NIAS Africa Weekly

CWA # 743
NIAS Africa Weekly
Africa’s displacement crises: Three key drivers

NIAS Africa Team
7 June 2022
Photo Source: ALEXIS HUGUET/AFP/Africanews

Africa Weekly #15, Vol. 1, No. 15
07 June 2022

IN FOCUS

Africa’s displacement crises: Three key drivers
The Norwegian Refugee Council brings forth the neglect of several displacement crises in Africa in contrast to the world’s keen attention to the war in Ukraine. However, beyond the international selectivity towards Ukraine, there are underlying key drivers to Africa’s displacement crises.
Apoorva Sudhakar

On 1 June, the Norwegian Refugee Council (NRC) released an annual report “The world’s most neglected displacement crisis in 2021.” The top 10 countries facing the crises, for the first time, are all African, with the Democratic Republic of the Congo being ranked first for the second consecutive time. The remaining nine countries follow the DRC in the order: Burkina Faso, Cameroon, South Sudan, Chad, Mali, Sudan, Nigeria, Burundi, and Ethiopia. The countries were ranked on three parameters: lack of international political will, lack of media attention, and lack of international aid. 

The report outlined a glaring difference in the way the international community responded to the Ukraine war: “The war in Ukraine has highlighted the immense gap between what is possible when the international community rallies behind a crisis, and the daily reality for the millions of people suffering far from the spotlight.” The report said the selectivity in media coverage, public sympathy, and donations toward the Ukraine war vis-a-vis other crises in the world has seldom been more evident. 

Unfortunately, according to the NRC, it is difficult for a country to be taken off the above list once the country has been listed. Different reports warning of impending crises and famines across the world show that the situation in some African countries has worsened over the years despite the progress achieved by the continent so far. For example, six of the top 10 countries in the NRC’s 2018 report on the displacement crises were African. This number increased and in the 2020 report, nine African countries featured on the list. In 2021, the Africa Center for Strategic Studies said ten African countries account for 88 per cent of forced displacement in the world. The NRC attributes this trend to a vicious cycle of international apathy, little media coverage, donor crises, and increasing humanitarian requirements. 

Displacement in Africa: Three key drivers
First, conflict-induced displacement. A large proportion of the displacement in Africa is driven by conflict and violence. Some displacements are rooted in decades-long unresolved conflicts, like the case of the DRC, which has been on the list for six consecutive years. The situation in such countries is worsened when new conflicts arise or dormant ones resurface. On the other hand, some countries faced an unexpected wave of displacement. For example, Ethiopia is among the top three refugee-hosting countries in Africa. However, the breakout of the conflict in Tigray in November 2020 and the instances of instability and violence in different parts of the country led to a multifold increase in internal displacement, thereby bringing Ethiopia to the tenth position on the NRC’s latest report. Other countries can be categorised in either of the above two categories. 

Second, Islamist militancy as an increasing threat to Africa. In countries like Burkina Faso, Chad, and the rest of the Sahel region, the threat of Islamist militancy is increasing. The Africa Center for Strategic Studies says that since 2016, there has been an upward trend in Islamist militancy in all of Africa; in 2021, the Sahel alone witnessed 2,005 attacks linked to Islamist groups. The above had led to 2.4 million people being displaced in the Sahel. This includes internally displaced people and refugees fleeing to neighbouring countries. This threat, however, is not sudden; for example, the Islamic State and al Qaeda shifted their base from the Middle East to Africa gradually. Crisis Group says one reason behind this shift could be that weak states with limited power over borders in African countries have created space for terrorists to grow. 

Third, non-traditional security issues. New challenges like climate change and COVID-19 have fuelled displacement in several African countries. In the Horn of Africa and across the Sahel, climatic variations, failed monsoons, and prolonged droughts have forced people to move in search of food, water and pasture. For example, the Global Report on Internal Displacement 2021 says 4.3 million new displacements were recorded across countries like Burkina Faso, Sudan, South Sudan, Cameroon and so on, of which 2.3 million people were internally displaced. 

The above three drivers have worsened the humanitarian situation, namely hunger and malnutrition, compounded by the block on exports from Russia and Ukraine due to the ongoing war. Several UN agencies and the World Bank have raised concerns several times, over rising food insecurity in African countries as a result of the war; the continent depends on Russia and Ukraine for over 80 per cent of its wheat, grain and fuel imports. 

