G20 Summit and Japan-China Tensions

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The World This Week

G20 Summit and Japan-China Tensions

GP Team
30 November 2025

The World This Week #336, Vol 7, No 46, 30 November 2025

Anu Maria Joseph and Femy Francis

The G20 Summit
Who said what? Major Takeaways
Anu Maria Joseph

On 22-23 November, Johannesburg hosted the 2025 G20 Summit. South Africa, the first African country to host the G20, adopted "Solidarity, Equality and Sustainability" as its theme for the G20 presidency. On the first day of the summit, the G20 leaders adopted the "G20 South Africa Summit: Leaders' Declaration." Ramaphosa stated: "The summit produced a declaration that affirmed the indisputable strength and value of multilateralism in response to the most pressing challenges facing the world." The Summit constituted three major sessions on: "Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth," "A Resilient World," and "A Fair and Just Future for All."

The absence of the US was discussed. President Trump stated that the US did not attend the summit because South Africa was persecuting white Afrikaners. He said: "To put it more bluntly, they are killing white people, and randomly allowing their farms to be taken from them." Ramaphosa responded that Trump's decision was "regrettable," noting that South Africa has worked to strengthen ties with Washington. The 2026 G20 Summit will be hosted by the US. Trump said that South Africa will not be invited.

Who said what? Major Takeaways
1. The Spirit of Ubuntu
Cyril Ramaphosa, The Host & President of South Africa
At the inaugural address, Ramaphosa called for commitment to a just, inclusive and sustainable world. It was the first time the G20 was being held in Africa after the AU joined the group in 2023. Ramaphosa spoke of the "spirit of Ubuntu," which teaches that "progress is not a solitary pursuit but a shared endeavour." he stressed that Africa's success is important for "prosperity across the globe."

2. "Solidarity is strength, but division leads nowhere."
Li Qiang, China’s Premier
On 22-23 November, China's Premier Li Qiang addressed the G20's sessions. Highlighting the major challenges to the global economy, Li pointed to Xi Jinping's comment during the 17th G20 summit: "Solidarity is strength, but division leads nowhere."

The following are the major takeaways of Li's addresses:

First, differences and conflicts need adherence to the principle of seeking common ground. Li highlighted that the current global situation is challenged by "unilateralism and protectionism," alongside escalating trade restrictions and confrontation. He hinted at divergent interests and weakness in global cooperation as the main reasons behind the challenges. He noted that a global economic recovery requires solidarity, free trade and an open world economy. He also called for reforms of the World Bank, IMF and WTO, to include the voice of developing countries and build an open and fair international economic and trade order.

Second, on the climate issue, the G20 should uphold the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities. Li commented that the G20 should abide by the "science-based spirit" and the "principle of common but differentiated responsibilities" while addressing climate change and ecology issues. He raised China's commitment to cooperate with all parties of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and implement the promises of the 30th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.

Third, the G20 should lead a just energy transition. Li said that to achieve a just energy transition, the G20 should cooperate in the green industry, keep the supply chain stable and facilitate the free flow of technologies and products.

Fourth, on AI and critical minerals, China called for technology sharing, balanced distribution and peaceful utilisation. Hinting at the new inequalities and development gaps amidst the scientific and technological developments, Li called on the G20 to adhere to "openness, win-win cooperation and shared opportunities." He welcomed more countries to join the World AI Cooperation Organisation and the Action Plan of International Cooperation in Open Science, to carry out a beneficial, safe and fair development of AI. He also called for the implementation of the G20 Critical Minerals Framework. Li noted that China seeks a more balanced distribution of mineral supply chains to safeguard the interests of developing countries.

3. "The G20 may be coming to the end of a cycle"
Emmanuel Macron, President of France
On 22 November, speaking at the opening address, France's President Emmanuel Macron raised concerns regarding the future of the G20. He stated that the G20, a group of the world's major economies, are "at risk," struggling to tackle international crises. He stated: “We are living in a moment of geopolitics in which we are struggling to resolve major crises together around this table, including with members who are not present today." He added: “The G20 may be coming to the end of a cycle."

The following are the major takeaways of his address.

First, the absence of the US raises the question of the G20's viability. Macron pointed out that the absence of the US, the most influential member of the group, is a major drawback to the relevance of the group. He commented that addressing global issues requires collective engagement. He added that the US absence highlights the G20's diminishing effectiveness.

