NIAS AFRICA WEEKLY

NIAS AFRICA WEEKLY
IN FOCUS | Bamako’s pardon of Ivorian soldiers

NIAS Africa Team
10 January 2023
Photo Source: REUTERS/Luc Gnago

Africa Weekly #46, Vol. 1, No. 46
10 January 2023

IN FOCUS

Bamako’s pardon of Ivorian soldiers: Beyond Mali-Ivory Coast relations

Underneath Mali’s pardon of the 46 Ivorian soldiers, is a brewing problem within West Africa, characterised by the rise of military coups, reshaping the region’s relations with the rest of the world.

By Apoorva Sudhakar

On 6 January, Mali’s president Assimi Goïta pardoned 49 Ivorian soldiers who had been arrested in July 2022 for allegedly being mercenaries. The military government’s spokesperson said Goïta’s pardon “demonstrates once again his commitment to peace, dialogue, pan-Africanism and the preservation of fraternal and secular relations with regional countries, in particular those between Mali and Ivory Coast.” The Mali government also thanked Togo’s President Faure Gnassingbe for “for his tireless efforts and constant commitment to dialogue and peace in the region”; the government criticised the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) chairman Umaro Sissoco Embalo for his “aggressive position” on the issue.

On 7 January, President Alassane Ouattara received the 46 soldiers at the airport in Abidjan. Ouattara said: “Now that this crisis is behind us, we can resume normal relations with the brother country of Mali.”

Mali’s pardon of Ivorian soldiers: Five issues

First, the 2022 crisis over Mali’s arrest of Ivorian soldiers. In July 2022, Mali detained 49 soldiers, including three women, on accusations of arriving in Bamako, from Ivory Coast, without permission and being mercenaries. Ivory Coast disputed Mali’s claim and said the soldiers were backing up a UN peacekeeping mission and that Bamako was aware of the same. However, the UN, too, observed “procedural dysfunctions” in the notification sent to Mali and held that “certain measures have not been followed.” In September 2022, Mali released the three women on humanitarian grounds. Meanwhile, the ECOWAS threatened Mali with sanctions if the military government failed to come up with a plan by 1 January to release the soldiers. In December, days before pardoning the soldiers, the Appeals Court of Bamako sentenced the 46 soldiers to 20 years in prison for reportedly undermining state security.

Second, the larger differences between Bamako and Abidjan. Mali maintains that Ivory Coast has been providing asylum to Malian political leaders that Bamako wants, including former president Ibrahim Keita’s son and other former ministers. When Ivory Coast was negotiating for the soldiers’ release, Goïta hinted at asking for the return of these leaders “as opposed to a one-way solution that consists of acceding to the Ivorian demands without any compensation for Mali.” These contentions are part of the larger strained relations between the two countries since August 2020 when Mali witnessed a military coup that overthrew Ibrahim Keita. Ivory Coast has been critical of the coup and the political developments in Mali over the last two years.

Third, Mali’s deteriorating regional and international relations. While Togo has been mediating between Mali and other countries, Mali’s relationship with its neighbours and the regional body ECOWAS has been rough since 2020. Besides Ivory Coast, France, Germany, and the UK, announced their withdrawal from the UN mission in Mali recently. Further, Mali and France terminated their relations after the latter, which was leading the counter-terrorism operations since 2013, claimed working with Bamako had become unfavourable. In July, Mali also expelled the UN mission spokesperson and suspended new rotations of the peacekeepers.

Fourth, the changing dynamics in West Africa. Apart from the coups in Mali in August 2020 and May 2021, Guinea and Burkina Faso also witnessed coups in September 2021 and January and September 2022 respectively. Further, The Gambia witnessed an alleged coup attempt in December 2022. The series of coups reflect a problem of weak institutions and the rising insecurity linked to armed groups affiliated to terrorist groups like the Islamic State and al Qaeda. The ECOWAS response to impose or threaten these countries with sanctions has done little to deter the military from grabbing power. Contrary to the neighbouring countries’ suggestion to hold quicker transitions, the military governments are increasingly adamant on holding power for longer, often isolating themselves from the region and being unresponsive to sanctions or the threat thereof by the ECOWAS.