The striking selectivity
Drawing from the NRC report, the above issues do not seem to be of urgency to the international community. The apathy of the international community and big powers was visible in the immediate reaction to the war in Ukraine, wherein restrictions placed to prevent African refugees from entering Europe were eased to welcome Ukrainian refugees. Funds were mobilised in weeks to begin addressing the humanitarian needs of Ukrainians. 

On the other hand, when reports of massacre after massacre in parts of West Africa were released, the sense of urgency was missing. Media monitoring agency, Meltwater, said around 85,000 English articles were written about Ukraine in the first three months of the war, while in the whole of 2021, only 27,000 articles in English were written about the crisis in Burkina Faso. 

The impact of the above could be felt in how several donors reallocated or deliberated moving their funds from Africa to assist Ukraine. But are international donors the only ones to be blamed? The lack of improved situations despite years of funding, the emergence of new conflicts and the weakness of African governments are discouraging to donors. Donors would consider it feasible to, therefore, donate to places of geopolitical importance in their own neighbourhood than to countries that show little hope of improvement. African countries, on the other hand, have to increase their efforts to address conflicts and deliver results that would ensure humanitarian needs are met and assistance is secured when required.

AFRICA IN BRIEF
01 June 2022-07 June 2022
Apoorva Sudhakar and Anu Maria Joseph

TUNISIA
President fires 57 judges alleging corruption and links to terrorists
On 1 June, President Kais Saeid dismissed 57 judges on allegations of corruption and protecting terrorists. Saeid said before sacking the judges, he had provided “opportunity after opportunity and warning after warning to the judiciary to purify itself.” One of the judges had headed the Supreme Judicial Council which was replaced in February 2022. Saeid’s decision comes amid widespread opposition to his move to hold a referendum on the new constitution in July. On 5 June, over a hundred judges met and agreed to hold a week-long strike starting 6 June against Saeid’s decision. The Association of Judges’ president said the strike may be extended later. In the meeting, some dismissed judges said Saeid’ decision came after they refused intervention from the justice minister or others closely associated with Saeid. (“Tunisian president sacks dozens of judges, tightening grip on judiciary,” France24, 2 June 2022; Tarek Amara, “Tunisian judges to strike for a week in protest over purge,” Reuters, 5 June 2022)

SOMALIA
UNICEF outlines dire hunger situation; calls for widening gaze from Ukraine
On 7 June, UNICEF warned of an "explosion of child deaths" in the Horn of Africa if the international community fails to tackle an impending hunger disaster. The UNICEF’s Deputy Regional Director for Eastern and Southern Africa said 386,000 children in Somalia require immediate treatment for acute malnutrition. This figure is higher than the 340,000 children who needed treatment during the 2011 famine. Further, the Regional Director said 1.7 million children across Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia need immediate treatment for severe acute malnutrition. The UNICEF official maintained the issue will not be addressed "if the world does not widen its gaze from the war in Ukraine." The UNICEF warning comes amid a consecutive failure of four rainy seasons in two years and likely failed monsoons next October-December. ("'Explosion of child deaths' imminent in Horn of Africa if world does not act immediately - UNICEF," UNICEF, 7 June 2022)

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
UN envoy urges military response to M23 rebellion
On 1 June, the UN Secretary General’s special representative to the Democratic Republic of the Congo said a strong military response was necessary to tackle the M23 rebellion. The UN official suggested other measures along with military operations were necessary, including a political solution through regional mechanisms and disarmament and reintegration of the rebels by the government. (Samba Cyuzuzo, “UN envoy urges 'strong response' against Congo rebels,” BBC, 2 June 2022)

NIGERIA
50 people killed in a gunmen attack in a church
On 5 June, at least 50 people including children were reportedly killed in a gunmen attack in a Catholic church in southwestern Ondo state. Terming the attack “vile and satanic, Ondo Governor Rotimi Akeredolu said: “Our hearts are heavy, our peace and tranquillity have been attacked by the enemies of the people.” President Muhammadu Buhari released a statement: "Only fiends from the nether region could have conceived and carried out such dastardly act. No matter what, this country shall never give in to evil and wicked people, and darkness will never overcome light. Nigeria will eventually win." Though the country has regular events of gunmen attacks and ransom kidnappings, Ondo is a relatively peaceful region in Nigeria. No group has claimed responsibility for the attack. ("‘Evil and wicked’: At least 50 killed in Nigeria church attack," Al Jazeera, 5 June 2022) 