Second, there is no common ground on humanitarian law and sovereignty. Macron described the US plan to end the war in Ukraine as unilateral and pointed to Russia's hardline demands. Emphasising that "there can be no peace in Ukraine without Ukrainians, without respect for their sovereignty," Macron highlighted that the peace plan disregards Ukraine's sovereignty and humanitarian law. He called for a collective re-engagement of the G20 to have concrete actions to address the issues.

3. "Resilience cannot be built in silos"
Narendra Modi, India's Prime Minister
On 22-23 November, Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi addressed the three sessions during the summit. His address began with the comment that "the historic initiatives taken at the New Delhi G20 Summit have been furthered here." The following are the takeaways of Modi's addresses.

First, 'Integral Humanism' should be a path for sustainable economic growth. Emphasising how parameters of growth have left many populations deprived of resources, especially in Africa, Modi called for a reconsideration of parameters of development as Africa hosts the G20 Summit for the first time. He commented that 'Integral Humanism,' an important Indian civilisational value, should be a path to address the issue. He stressed the importance of considering humans, society and nature as an "integrated whole."

Second, on traditional knowledge, Africa's skills, natural disasters, and drug trafficking, Modi proposed four joint initiatives for the G20. Modi proposed a Global Traditional Knowledge Repository, with the Indian Knowledge Systems initiative as a foundation to "transmit" humanity's traditional knowledge to future generations. He proposed a G20-Africa Skills Multiplier initiative to develop one million African skilled youth to build local capacity and strengthen Africa's long-term development. He called for the G20 to consider health emergencies and natural disasters as a collective responsibility. He said: "Our approach to disaster resilience must move from being ‘response-centric’ to being ‘development-centric’" and proposed a G20 Global Healthcare Response Team. He commented that drug trafficking is a global threat and a major means of financing terrorism. To address the issue, Modi proposed the G20 Initiative Countering the Drug-Terror Nexus.

Third, critical minerals and space should be shared resources. Modi said that sustainable clean energy is essential for global growth and, therefore, critical minerals should be seen as a shared resource for humanity. On the issue, Modi proposed the G20 Critical Minerals Circularity Initiative to enhance recycling, urban mining and second-life batteries and enable "joint research, common technology standards and recycling in the Global South." On Space, Modi proposed the G20 Open Satellite Data Partnership to make satellite data and analysis from G20 space agencies more accessible.

Fourth, AI should focus on three pillars: "equitable access, population-scale skilling, and responsible deployment." Modi said that increasing competition for critical technology is a concerning matter for humanity. To address the challenge, G20 shall promote "technology applications that are ‘human-centric’ rather than ‘finance-centric’, that are ‘global’ rather than merely ‘national’, and that follow ‘open-source’ models rather than ‘exclusive’ ones." He stated that G20 should ensure the use of AI for global good and the need for global combat on AI by including "human oversight, safety-by-design, transparency, and strict prohibitions on the use of AI for deepfakes, crime, and terrorist activities."

4. The goal is to create dependency and support self-sufficiency
Giorgia Meloni, Italian Prime Minister
On 22-23 November, Italian Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni addressed the three sessions at the G20 Summit with a focus on cooperation and development for the future of Africa. The following are the takeaways of her addresses.

First, Africa should be looked at as not a problem but an opportunity. Meloni pointed at the Mattei Plan for Africa, involving 14 African countries, which focuses on African development through a bottom-up approach with respect. She cited Italy's plan to construct the Lobito Corridor between Angola and Zambia to connect the isolated regions. She also commented on opening the AI Hub for sustainable development, involving hundreds of African start-ups. She also focused on the issue of African migration to Europe and Italy's plan to establish the Global Partnership for Education campaign with Nigeria to improve the education of 750 million children. She also addressed the issue of the debt crisis of African countries and promised to reduce debts by 50 per cent over the next ten years.

Second, on climate change, a pragmatic balance is needed between the reduction of emissions and advanced productive systems. She reiterated that the G20 faces a challenge in adopting a principle of technological neutrality because of the challenge to quickly build alternatives to fossil fuels. She raised Italy's commitment to cooperate with member countries on industrial expertise, and technological capabilities on renewables, gas, hydrogen, biofuels, CO2 capture systems, and research into nuclear fusion, to produce clean, safe and unlimited energy.