Fifth, increasing Russian influence. Amid the isolation and distancing from Western powers, Mali, Burkina Faso and other countries in the region are growing closer to Russia. Several media and governmental reports speculate that Russia is deploying private mercenaries to assist military governments in the region, who often exploit the situation and are involved in human rights abuses. Through this, Russia has laid deep inroads against the impending vacuum from the withdrawal of Western forces. Apart from the closeness with military governments, Moscow has also attracted support from the civilians in Mali and Burkina Faso, wherein they are calling on Russia and holding rallies in support of Russian presence.

What lies ahead

First, Mali’s pardon to the soldier is a welcome move, however, it is unlikely to rekindle friendly relations with Ivory Coast or the rest of West Africa. With several countries announcing their withdrawal from the peacekeeping mission, Mali will be the hotspot for rising insecurity. Therefore, a lack of regional cooperation will only fuel the situation.

Second, West African countries and regional organisations like ECOWAS need new ways to approach countries under military governments and end their self-isolating measures because countries like Mali, which are emerging centres of insecurity, hold high stakes in the region.

Second, Bamako has been defensive and unwilling to compromise on its decisions. This has resulted in Mali’s isolation within West Africa and also from the rest of the world, except from a few powers like Russia. For Mali and other countries, the West is no longer the only option and Moscow has placed itself as a reliable alternative.

(Note: Parts of this commentary were first published in the NIAS-IPRI-KAS Conflict Weekly)


AFRICA IN BRIEF

3 January – 10 January

by Apoorva Sudhakar and Anu Maria Joseph

MAURITANIA

Former president barred from leaving country

On 5 January, former president Mohamed Ould Abdelaziz was prevented from travelling abroad and police officers seized his passport. Abdelaziz said that he was prevented from travelling by “the political police” though he was not under any “judicial supervision.” He accused the government of “targeting” and “mistreating” him. Abdelaziz and a few other officials from his government are under investigation for corruption and mismanagement. (Ahmed Rouaba, “Former Mauritania president banned from travel,” BBC, 5 January 2022)

CHAD

Several arrested for destabilisation plot

On 4 January, the government said it had foiled an “attempted destabilisation” by 11 officers led by the  president of the Chadian Organisation of Human Rights, Baradine Berdei Targuio. The government said the accused were arrested after 8 December. The communications minister said an investigation has been launched. Previously, Targuio was sentenced to three years in jail in February 2021, for writing that former and then President Idriss Deby was seriously unwell. (“Chad says it foiled 'destabilisation' bid by officers,” France24, 5 January 2022)

ETHIOPIA

Army says “liberated several localities” from OLA rebels

On 3 January, the Ethiopian army said that it had “liberated several localities” from Oromo Liberation  Army (OLA) rebels. A senior army official said: “the security forces have launched a coordinated operation to stop the subversion by the Shene and ensure stability in the region.” The OLA was declared as a terrorist group in Ethiopia along with TPLF, which claims to fight for the rights of ethnic Oromo people. (“Raid against Oromo rebels successful - Ethiopia army,” BBC, 3 January 2023)

SUDAN

UN launches second phase of negotiations

On 9 January, BBC reported that the UN mission in Sudan launched a second phase of negotiations between military and civilian groups on 8 January. The United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan (UNITAMS) said the four-day conference will discuss five major issues in the political framework of the agreement. Civilian and military leaders, civil society groups, academics, private sector representatives and religious leaders are attending the conference. (“UN launches second phase of Sudan political talks,” BBC, 9 January 2023)

SOMALIA

Car bombs claim 35 lives

On 4 January, at least 35 people, including women and children, were killed and 40 injured in central Somalia’s Mahas town after al Shabaab detonated two car bombs. Mahas District Commissioner Mumin Mohamed Halane informed the state radio that one bomb targeted his residence and the other targeted a federal lawmaker’s home. Meanwhile, al Shabaab claimed that 87 people had died in the attack against “apostate militias and soldiers.” (Abdi Sheikh, “Car bombs kill 35, burn houses in central Somalia - police,” Reuters, 4 January 2023)

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO

Rebels surrender key military base

On 6 January, BBC reported that the M23 rebels had handed over its military base in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo to an Eastern African regional force. Rumangabo camp which was seized by the group in October was handed over following a ceasefire brokered by East African leaders. (“DR Congo rebels surrender key military base,” BBC, 6 January 2022)