GUINEA
One protester allegedly killed by security forces in capital city 
On 1 June, one person was reportedly shot dead by security forces as people took to the streets in the capital Conakry protesting against a 20 per cent hike in gasoline prices. The security minister condemned the development and promised an investigation. A coalition of politicians said the security forces’ alleged actions were not in line with coup leader Colonel Mamady Doumbouya’s claims when he seized power, wherein he criticized killings during demonstrations. (“One killed in first major protest under Guinea junta,” Reuters, 2 June 2022)
 
MALI
UN peacekeepers killed in two attacks; military rejects report Mamay on army killings
On 3 June, the UN’s Mali mission (MINUSMA) said two UN peacekeepers were killed and two injured in an IED explosion on the way to Timbuktu. Previously on 1 June, one UN peacekeeper had been killed and three injured in an attack on its convoy in Kidal region in the north. The UN said as many as 170 UN peacekeepers have been killed in Mali since it began its operation in 2013. The latest attacks come after the UN released a report which said 543 civilians were killed in violence between Mali’s armed forces and rebel groups or Islamist militants. The report linked 248 deaths to the use of force by armed forces. However, Mali’s military government rejected the report claiming that the allegations are “tedious, uncross-referenced, reported in non-contradictory ways, and not supported by any tangible evidence.” (“Egyptian UN peacekeepers killed by improvised bomb blast in Mali,” Al Jazeera, 3 June 2022; “UN peacekeeper killed in Mali attack,” BBC, 1 June 2022; “Mali refutes UN report on alleged army killings,” BBC, 1 June 2022)

REGIONAL
ECOWAS postpones decision on Mali, Burkina Faso and Guinea to July
On 4 June, leaders of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), excluding heads of Mali, Burkina Faso and Guinea, met to assess the situation in the three countries and help them restore constitutional order. However, the summit was concluded without any decision and is scheduled to meet in July. Mali, which is under sanctions from the ECOWAS, expressed disappointment over the lack of ECOWAS’ decision on sanctions. Mali’s Foreign Minister hoped the regional organisation will revisit the issue in July. (“ECOWAS leaders postpone decision on sanctions in Mali, Burkina Faso and Guinea,” France24, 4 June 2022; “Mali ‘disappointed’ as Ecowas maintains sanctions,” BBC, 6 June 2022)
 
INTERNATIONAL
Russia’s senate chairperson visits Mozambique
On 1 June, BBC reported the chairperson of the Russian Federation Council (senate) was on a visit to Mozambique. The two sides signed a deal to enhance bilateral cooperation between the parliaments; this would include information sharing. The chairperson outlined that Russia had assisted Mozambique throughout the latter’s independence movement to the current training of Mozambican forces. The development also comes after Mozambique abstained from voting against Russia in the UN General Assembly’s vote to suspend Russia from the UN Human Rights Council. (Jose Tembe, “Mozambique and Russia agree to deepen ties,” BBC, 1 June 2022)
 
WHO official says Africa should not be sidelined in monkeypox fight
On 1 June, the WHO regional director for Africa said the world should avoid two different responses to the ongoing fight against monkeypox, one to the western world which was experiencing higher monkeypox transmission for the first time and another to Africa. The regional director outlined that the spread of monkeypox has changed and exemplified Nigeria wherein monkeypox was mostly in the south until 2019; by 2020, it had been reported in central, northern and eastern Nigeria. Therefore, the regional director highlighted the need to ensure availability and accessibility of vaccines against monkeypox to every community which requires it. (“'We must work together' - WHO says Africa must not be left behind in monkeypox fight,” News24, 1 June 2022)

