Conflict Weekly 300th Issue

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CWA # 1814
Conflict Weekly 300th Issue
The Meanings and Warnings of Nepal’s Youth Protest: Insulated political leadership, Unchecked corruption, and Mounting Unemployment
South Asia
Conflict Weekly 300, 25 September 2025, Vol 6, No. 38

  Anshuman Behera
25 September 2025

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The youth protest in Nepal has delivered a loud warning to the political elite, exposing public frustration with nepotism, corruption, unresponsive governance, and rising unemployment. What began as a reaction to a social media ban quickly morphed into one of the country’s most significant democratic uprisings since the abolition of monarchy. On 17 August 2025, Nepal’s coalition government—led by the Communist Party of Nepal–United Marxist Leninist (CPN-UML) and the Nepali Congress (NC) under Prime Minister K. P. Sharma Oli—announced a ban on social media platforms. The cabinet claimed the move would force companies to register in Nepal and pay taxes, but for citizens, it was an attempt to muzzle dissent and restrict civic space. The Supreme Court upheld the decision, triggering widespread outrage.

The backlash was swift and bloody. Tens of thousands of young Nepalis marched in Kathmandu and other cities, defying police crackdowns. Nineteen people were killed and hundreds injured. Yet the protests refused to dissipate, forcing Oli and several cabinet colleagues to resign. With law-and-order deteriorating, the Army stepped in to restore calm, highlighting the scale of the political crisis. 

The recent youth-led uprising is neither sudden nor unexpected. The election of Balendra Shah—a rapper-turned-politician who became Mayor of Kathmandu in 2022—was an early signal of generational discontent. Shah, now a symbolic leader of the protests, embodies a new political aspiration that challenges the entrenched establishment. The protests reflect grievances that have been simmering for years, driven by three structural failures: insulated political leadership, unchecked corruption, and mounting unemployment.

An Insulated Political Class
Nepal’s transition from monarchy to democracy raised hopes of accountability, but instead produced an insular political aristocracy. Since the adoption of the 2015 Constitution, power has rotated among three figures—Oli, Pushpa Kamal Dahal, and Sher Bahadur Deuba—who have alternated as prime ministers through fragile coalitions. Governance has become a numbers game, with leaders more invested in bargaining for office than addressing citizens’ needs. As a result, ordinary Nepalis have endured corruption, rising inequality, and poor service delivery. Public anger at the children of politicians—often accused of benefitting from nepotism—symbolises frustration with dynastic privilege. The elite’s obsession with political survival has left governance paralysed, alienating a young population impatient for change.

Unchecked Corruption 
Rampant corruption has deepened the youth alienation. A recent parliamentary probe revealed embezzlement of NPR 14 billion in the construction of the Pokhara International Airport, built by a Chinese company through concessional loans. Investigations also point to collusion between politicians, bureaucrats, and contractors in misusing loans from the Export-Import Bank of China. Opposition leader Dahal accused the Oli government of shielding corrupt actors, reflecting how deeply graft has penetrated state institutions. Development projects remain stalled, foreign financing has slowed, and public trust has eroded. Instead of fuelling growth, external loans have created debt burdens while enriching a narrow elite. This failure has translated directly into joblessness and inequality, fuelling resentment on the streets.

Unemployment and Inequality
Nepal’s youth face a bleak economic landscape. According to the 2024 Nepal Living Standard Survey, unemployment reached 12.6 percent, with nearly two-thirds of the population outside the labour force. That year alone, 741,000 Nepalis migrated abroad in search of work. Remittances now sustain the economy. Nepal Rastra Bank reported inflows of NPR 1,723.27 billion in 2024–25, a 19.2 percent increase from the previous year. Yet dependence on migrant labour reflects systemic failures at home: successive governments have failed to generate jobs or build industries capable of absorbing the workforce. The social media ban, seen as an attempt to cut off migrants’ digital ties with their families, added insult to injury and further inflamed public anger.

The Warning: A Fragile Democracy at a Crossroads
The protests underscore how Nepal’s hard-won democracy has failed to deliver. By clinging to office and protecting their networks, the political elite have squandered public trust. Oli’s resignation opens the door to early elections, but unless new forces emerge, the old guard is likely to reassert itself.

Still, something has shifted. The wave of youth-led mobilisation has already changed the political landscape. Even if the entrenched elite return to power, they cannot ignore the scale of discontent. The protests have shown that young Nepalis are not just passive spectators but active defenders of their democratic rights. There is also a regional context. Across South Asia, youth movements have become catalysts for regime change, from Sri Lanka’s 2022 uprising to ongoing student protests in Bangladesh and Pakistan. External influence in Nepal’s current turmoil cannot be ruled out, given the country’s geopolitical vulnerability between India and China. But whether engineered or organic, the message is clear: Nepal’s political elite must adapt or risk irrelevance.

Nepal’s youth protests are a wake-up call not only for entrenched leaders but also for the younger generation itself. For the elite, the lesson is simple: governance can no longer be sacrificed at the altar of coalition politics and personal privilege. For the youth, the challenge lies in sustaining their mobilisation and translating street power into meaningful political alternatives. Nepal’s democratic experiment, born from years of struggle against monarchy and insurgency, is once again being tested. Its survival depends on whether a new social contract can be forged—one that listens to its restless youth and finally delivers on the promise of democracy.

About the author
Dr Anshuman Behera is a Professor and the Academic Head at the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Bengaluru. 

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