BURKINA FASO

28 bodies found in northwestern town

On 3 January, the government said bodies of 28 people who had been shot dead on 30 and 31 December had been discovered in a Nouna town in the northwest; an investigation has been launched into the same. The government statement said the killings took place as the government had launched the Homeland Defence Volunteers (VDP) to mobilise civilians in the fight against Islamist insurgency. A BBC news report referred to the Collective Against Impunity and Stigmatisation of Communities (CISC) which said the victims were killed by armed civilians pretending to be from the VDP. (“Burkina Faso violence: Bodies of 28 people found in Nouna,” BBC, 3 January 2023)

MALI

Five killed in attack near Bamako

On 3 January, the security ministry said five people had been killed in an attack on a civil defence post near Bamako, by unidentified assailants. The ministry said the casualties included two civil defence force members and three civilians. (“Five killed in attack near Malian capital,” Reuters, 4 January 2022)

REGIONAL

Rwanda: Will not send back refugees to DRC, government clarifies

On 10 January, a government spokesperson said Rwanda does not intend to expel refugees from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The spokesperson said the media had misrepresented President Paul Kagame’s stance on the refugees from DRC and said Kagame only highlighted “the blatant hypocrisy in criticising Rwanda which simultaneously gets the blame for state failure in the DRC [DR Congo], and is then expected to accommodate those who seek refuge from the consequences of that failure.” The development comes a day after Kagame told the Senate on 9 January that Rwanda cannot continue accommodating refugees for which Kigali is later “held accountable in some way, or even insulted and abused about.” (“Rwanda says it will not accept DR Congo refugees any more,” Al Jazeera, 10 January 2023)

Sudan: Eritrean people smuggler arrested in Sudan

On 6 January, Interpol said that Kidane Zekarais Habtemariam, a notorious people smuggler accused of atrocities against migrants, was arrested in Sudan. It said the Eritrean national was the head of the organisation which kidnapped, extorted and murdered East African migrants. He escaped from custody in Ethiopia while on trial for allegations of people smuggling in 2020, leading to his conviction in absentia and life in prison sentence. According to Interpol, it dealt a serious blow to a major smuggling route into Europe. It said that it showed what can be accomplished when nations collaborate. (“Sudan arrests wanted Eritrean human smugglerBBC, 6 January 2023)

Mali: ECOWAS clears threat of sanctions over detention of Ivorian soldiers  

On 4 January, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) said Mali will not be placed under sanctions for detaining 46 Ivorian soldiers and instead will look to Togo for mediation between the two countries. This comes after the ECOWAS had given Mali a deadline of 1 January to release the soldiers who were detained on 10 July 2022 after they arrived in Bamako to join a UN mission; however, Mali termed them “mercenaries.” Later, the soldiers were sentenced to 20 years in prison. On 4 January, Togo’s president conducted a “friendly working visit” to Bamako and the current ECOWAS head, who is also the Guinea-Bissau president said: “We have given time for Togolese mediators to do their job, in order to resolve the situation. It’s just a matter of common sense.” (“Mali escapes sanctions over detention of 46 Ivorian soldiers,” Al Jazeera, 5 January 2022)

INTERNATIONAL

Chinese Foreign Minister announces weeklong visit to Africa

On 9 January, the Chinese Foreign Ministry announced that its new Foreign Minister Qin Gang will begin his term with a weeklong trip to five African countries. The Chinese spokesperson said that he will visit Ethiopia, Gabon, Angola, Benin and Egypt. The spokesperson said: “It shows that China attaches great importance to the traditional friendship with Africa and the development of China-Africa relations.” (“China's new foreign minister heads to Africa for first trip,” Africanews, 9 January 2023)

Burkina Faso: France supports envoy despite Burkinabe request to recall him

On 5 January, French Foreign Minister Catherine Colonna said France will back its envoy to Burkina Faso amid the Burkinabe government's request to recall the envoy. The development comes amid France’s strained relations with West African countries. Colonna said: “There was a coup (in Mali) and there is an organised and methodical anti-French discourse going on. Potentially, yes, one can imagine a link in this anti-French campaign and Wagner.” (John Irish and Tassilo Hummel, “France backs its Burkina envoy despite pressure to withdraw him -minister,” Reuters, 5 January 2023)