UK to begin deportation to Rwanda on 17 June; several asylum seekers go on hunger strike
On 3 June, BBC reported 17 asylum seekers near Sussex had launched a hunger strike after they received notices for deportation to Rwanda as part of the UK’s latest asylum deal. The hunger strike was launched after UK Home Secretary Priti Patel said the deportation of the first batch of asylum seekers would begin on 14 June. The Home Office did not specify the number of people that would be deported; however, an aid agency estimates around 100 asylum seekers who arrived in May have received warnings of deportation. Previously, The Guardian reported to have seen a letter from the Home Office which said deportation of those observing the hunger strike may be prioritised for their health and safety. Meanwhile, aid agency Care4Calais has accused the Home Office of attempting to deport minors. The Home Office has denied these claims. (Mohamed Shalabey and Emir Nader, “Asylum seekers stage hunger strike as UK prepares Rwanda deportation,” BBC, 3 June 2022; Diane Taylor and Matthew Weaver, “Home Office threatens hunger strikers with faster deportation to Rwanda,” The Guardian, 2 June 2022; Mark Townsend, “UK accused of attempting to deport children to Rwanda,” The Guardian, 5 June 2022)

AU delegation meets Putin; raises concern over grains and fertiliser shortage 
On 3 June, African Union Chairperson and Senegal’s President Macky Sall and AU Commission’s Chairperson Moussa Faki Mahamat met with Russia’s President Vladmir Putin in Moscow. Sall told Putin that though African countries were far from the war in Ukraine, they were “victims on an economic level.” Following the meeting, Sall tweeted that Putin had assured that Russia could ease Ukraine’s export of cereals and Russia’s export of wheat and fertiliser. Meanwhile, Russia blamed the West’s sanctions which impacted Russia’s exports. However, Germany rejected Russia’s position and accused Putin of attempting to frame the narrative “that it's the West that's responsible for the famine threatening Africa” and not Russia’s war in Ukraine. (“Africans 'victims' of the Ukraine war, AU head tells Putin,” Deutsche Welle, 3 June 2022)

About the authors
Apoorva Sudhakar is a Project Associate at the School of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advanced Studies. Anu Maria Joseph is a postgraduate scholar at the Department of Political Science in Madras Christian College, Chennai.


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Fleur Elizabeth Philip

Thailand and Cambodia
What was the phone call between PM Shinawatra and President of Senate Hun Sen? What is the border dispute between the two? Why has this become an issue?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1735

Padmashree Anandhan

NATO Summit 2025:
Trump making Europe great again
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1734

GP Team

The World This Week #317
NATO Summit 2025 and Russia-Mali bilateral agreements
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1733

Ananya Dinesh

China and the Pacific Islands 
What was the recent China-PIC joint statement about? What it says, and what it means?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1728

M Kejia

G7 Summit 2025:
The Focus on the Middle East and Trade negotiations
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1726

GP Team

The World This Week #316
China-Central Asia Summit in Kazakhstan, and the G7 Summit in Canada
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1725

Brighty Ann Sarah, R Preetha, Santhiya M, Aparna A Nair & M Kejia

Operation Midnight Hammer: US bombs three nuclear sites in Iran
What were the three Iranian nuclear sites that were targeted? What are the B2 Bombers and Bunker Buster Bombs? What do these attacks mean? What Next?
Conflict Weekly
June 2025 | CWA # 1724

IPRI Team

Conflict Weekly #286
The Spiralling Israel-Iran Crisis, and the Dangerous Hunger Hotspots
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1721

Rizwana Banu S and Santhiya M

Who are the Afrikaners?
Why is Trump interested in the Afrikaner question in South Africa?
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1720

Lekshmi MK

New WMO Report on Arctic Warming
What are the social, economic and environmental implications of Arctic warming
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1719

J Yamini  

China’s EV Surge
What contributes to the rise of BYD
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1717

J Yamini

Gender Violence in Pakistan:
What are the larger issues in the Noor Mukadam case?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1715

Femy Francis

The US-China:
On Tariffs, Rare Earths and Visas
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1713

GP Team

The World This Week #315
The UN Ocean Conference in France and the US-China Meeting in London
Conflict Weekly
June 2025 | CWA # 1709

IPRI Team

Conflict Weekly #284-285
Cambodia-Thailand Border Tensions, Protests in the US, and the Indigenous Māori question in New Zealand
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1705

GP Team

The World This Week #314
Elections in South Korea and Poland I China and the Pacific Island Countries I Bangladesh Election Announcement 2026
Global Politics Explainer
June 2025 | CWA # 1700

