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EU Digital Services Act: Three and implications
By Sreeja JS
On 25 August, the EU's ambitious Digital Services Act (DSA) came into effect with a new set of regulations for online platforms and search engines with a large user base in the EU. DSA aims to ensure big tech companies such as Google and Facebook, take measures to create a safer and transparent digital space, moderate illegal content, and prevent the promotion and proliferation of hate speech and disinformation.
What is the Act about?
According to the European Commission, the goal of DSA is to create a safer digital space with new rules on privacy, security, and data sharing. The Digital Services Act and Digital Markets Act are part of the Digital Services Package adopted by the Council of Europe and European Parliament in 2022. Some of the provisions of the Digital Services Act came into force on 16 November 2022.
On 25 April 2023, the European Commission adopted its first set of decisions on designations. Accordingly, the Commission designated 17 social media and online shopping platforms as Very Large Online Platforms (otherwise called VLOPs) and two search engines namely Google and Bing as Very Large Search Engines (otherwise called VLOSEs) who have at least 45 million users in the EU. These platforms and search engines would now have to comply with a full set of obligations that came into force on 25 August. EU would require the VLOPs and VLOSEs to update their user numbers at least once every six months so that if a platform has less than 45 million users in a year they would be removed from the list. Failure to comply with the new rules would result in billions of euros (up to six per cent of their global turnover) in penalty and even an EU-wide ban. The law aims to give users of these platforms, including minors, more rights and influence over their accounts to ensure better privacy and security.
According to the European Commission, DSA would become applicable to all entities within scope by 17 February 2024 and the member states are required to empower their Digital Services Coordinators by that time.
The new set of obligations that came into force focuses on:
1. Measures to tackle disinformation: The large online platforms enumerated as VLOPs and VLOSEs would have to identify, analyze and mitigate an array of systemic risks. The systemic risks pertain to the dissemination of illegal content and the negative effects on fundamental rights, electoral processes, and gender-based violence or mental health. They are obliged to carry out their first annual risk assessment and share the data with the European Commission.
2. Strong protection of minors and ban on targeted advertising: DSA also introduced two restrictions regarding data protection on targeted advertising. Firstly, it aims to ban targeted advertising of minors based on profiling. Secondly, the ban on targeted advertising using special categories of personal data such as race, gender, sexual orientation and religion.
3.Enhancement of transparency and accountability: The act includes provisions for delegated regulation on data access. Thus, the large platforms would have to give vetted researchers access to its data that is publicly available. According to the European Commission, it would further specify the conditions for the sharing of data and the purposes for which the data may be used.
What are the implications of the Act?
Firstly, regulations for the online platforms. Many of the big tech companies such as Google, Meta, TikTok and Snapchat enlisted in the VLOSEs and VLOPs have already outlined how they would comply with the DSA. For instance, Google reiterated that it already complies with some of the rules and regulations of DSA, including the ability to provide YouTube creators to appeal against video removals and restrictions. Further, Amazon announced that it is expanding its Ad Transparency Center to meet the requirements of the Act. Meanwhile, Meta, the parent company of Facebook and Instagram said that it is working to expand its Ad Library. It added that soon it would start displaying and archiving all the ads targeting the EU users while including the parameters used and the users targeted by the ads. When a majority of the companies have agreed to comply with DSA, Amazon and Zalando have challenged their inclusion in the list. In July 2023, Reuters, reported on Amazon legal challenge with the Luxembourg-based General Court, asking the court to annul its designation in VLOPs as its big rivals in the EU were excluded from the list. However, Amazon implemented numerous features such as a channel for users to report incorrect product information to show its compliance with the DSA. Previously, German retailer Zalando flagged a similar legal challenge against the European Commission arguing that its user base is below the 45 million threshold (June 2023).
Secondly, uniform regulations across the EU member states. According to the European Commission, DSA would provide one set of rules for all the EU member states. All the citizens of the EU, irrespective of their countries, would have a common enforcement system to safeguard the digital space. Further, DSA would apply directly and supersede overlapping national laws of the same objective. Besides, EU member states cannot go beyond the Regulation in their national laws as DSA is a harmonization instrument. The supervision of the regulations would be shared between the European Commission and the member states. The Commission would be primarily responsible for the VLOPs and VLOSEs, while the member states would be responsible for smaller platforms or search engines in line with the state’s preference.