US calls on M23 to withdraw from captured territories in DRC

On 4 January, the US Department of State’s spokesperson Ned Price referred to the UN experts’ report claiming evidence of Rwanda’s support to the M23 and said that the US expects the rebel group to withdraw from the locations highlighted in the Luanda Agreement signed on 23 November. Price’s statement said: “Noting the report’s clear evidence of Rwandan support to M23 and credible reports of grave human rights abuses by M23, we reiterate our call for Rwanda to cease all support to M23 and withdraw its troops from eastern DRC.” Price also condemned “ the collaboration between elements of the Congolese armed forces (FARDC) and armed groups, including FDLR…” that was mentioned in the UN report. (“Statement on Report by UN Group of Experts,” US Department of State, 4 January 2023)


About the authors

Apoorva Sudhakar is a Research Associate at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore. Anu Maria Joseph is a Research Assistant at NIAS.


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The War in Ukraine
The Geneva Talks and Growing Negotiation Asymmetry
December 2025 | CWA # 1971

Vani Vyshnavi Jupudi

Pakistan Budget 2025-26
Legislating stabilisation under IMF discipline and coalition constraints
December 2025 | CWA # 1970

Aparna A Nair

Pakistan & China
Ten Years of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
November 2025 | CWA # 1968

Vani Vyshnavi Jupudi

Pakistan and the US
A New opening, or another cycle?
November 2025 | CWA # 1967

R Preetha

Risks, Reforms and Trajectories
November 2025 | CWA # 1966

Lekshmi MK

Five Questions on Challenges, Capacity and Policies
February 2026 | CWA # 1962

Global Politics Team

Regional Roundups: From East Asia to the Americas
February 2026 | CWA # 1961

Lekshmi MK

What does it mean for domestic politics and regional stability?
February 2026 | CWA # 1955

Global Politics Team

Regional Roundups: From East Asia to the Americas
January 2026 | CWA # 1947

Brighty Ann Sarah

January 2026 | CWA # 1946

Preetha Renganarayanan

The Davos Summit 2026
Five Major Takeaways from The World Economic Forum
January 2026 | CWA # 1945

Global Politics Team

January 2026 | CWA # 1943

Anu Maria Joseph

January 2026 | CWA # 1942

Lekshmi MK

January 2026 | CWA # 1941

Brighty Ann Sarah

January 2026 | CWA # 1940

IPRI Team

January 2026 | CWA # 1939

Lekshmi MK

January 2026 | CWA # 1937

Anu Maria Joseph

December 2025 | CWA # 1931

Padmashree Anandhan

NATO Summit 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1930

Aparna A Nair

December 2025 | CWA # 1924

Padmashree Anandhan

NATO Summit 2025
December 2025 | CWA # 1914

Preetha Renganarayanan

December 2025 | CWA # 1913

Rohini Reenum

December 2025 | CWA # 1912

Lekshmi MK

December 2025 | CWA # 1911

Swati Sood

December 2025 | CWA # 1905

Femy Francis

December 2025 | CWA # 1902

Brighty Ann Sarah

December 2025 | CWA # 1893

Lekshmi MK

December 2025 | CWA # 1889

Femy Francis

December 2025 | CWA # 1881

Sunidhi Sampige

December 2025 | CWA # 1864

Femy Francis

Ten Takeaways of a SCMP Interview with a former PLA Colonel
December 2025 | CWA # 1861

Femy Francis

China Reader
November 2025 | CWA # 1859

Brighty Ann Sarah

November 2025 | CWA # 1858

Padmashree Anandhan

August 2025 | CWA # 1801

R Preetha

28 August 1963
Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" speech and the Civil Rights Movement in the US
August 2025 | CWA # 1790

GP Team

The World This Week#323-324
The Trump-Putin meeting & the US-China tariff extension
August 2025 | CWA # 1780

Abhiruchi Chowdhury

Trump tariffs:
Weaponization of access to the US economy
August 2025 | CWA # 1779

GP Team

The World This Week#322
US tariffs on India, Brazil and Canada & the EU-US trade deal
August 2025 | CWA # 1778