5. "Africa and Europe are neighbours, and we need each other"
Friedrich Merz, Germany’s Chancellor
On 22-23 November, German Chancellor Friedrich Merz's address at the G20 was focused on "Africa and Europe are neighbours, and we need each other." The following are the takeaways of the press conference he delivered post-summit.

First, an African partnership is important for Germany. Merz said for Germany, Africa is an anchor of stability, and it is important that we offer raw materials, open markets and free trade with the continent. He added that Germany root for the Pan-African Free Trade Area, which will create a market of 1.3 billion people and an investment opportunity for Europe.

Second, the G20 should work towards strengthening the international order. Merz stressed that along with G20 partners, Germany should strengthen the international order based on law, rules and reliability. He hinted at the rivalry between the great powers and the importance of Africa in bringing solutions to the major challenges.

Third, the Ukraine war should end with Europe's consent. Merz stated that the war in Ukraine can only end with Ukraine's, Germany's and the EU's consent. He added that the Ukraine war is a war on the European continent and that Ukraine losing the war will "have repercussions for the security of Europe." While he appreciated Trump's peace plan, he said that he made Germany's position clear to Trump that the peace plan requires more security guarantees, as Russia cannot be trusted.

6. Japan plans to diversify the scope of cooperation from Africa to Latin America and the Caribbean
Sanae Takaichi, Japanese Prime Minister
On 22-23 November, Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi addressed the first and third sessions of the G20. Her address focused on the G20's shared responsibility to act cooperatively for inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The following are the major takeaways of Takaichi's addresses.

First, a call for a rules-based, free and fair international economic order. Takaichi stressed that the G20, having a major responsibility for global economic growth, "countries with current account deficits should address the economic imbalances by ensuring fiscal sustainability, while countries with current account surpluses should abolish non-market policies and practices." She called for a realisation of a "Free and Open Indo-Pacific (FOIP)” and a WTO reform. She announced plans to expand the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for developing country companies to access bonds and credit guarantees. She also called for the G20 Common Framework to implement debt reconstruction and transparency.

Second, strengthening and diversifying the critical mineral supply chain is essential. She raised the issue of export control on critical minerals and unevenly distributed critical minerals. On the issue, she called for a resilient and reliable supply chain and promotion of sustainable resource projects.

Third, a safe, secure and reliable AI ecosystem. Takaichi stressed that to avoid information security risks, the G20 needs to build a safe, secure and reliable AI ecosystem. She also pointed to the Hiroshima AI Process, the first international code of conduct on generative AI, as an example of governance of AI. She also commented on the "AI and Data Science Human Resource Development and African Economic Growth Initiative" announced at the Tokyo International Conference on African Development (TICAD) 9.

7. "US no longer economic gravity centre"
Mark Carney, Canadian Prime Minister
On 22-23 November, Canada’s Prime Minister Mark Carney addressed the G20 Summit, focusing on diversifying investments and trade partnerships across the world.

First, the vision of “reliance to resilience.” At G20, Carney announced initiatives to shift dependence on traditional partners, by "building a dense web" of new partnerships "to attract investment, diversify trade, and double non-U.S. exports." As part of the plan, he announced Canada's plan for USD one trillion new investments over the next five years in the sectors of energy, AI, advanced manufacturing, critical minerals and food across the world.

Second, South Africa-Canada relations are important. The addresses highlighted partnership and trade initiatives with South Africa, which is Canada's largest trading partner in Africa. Carney launched discussions on the "Canada-South Africa Foreign Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement" and concluded negotiations on the "Canada-South Africa Nuclear Cooperation Agreement" on clean energy.

Japan-China Tensions over PM Takaichi's statement on Taiwan
Femy Francis

What happened?
On 15 November, China’s Embassy in Japan warned its citizens against travelling to Japan, citing that “Recently, Japanese leaders have made blatantly provocative remarks regarding Taiwan, severely damaging the atmosphere for people-to-people exchanges.” This poses significant risks to the safety of Chinese citizens in Japan.

On 7 November, the newly elected Japanese Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi made statements in support of Taiwan and said: “If there are battleships and the use of force, no matter how you think about it, it could constitute a survival-threatening situation,” for Japan. This statement was vehemently opposed in Chinese social media and ministries, with China’s Ministry of External Affairs calling it “egregious.”