Thirdly, enhanced empowerment and protection for users. The important agenda of DSA is to create a safe and sound digital space and empower the users in the EU member states to freely express their ideas and opinions. It also aims to create a safe space to engage in online shopping by reducing the risks of illegal activities, and dangerous products and to ensure the protection of fundamental rights. According to Deutsche Welle, the law coming into effect would mean providing of reasons of moderation, deletion and ban of the content to the users. This is to ensure transparency. By February 2024, consumers and consumer rights groups would also have the opportunity to use various mechanisms to appeal if their content had been moderated.
References
“Digital Services Act takes effect for large online platforms,” data.europa.eu, 25 August 2023
“Digital Services Act: Commission designates first set of Very Large Online Platforms and Search Engines,” ec.europa.eu, 25 April 2023
“Questions and Answers: Digital Services Act*,” ec.europa.eu, 25 April 2023
Martin Coulter, “Big Tech braces for EU Digital Services Act regulations,” Reuters, 24 August 2023
"The Digital Services Act: ensuring a safe and accountable online environment," commission.europa.eu
Lisa O'Carroll, “How the EU Digital Services Act affects Facebook, Google and others,” The Guardian, 25 August 2023
Priyanka Shankar, “What impact will the EU's Digital Services Act have?” Deutsche Welle, 25 August 2023
Foo Yun Chee, “Amazon makes first Big Tech challenge to EU online content rules,” Reuters, 11 July 2023
"Digital Services Act: EU's landmark rules for online platforms enter into force," ec.europa. eu, 16 November 2022
War in Ukraine: Days 567
By Padmashree Anandhan
War on the Ground
On 13 September, Volodymyr Kudrytskiy, Ukraine’s Ukrenergo spokesperson reported on the near completion of energy grid systems repairs. He assured the installation of equipment that will help Ukraine to sustain its power grid in winter. This comes after continued damaged caused by Russia’s missile strikes. He said: “We know what it looks like [to be attacked] and it will be very difficult for the enemy to surprise us after the 1,200 missiles they fired at the power system last winter.”
The Moscow View
Claims by Russia
On 13 September, Russia’s defence ministry reported on a cruise missile attack in Sevastopol. In the attack that took place in a shipyard, two ships were reported to be damaged and was observed to have attempted to attack unmanned boats in the Black Sea fleet. Mikhail Razvozhayev confirmed the same where 24 were reported injured.
On 13 September, Vladimir Putin, Russia’s President confirmed his acceptance to visit North Korea. This comes after Putin and Kim Jong-Un, North Korea’s leader held talks at the Eastern Economic Forum. On commitment between both, North Korea’s news agency, KCNA said: “Common front to frustrate the imperialists' military threat and provocation.” On the sanction, Putin stressed on Russia following and stressed on “self-sufficient” aspect. According to Deutsche Welle, Kim was reported to have promised to aid Russia in protecting its security interest and relations with Russia would be “first priority.”
The West View
Responses from the US and Europe
On 13 September, on Kim and Putin’s meet, Antony Blinken, US Secretary of the State expressed that it showcased “Russia’s desperation.” He said: “We're looking to make sure that we, as necessary, can impose costs and consequences.” On the same the White House stated that it continues to ask North Korea to not support Russia.
On 13 September, Klaus Iohannis, Romania’s President reported on findings of fragments of drone inside the territory. The same was confirmed by Romania’s defence ministry stating it to be spread “several tens of meters.” In response to this the foreign ministry raised objection against Russia for violating its airspace.
On 13 September, Estonia’s ministry of the interior announced its decision to join Latvia and Lithuania in banning entry of vehicles with Russia’s licence plates. The move comes after European Commission updated its guidelines. Further the minister necessitated on implementing measures after discussing with other Baltic States.
On 13 September, Ursula von der Leyen, European Commission President during the annual address in France assured long-term support to Ukraine. She said: “Our support to Ukraine will endure.”
References
“Vladimir Putin accepts Kim's invitation to visit North Korea,” Deutsche Welle, 13 September 2023
“Ukraine power systems ready for winter: official,” Taipei Times, 14 September 2023
“China, Ukraine, green energy: EU chief sets out priorities in state of union speech,” rfi.fr, 13 September 2023
Yaroslav Trofimov, “Russian Navy Shipyard Targeted by Missile Strikes in Sevastopol; Two Vessels Hit,” Wall Street Journal, 13 September 2023
“Day one of Russian vehicles entry ban into Estonia passes off peacefully,” ERR News, 14 September 2023
“NATO member Romania finds fragments of drones near its border with Ukraine for the third time,” Associated Press, 13 September 2023
“Secretary Antony J. Blinken with Tommy Vietor and Ben Rhodes of Pod Save the World,” state.gov, 14 September 2023