Lekshmi MK

28 July 1914
Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, starting the First World War
July 2025 | CWA # 1770

Abhiruchi Chowdhury

Pakistan-Afghanistan relations:
Why the focus on terrorism, refugees, and Uzbekistan as the third partner?
July 2025 | CWA # 1769

GP Team

The World This Week#321
Indian PM Modi's visit to the Maldives I Elections to the Upper House in Japan
July 2025 | CWA # 1762

Lekshmi MK

Ocean Darkening: 
What is the phenomenon? What are its effects? And who are more vulnerable?
July 2025 | CWA # 1749

R Preetha

Africa as the Hunger Epicenter
Of the 13 Global Hunger Hotspots, 8 are in Africa: Five reasons why
July 2025 | CWA # 1748

GP Team

The World This Week #318
PM Modi’s Visit to Trinidad and Tobago & Ghana, One big beautiful bill, and Quad Foreign Ministers Meeting
July 2025 | CWA # 1744

Chittrothu Vaihali

EU-Canada Summit 2025
What is security and defence partnership all about?
July 2025 | CWA # 1742

IPRI Team

Conflict Weekly # 287-88
The 12 Day War and the Congo-Rwanda Peace Deal
July 2025 | CWA # 1738

Fleur Elizabeth Philip

Thailand and Cambodia
What was the phone call between PM Shinawatra and President of Senate Hun Sen? What is the border dispute between the two? Why has this become an issue?
June 2025 | CWA # 1735

Padmashree Anandhan

NATO Summit 2025:
Trump making Europe great again
June 2025 | CWA # 1734

GP Team

The World This Week #317
NATO Summit 2025 and Russia-Mali bilateral agreements
June 2025 | CWA # 1733

Ananya Dinesh

China and the Pacific Islands 
What was the recent China-PIC joint statement about? What it says, and what it means?
June 2025 | CWA # 1728

M Kejia

G7 Summit 2025:
The Focus on the Middle East and Trade negotiations
June 2025 | CWA # 1726

GP Team

The World This Week #316
China-Central Asia Summit in Kazakhstan, and the G7 Summit in Canada
June 2025 | CWA # 1725

Brighty Ann Sarah, R Preetha, Santhiya M, Aparna A Nair & M Kejia

Operation Midnight Hammer: US bombs three nuclear sites in Iran
What were the three Iranian nuclear sites that were targeted? What are the B2 Bombers and Bunker Buster Bombs? What do these attacks mean? What Next?
June 2025 | CWA # 1724

IPRI Team

Conflict Weekly #286
The Spiralling Israel-Iran Crisis, and the Dangerous Hunger Hotspots
June 2025 | CWA # 1721

Rizwana Banu S and Santhiya M

Who are the Afrikaners?
Why is Trump interested in the Afrikaner question in South Africa?
June 2025 | CWA # 1720

Lekshmi MK

New WMO Report on Arctic Warming
What are the social, economic and environmental implications of Arctic warming
June 2025 | CWA # 1719

J Yamini  

China’s EV Surge
What contributes to the rise of BYD
June 2025 | CWA # 1717

J Yamini

Gender Violence in Pakistan:
What are the larger issues in the Noor Mukadam case?
June 2025 | CWA # 1715

Femy Francis

The US-China:
On Tariffs, Rare Earths and Visas
June 2025 | CWA # 1713

GP Team

The World This Week #315
The UN Ocean Conference in France and the US-China Meeting in London
June 2025 | CWA # 1712

R Preetha

June 2025 | CWA # 1705

GP Team

The World This Week #314
Elections in South Korea and Poland I China and the Pacific Island Countries I Bangladesh Election Announcement 2026
June 2025 | CWA # 1703

M Kejia 

Sagarmatha Sambaad in Nepal
Kathmandu’s Global Agenda for the Himalayas
June 2025 | CWA # 1700

R Preetha

Ethiopia bans the TPLF
What does the TPLF ban mean for the Pretoria agreement? What next for Ethiopia?
June 2025 | CWA # 1694

Aashish Ganeshan

The US:
Harvard vs Trump Administration
June 2025 | CWA # 1691

GP Team

The World This Week #313
China-ASEAN-GCC Summit I President Macron's visit to South East Asia I Trump Vs Harvard
May 2025 | CWA # 1690