R Preetha

Ethiopia bans the TPLF
What does the TPLF ban mean for the Pretoria agreement? What next for Ethiopia?
TWTW Note
June 2025 | CWA # 1694

Aashish Ganeshan

The US:
Harvard vs Trump Administration
The World This Week
June 2025 | CWA # 1691

GP Team

The World This Week #313
China-ASEAN-GCC Summit I President Macron's visit to South East Asia I Trump Vs Harvard
The World This Week
May 2025 | CWA # 1690

GP Team

The World This Week #312
Elections in Romania, Portugal & Poland I UK-EU Summit
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1689

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine
Continuing Russia’s Aerial Attacks, despite exchange of prisoners
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1688

Ayan Datta

Gaza
The Humanitarian Crisis and Israel’s Renewed Offensive
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1685

Aparna A Nair

UK-EU Summit:
First step towards a reset
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1683

Aashish Ganeshan

Elections in Portugal:
The Rise of Chega Party and the Search for Political Stability
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1679

Aashish Ganeshan

US in the Middle Easr
Trump’s visit to Saudi Arabia, Qatar and UAE
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1678

Gauri Gupta

China in Latin America
China-CELAC forum: Strengthening ties with Latin America and Caribbean
The World This Week
May 2025 | CWA # 1677

GP Team

The World This Week #310-311
China in Latin America and the Carribbean I Trump's Middle East Visit I Denmark as the new Arctic Chair
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1675

Lekshmi MK

Turkey:
PKK disbands after 40 years of armed insurgency
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1673

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine:
The Discussion in Turkiye and the Elusive Ceasefire
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1672

D Suba Chandran

India and Pakistan:
De-escalation and the “New Normal”
CW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1671

Abhiruchi Chowdhury

US, Ukraine and Russia:
Air attacks amidst a Minerals deal and Ceasefire Proposals
Global Politics Early Bird
May 2025 | CWA # 1670

Fleur Elizabeth Philip

Singapore Elections in 2025:
People’s Action Party (PAP) Wins, Again
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1667

R Preetha and Brighty Ann Sarah

East Asia:
Tough Tariff Negotiations with the US
TWTW Note
May 2025 | CWA # 1666

Padmashree Anandhan

The US-Ukraine
The mineral deal with the US
Conflict Weekly
May 2025 | CWA # 1665
Conflict Weekly # 280-81
India-Pakistan De-escalation I Ukraine Discussion in Istanbul I The Battle over Port Sudan I Disbanding of PKK in Turkiye I France-Algeria Diplomatic Tensions
Global Politics Early Bird
May 2025 | CWA # 1663

R Preetha

Canada Elections 2025:
What do the results convey? What next for Mark Carney?
NIAS Global Politics Database
March 2024 | CWA # 1251

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
NIAS Global Politics Database
February 2024 | CWA # 1226

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
The War in Ukraine
October 2023 | CWA # 1091

Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri

Issues for Europe
IPRI Quarterly Forecasts I Triggers, Trends, and Trajectories
July 2023 | CWA # 1012

Bibhu Prasad Routray

Myanmar continues to burn
2022: The World This Year
December 2022 | CWA # 879

Padmashree Anandhan

The Ukraine War
Europe: Heatwaves, Wildfires, Droughts, and Ice Melt in Alps
November 2022 | CWA # 838

Rishma Banerjee

Tracing Europe's droughts
NIAS Africa Weekly
March 2022 | CWA # 705

NIAS Africa Team

In Focus: Libya
The World This Week: 150th Issue
December 2021 | CWA # 630

GP Team

Europe in 2021
Pakistan Reader
October 2021 | CWA # 588

Abigail Miriam Fernandez

TLP is back again
NIAS Fortnightly on Science, Technology & International Relations
August 2021 | CWA # 528

STIR Team

Space Tourism
Science, Technology and International Relations
September 2019 | CWA # 162

Lakshman Chakravarthy N

5G: A Primer
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 71

Mahesh Bhatta

Nepal
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 70

Nasima Khatoon

The Maldives
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 69

Harini Madhusudan

India
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 68

Sourina Bej

Bangladesh
South Asia Monthly Brief (Nov 2018)
December 2018 | CWA # 67

Seetha Lakshmi Dinesh Iyer

Afghanistan