CW Explainer

CWA # 2130
CW Explainer
The UK-Rwanda Asylum Deal: 
Why did the Permanent Court of Arbitration reject Rwanda’s claims? What was Rwanda’s complaint? Why did the UK cancel the deal?

Akshath Kaimal
5 June 2026
Photo Source:

On 01 June, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) in The Hague ruled in favour of the United Kingdom after Rwanda brought the country to court over the scrapped UK-Rwanda Asylum Partnership Agreement. The deal was struck between the two countries in 2022 and signed in 2023 while a Conservative government was in power in the UK, but was later suspended by the current Labour government in 2024.

In response to the ruling, a UK government spokesperson said that the country had “robustly defended its position, and the tribunal has now ruled in favour of the UK on all grounds.”

A Rwandan government spokesperson said that the country "respects the tribunal's ruling and considers the matter closed", but highlighted the dissenting opinion from one of the judges as representative of how the case is open to “different legal interpretations”.

1. What did the ruling say?
In its final Award, the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) rejected the Republic of Rwanda's claims against the United Kingdom. The tribunal ruled by majority to dismiss Rwanda's financial claim for the GBP 50 million Year 2 installment, and voted unanimously to reject the GBP 50 million claim for Year 3 under the 2024 Finance Agreement within the larger UK-Rwanda Asylum Partnership  Agreement. Additionally, the panel unanimously rejected Rwanda's assertions that the UK breached its obligations under Articles 18 and 19 of the Agreement, finding that the UK was not in breach for failing to resettle vulnerable refugees. Ultimately, the tribunal decided that both nations must split the arbitration costs equally and absorb their own respective legal expenses.

2. What was the UK-Rwanda asylum deal?
The UK-Rwanda Asylum Partnership Agreement was a high-profile immigration policy first announced in April 2022 by then-Conservative Prime Minister Boris Johnson and signed by both countries in 2023. Under the five-year agreement, asylum seekers who arrived in the UK illegally - such as via small boats across the English Channel - would be relocated to Rwanda for processing.  If their asylum claims were successful, they would be granted permanent residency in Rwanda, not the UK. In return for taking in the migrants, the UK government agreed to pay Rwanda an initial GBP 120 million through the Economic Transformation and Integration Fund (ETIF), plus an additional GBP 20,000 to GBP 30,000 per relocated individual to cover temporary accommodation and resettlement costs. 

3. What led to the deal?
The Conservative government's primary goal was to curb illegal entry into the country. Small boat crossings across the English Channel into the UK increased from just 299 in 2018 to 45,774 in 2022. By resettling asylum seekers in the East African country as opposed to providing them a safe haven within the country, the UK aimed to drastically reduce the number of migrants attempting the dangerous Channel crossings. Officials also argued that the threat of deportation to Rwanda would undermine the business model of the human smuggling networks that facilitate the journeys. The policy is also part of a broader push to rein in immigration and asylum numbers, which had been increasing since the 2015 European migrant crisis.

4. Why did the Labour government suspend the deal?
When Keir Starmer became Prime Minister following Labour's general election victory in July 2024, he immediately declared the Rwanda plan "dead and buried" on his first day in office. The Labour government viewed the scheme as an “expensive gimmick". Before its cancellation, the UK had already spent roughly GBP 700 million on the policy, yet only four people - all of whom were volunteers - had actually been relocated to Kigali. Labour deemed this a waste of taxpayer money and pledged to redirect the funds toward delivering vital border security reforms and scaling up removals of those with no legal right to stay. 

5. Why did Rwanda file a case against the UK?
After the UK walked away from the agreement, Rwanda filed an arbitration case against the UK at the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) in The Hague in November 2025. Rwanda sued for over GBP 100 million, claiming the UK had breached the terms of the treaty. Specifically, they demanded two outstanding payments of GBP 50 million each, scheduled for the second and third years of the deal, plus compensation. Rwanda's Justice Minister, Emmanuel Ugirashebuja, argued his country had incurred "significant costs" preparing for the partnership, and complained that the UK didn't give Kigali the courtesy of advance notice, leaving Rwandan leaders to read about the cancellation in the media. 

6. What next for the UK, Rwanda, and the migration issue?
With the arbitration settled, Rwanda is pivoting to other international partnerships, while the UK is shifting its focus to a domestic enforcement strategy. Having scrapped the deportation scheme, London is gambling heavily on its new Border Security Command to dismantle human smuggling networks. However, the underlying maritime crisis continues to swell. Despite the policy pivot, Channel crossings in small boats rose by 13 percent in 2025, reaching 41,472 arrivals - the second-highest annual total on record. As 2026 crossings continue at a relentless pace, the UK faces the reality that curbing irregular migration requires far more than just closing the book on Rwanda.

About the author

Akshath Kaimal is a Research Assistant at the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bengaluru, and is part of the NIAS Pakistan Reader and Africa Studies teams.


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