GP Team

The World This Week #312
Elections in Romania, Portugal & Poland I UK-EU Summit
May 2025 | CWA # 1689

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine
Continuing Russia’s Aerial Attacks, despite exchange of prisoners
May 2025 | CWA # 1688

Ayan Datta

Gaza
The Humanitarian Crisis and Israel’s Renewed Offensive
May 2025 | CWA # 1685

Aparna A Nair

UK-EU Summit:
First step towards a reset
May 2025 | CWA # 1683

Aashish Ganeshan

Elections in Portugal:
The Rise of Chega Party and the Search for Political Stability
May 2025 | CWA # 1679

Aashish Ganeshan

US in the Middle Easr
Trump’s visit to Saudi Arabia, Qatar and UAE
May 2025 | CWA # 1678

Gauri Gupta

China in Latin America
China-CELAC forum: Strengthening ties with Latin America and Caribbean
May 2025 | CWA # 1677

GP Team

The World This Week #310-311
China in Latin America and the Carribbean I Trump's Middle East Visit I Denmark as the new Arctic Chair
May 2025 | CWA # 1675

Lekshmi MK

Turkey:
PKK disbands after 40 years of armed insurgency
May 2025 | CWA # 1673

Padmashree Anandhan

Ukraine:
The Discussion in Turkiye and the Elusive Ceasefire
May 2025 | CWA # 1671

Abhiruchi Chowdhury

US, Ukraine and Russia:
Air attacks amidst a Minerals deal and Ceasefire Proposals
May 2025 | CWA # 1670

Fleur Elizabeth Philip

Singapore Elections in 2025:
People’s Action Party (PAP) Wins, Again
May 2025 | CWA # 1667

R Preetha and Brighty Ann Sarah

East Asia:
Tough Tariff Negotiations with the US
May 2025 | CWA # 1666

Padmashree Anandhan

The US-Ukraine
The mineral deal with the US
May 2025 | CWA # 1665
Conflict Weekly # 280-81
India-Pakistan De-escalation I Ukraine Discussion in Istanbul I The Battle over Port Sudan I Disbanding of PKK in Turkiye I France-Algeria Diplomatic Tensions
May 2025 | CWA # 1663

R Preetha

Canada Elections 2025:
What do the results convey? What next for Mark Carney?
October 2024 | CWA # 1480

IPRI Team

July 2024 | CWA # 1413

Ramya B

May 2024 | CWA # 1336

Femy Francis

April 2024 | CWA # 1275

Ramya B

March 2024 | CWA # 1251

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
March 2024 | CWA # 1246

Sivasubramanian K

February 2024 | CWA # 1226

NIAS Africa Team

Africa This Week
November 2023 | CWA # 1148

GP Team

October 2023 | CWA # 1091

Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri

Issues for Europe
October 2023 | CWA # 1087

PR Team

October 2023 | CWA # 1083

GP Team

August 2023 | CWA # 1049

IPRI Team

July 2023 | CWA # 1012

Bibhu Prasad Routray

Myanmar continues to burn
July 2023 | CWA # 1009

GP Team

December 2022 | CWA # 879

Padmashree Anandhan

The Ukraine War
December 2022 | CWA # 872

Sapna Elsa Abraham

November 2022 | CWA # 838

Rishma Banerjee

Tracing Europe's droughts
March 2022 | CWA # 705

NIAS Africa Team

In Focus: Libya
December 2021 | CWA # 630

GP Team

Europe in 2021
October 2021 | CWA # 588

Abigail Miriam Fernandez

TLP is back again
August 2021 | CWA # 528

STIR Team

Space Tourism
September 2020 | CWA # 337

Anju Annie Mammen

February 2020 | CWA # 235

Lakshmi V Menon

September 2019 | CWA # 162

Lakshman Chakravarthy N

5G: A Primer
December 2018 | CWA # 71

Mahesh Bhatta

Nepal
December 2018 | CWA # 70

Nasima Khatoon

The Maldives
December 2018 | CWA # 69

Harini Madhusudan

India
December 2018 | CWA # 68

Sourina Bej

Bangladesh
December 2018 | CWA # 67

Seetha Lakshmi Dinesh Iyer

Afghanistan
July 2018 | CWA # 47

Rahul Arockiaraj

June 2018 | CWA # 26

Siddhatti Mehta