On 8 November, remarks by China’s Consul General in Japan, Xue Jian, especially escalated the issue when he said: “the dirty head that sticks itself in must be cut off.” Takaichi refused to retract her statements, stating that they are consistent with the government's traditional position. China’s Foreign Minister warned Japan to avoid meddling in their cross-strait affairs and summoned the Japanese ambassador to China. Chinese Vice Foreign Minister Sun Weidong stated that the remarks were dangerous, and a travel warning for Chinese citizens to Japan was soon issued.

What is the background?
First, Japan and Taiwan relations. The first Sino-Japanese War from 1894-1895 ended with the Treaty of Shimonoseki, where China recognised the independence of Korea and ceded Taiwan. The second, the Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945, ended with Japan returning Taiwan to China after it lost in World War II. Japan is Taiwan’s third largest partner, and Taiwan is Japan’s fourth largest partner, with USD 72 billion in trade in 2024. Additionally, Taiwan has always been a geostrategic location for Japan due to its proximity to the Ryukyu Islands. Taiwan’s de facto Embassy in Japan 2024 survey found that 77 per cent of Japanese citizens felt that they are closer to Taiwan, and 73 per cent believed that Taiwan has good relations with Japan.

Second, Japan’s new PM Sanae Takaichi on China and Taiwan. During her time as the Economic Security Minister, she heavily criticised the economic dependency on China and advocated for stringent FDIs to curb Chinese influence. Takaichi also views Taiwan as a key security partner, calling it the “forward outpost” for Japan’s security. Her approach is different from her predecessors, who avoided or stressed little on the Taiwan security issue.

Third, a brief note on “survival-threatening situation” that PM Takaichi referred to citing the 2015 Security Law. She said: “A Chinese military attack on Taiwan might constitute a survival-threatening situation.” The law, in rare circumstances, allows Japan to use collective self-defence even if they are not directly attacked. It is noted that if a country close to Japan comes under attack and this also poses a threat to Japan, Japan’s Self-Defence Forces may be legally used to assist the ally. Takaichi’s statements were made considering that any attack on Taiwan is threatening to Japan’s Southwestern Islands, their trade routes and border security.

What does it mean?
First, Takaichi’s hard stance on China. Even though Takaichi’s stance on China was tougher than the previous administrations. She has no plan to cut all economic ties or sever their relations with China. But it can be reckoned that under her administration, the presence of Chinese investments and influence will be actively limited and a more hawkish view towards China will be practised.

Second, conservative influence. Takaichi’s recent remarks reflected the conservative nationalist polices in Japan that she has been endorsing in her campaign. Her tenure can also expect to see stronger national defence policies, as she called to increase the defence spending and to revise Article 9 to have stronger missile capabilities. Her policy towards China is a reflection of these values, viewing Taiwan as a deterrent to the larger Chinese security threat is convincing in the region.

Third, active de-escalation. Since the comments were made, China’s ministers and ministries have actively condemned the statement and have demanded that Japan retract it. Japan, on the other hand, at first stood firm with what Takaichi said, but now it can be seen that active steps are being taken to de-escalate the situation. Japan has sent their envoy over to calm the situation, but it refuses to take the comments back. This has already affected both the tourism and entertainment industries, with China issuing travel advisories and delaying the release of Japanese films.

TWTW Regional Roundups

News from around the world
Aparna A Nair, Brighty Ann Sarah, Lekshmi MK, M Kejia, R Preetha, Santhiya M,

CHINA & EAST ASIA THIS WEEK
Japan: Same-sex marriage ban is ruled constitutional by Tokyo High Court
On 28 November 2025, the Tokyo High Court upheld Japan’s ban on same-sex marriage as constitutional, with a blow to activists and opposing a recent trend of rulings in favour of marriage equality. Judge Ayumi Higashi stated that the issue should be decided by parliament and not the judiciary. Japan remains the only G7 nation that neither recognises same-sex marriage nor provides nationwide legal protections for same-sex couples. Of six high-court cases since 2019, five had previously declared the ban unconstitutional. This verdict was the sole exception. Plaintiff Shino Kawachi called the ruling “difficult to comprehend,” and asked, “Was the court even watching us?” Her partner, Hiromi Hatogai, said she was “extremely outraged” but vowed to keep fighting. Amnesty International labelled the decision “a damaging step backwards.” The consolidated cases now head to Japan’s Supreme Court for a final ruling.

