorva Sudhakar
Rashmi BR
Kaviyadharshini A
Avishka Ashok
Chrishari de Alwis Gunasekare
Aparupa Bhattacherjee
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Vignesh Ram
Vignesh Ram
Sai Pranav
Harini Madhusudan, Rishma Banerjee, Padmashree Anandhan, Ashwin Immanuel Dhanabalan, and Avishka Ashok
Sourina Bej
Padmashree Anandhan and Rishma Banerjee
Mathew Sonu Simon
Sourina Bej
Rashmi BR and Akriti Sharma
Rashmi Ramesh
Rishma Banerjee
Sai Pranav
Padmashree Anandhan
Emmanuel Selva Royan
Padmashree Anandhan
Rishma Banerjee
Ashwin Immanuel Dhanabalan
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
Avishka Ashok
Angelin Archana
Shreya Upadhyay
Uma Purushothaman
Debangana Chatterjee
Himani Pant
Sethuraman Nadarajan
Avishka Ashok
GP Team
GP Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Sourina Bej
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan
Devjyoti Saha
Dr Beena
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
GP Team
GP Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Sourina Bej
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Padmashree Anandhan
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
STIR Team
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
NIAS Africa Team
Avishka Ashok
NIAS Africa Team
STIR Team
STIR Team
STIR Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Emmanuel Selva Royan
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
STIR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
IPRI Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Rishma Banerjee
Rashmi Ramesh
Sourina Bej
S Shaji
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
STIR Team
NIAS Africa Team
STIR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
Naina Singh
GP Team
Amit Gupta
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
STIR Team
STIR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
Anu Maria Joseph
Ashwin Immanuel Dhanabalan
Joeana Cera Matthews
Avishka Ashok
Nireekshan BollimpalliÂ
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
PR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
NIAS Africa Team
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Joeana Cera MatthewsÂ
Ashwin Immanuel Dhanabalan
IPRI Team
STIR Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Porkkodi Ganeshpandian and Angkuran Dey
Ashwin Immanuel DhanabalanÂ
Mohamad Aseel Ummer
IPRI Team
STIR Team
Shalini Balaiah
Angelin Archana
Prakash Panneerselvam
N Jayaram
S Shaji
GP Team
Amit Gupta
IPRI Team
GP Team
Apoorva Sudhakar
Joeana Cera Matthews
Padmashree Anandhan
Harini Madhusudan
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Sneha M
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
STIR Team
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
D. Suba Chandran
Ankit Singh
Ankit Singh
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Sneha M
D. Suba Chandran
Ankit Singh
D. Suba Chandran
Sneha M
Ankit Singh
Apoorva Sudhakar
Ankit Singh
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Sneha M
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
GP Team
GP Team
GP Team
GP Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Harshita Rathore
GP Team
Apoorva Sudhakar
Ankit Singh
Ankit Singh
Sneha M
Vishnu Prasad
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
Ankit Singh
Apoorva Sudhakar
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Ankit Singh
IPRI Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Vaishnavi Iyer
Joeana Cera Matthews
Sneha M
D. Suba Chandran
Ankit Singh
Apoorva Sudhakar
Ankit Singh
STIR Team
GP Team
Padmashree Anandhan
Joeana Cera MatthewsÂ
Joeana Cera MatthewsÂ
Harini Madhusudhan
Sourina Bej
IPRI Team
Sneha M
D. Suba Chandran
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Apoorva Sudhakar
D. Suba Chandran
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Apoorva Sudhakar
Sneha M
D. Suba Chandran
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
D. Suba Chandran
Ankit Singh
Apoorva Sudhakar
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
D. Suba Chandran
D. Suba Chandran
Chetna Vinay Bhora
GP Team
IPRI Team
STIR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
Aswathy Koonampilly
GP Team
IPRI Team
STIR Team
GP Team
Sourina Bej
Harini Madhusudan
Apoorva Sudhakar
Vineeth Daniel Vinoy
GP Team
IPRI Team
STIR Team
GP Team
IPRI Team
GP Team
Juan Mary Joseph
Joeana Cera MatthewsÂ
Joeana Cera MatthewsÂ
Sukanya Bali
Joeana Cera MatthewsÂ
Lokendra Sharma
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