China releases a White Paper on "Arms Control, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation in the New Era" emphasising on No-First Use and Minimum Deterrence
On 27 November, China released a White Paper titled "China's Arms Control, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation in the New Era." The White Paper contains the following five parts: Nuclear Arms Control; Missiles and Missile Defense; Biosecurity; Chemical Weapons; and Conventional Weapons

The first part, "Nuclear Arms Control," is further divided into the following four aspects: Nuclear Policy; Nuclear Disarmament; Nuclear Non-proliferation; and Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy. According to its nuclear policy, China gives a "firm commitment" to a policy of "no-first-use of nuclear weapons and a nuclear strategy of self-defence" and keeping "China's nuclear capabilities at the minimum level." This section also addresses China's nuclear safety, security, and transparency. On nuclear disarmament, the White Paper refers to China "upholding a fair and reasonable, rational and pragmatic approach to nuclear disarmament," a firm support for the "purposes and objectives" of the CTBT, and engaging in an FMCT.

The White Paper objects to the "double standards on nuclear nonproliferation and the practice of favouring geopolitical interests over the international nuclear nonproliferation regime." It considers the AUKUS nuclear submarine cooperation as the "first transfer of naval nuclear propulsion reactors and weapons-grade highly enriched uranium from nuclear-weapon states to a non-nuclear-weapon state," thereby undermining the "international nuclear nonproliferation regime."

Hong Kong: Deadliest fire in a century kills 65 with hundreds still missing
On 27 November, authorities said that a huge fire that engulfed a high-rise housing complex on 26 November had killed 65 people, with more than 300 people still missing. As of 27 November evening (2000 hrs local time), the firefighters are still trying to put out the fire that broke out in the Tai Po neighbourhood and reach people trapped inside the buildings. Officials said they had brought the fire in four buildings under control, but that three others remained. The fire began at about 2:51 pm local time on 26 November at Wang Fuk Court when bamboo scaffolding, which burns very easily, outside one of the buildings, caught fire. Following this, the flames quickly spread into the building and then to the nearby towers. The buildings were also covered in green construction netting, helping the fire spread even faster. Since Monday, Hong Kong has been under a high fire alert due to persistent dry weather across the region, increasing the risk of fires. According to the 2021 census, nearly 40 per cent of the 4,600 people living in the buildings were 65 or older. “That’s why we see the rising number of deaths,” said Jiang Liming, a professor at Hong Kong Polytechnic University. “In the past, we’ve seen similar facade fires, but we haven’t seen fatalities because people can successfully evacuate from the building – but not from this one.” Three construction company executives have been arrested on suspicion of manslaughter, and an investigation into possible corruption has been launched.

Taiwan: President announces supplementary budget of USD 40 million
On 26 November, Taiwan's President Lai Ching-te stated that a supplementary budget of USD 40 billion will be introduced to defend itself from the rising threat from China. He said, "There is no room for compromise on national security," and "National sovereignty and the core values of freedom and democracy are the very foundation of our nation." Taiwan's Defence Minister stated that the new budget will run from 2026-2033, covering items including the new T-Dome air defence system, missiles and drones. On 25 November, Taiwan's Premier said, "We must once again emphasise that the Republic of China, Taiwan, is a fully sovereign and independent country," and "For the 23 million people of our nation, 'return' is not an option - this is very clear."

Japan and China: Tokyo plans to deploy a missile unit at Yonaguni Island; Beijing view the plan as a "deliberate move that breeds regional tensions and stokes military rivalry"; "military facilities is...helpful to maintaining security in the Taiwan Strait," says Taiwan's deputy foreign minister
On 24 November, Japan's defence minister stated Japan's plan to deploy a medium-range surface-to-air missile unit at Yonaguni military base. He said, “The deployment can help lower the chance of an armed attack on our country,” and “The view that it will heighten regional tensions is not accurate.” In response, China’s Foreign Ministry spokeswoman said it is a "deliberate move that breeds regional tensions and stokes military rivalry," and called the plan "extremely dangerous." While stating that Japan's decision goes against the Potsdam Proclamation, Japan's Peace Constitution and "Three Non-Nuclear Principles," the spokesperson said, "Right-wing forces in Japan are... leading Japan and the region towards disaster." Stating Japan have the right to take steps needed to protect the security of its territory, Taiwan Deputy Foreign Minister said, "Japan's strengthening of its relevant military facilities is basically helpful to maintaining security in the Taiwan Strait," and "So, of course, this is helpful to our national interests as Japan has no territorial designs or hostility towards Taiwan."

China and Japan: Foreign Minister Wang Yi warns that Tokyo’s signal to Taipei crosses a red line; Tokyo discredits Beijing’s letter to the UN as “entirely unacceptable”
On 22 November, China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi issued a statement remarking that Japan’s sending of a wrong signal concerning Taiwan was “shocking” and that it was crossing a red line that must not be touched. He also accused Japan’s Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi of attempting to intervene militarily over Taiwan. He stated that Wang said that in response to Japan’s move, “China must resolutely hit back - not only to safeguard its sovereignty and territorial integrity, but also to defend the hard-won postwar achievements secured with blood and sacrifice.” He also remarked that if Japan “persists in its wrong course and continues down this path,” all countries and people have the right to “re-examine Japan’s historical crimes” and “resolutely prevent the resurgence of Japanese militarism.” Japan’s Foreign Ministry did not respond to Wang's remarks. In response to Beijing’s letter to the UN, the ministry discredited China’s claims as “entirely unacceptable,” stating that Japan’s commitment to peace was unchanged. Taiwan’s Foreign Ministry condemned the letter to the UN. “The letter not only contains rude and unreasonable content but also maliciously distorts historical facts,” the ministry said in a statement. “Furthermore, it violates Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, which prohibits the threat or use of force in international relations,” the statement added.

SOUTHEAST AND SOUTH ASIA THIS WEEK
Southeast Asia: Flood death toll reaches 321 amid rescue operations; Thousands are still stranded as waters recede
On 28 November, rescuers intensified recovery operations across Southeast Asia as the regional death toll from week-long cyclone-fueled floods climbed to at least 321, including 46 in Sri Lanka. Waters began receding in Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand, but challenges persisted with missing persons, power outages and supply shortages. In Sumatra, 174 confirmed deaths with mass burials underway in Batang Toru for unclaimed victims. With thousands being displaced, airlifts delivered aid to isolated areas like Padang Pariaman, where a resident said, "We're running out of supplies and food." Thailand reported 145 fatalities across southern provinces, affecting 3.5 million people. In Hat Yai, evacuees described isolation and said, "It affects everything... I was stuck like I was on an island." In Malaysia, Tropical Storm Senyar weakened post-landfall, with two deaths and 30,000 people in shelters. Authorities focused on restoring communications and clearing landslide debris as more rain loomed.

Thailand: Military helicopters evacuate patients from flooded city of Hat Yai as death toll hits 33
On 26 November, Thailand deployed military helicopters and its aircraft carrier to airlift critically ill patients, deliver oxygen tanks, generators, and water to the flooded southern city of Hat Yai. This comes as the death toll rose to 33 as one of the country’s worst floodings in decades hit the city. Torrential rains that dumped a record 630 mm over three days left thousands stranded on rooftops. More than 2.7 million people across nine provinces have been affected, with over 980,000 homes flooded. The military has mobilised 200 boats, 20 helicopters, and the navy’s sole aircraft carrier for rescue and relief. ICU patients were evacuated from Hat Yai Hospital’s flooded ground floor, while residents waved desperately from rooftops as supplies were airdropped. Authorities received rescue appeals from around 77,000 people via social media and issued public calls for boats and jet skis.

South Korea and North Korea: "We are in a very dangerous situation where accidental clashes could break out at any time," says President Lee
On 24 November, Yonhap News reported that in a press briefing, President Lee Jae Myung stated that the state of the relationship between North and South Korea is in a "very dangerous situation." Citing the triple-layer barbed wire installation along the Military Demarcation Line and severed communication channel, he said, "Inter-Korean ties have become very hostile and confrontational, and in the absence of even the basic level of trust, the North is showing some very extreme behaviour." While stating no intention of unification by absorption, he added that "We are in a very dangerous situation where accidental clashes could break out at any time." Additionally, he called upon North Korea to clarify the Military Demarcation Line (MDL) to prevent unintended clashes. He further added that "war rehearsals" by the South Korea-US joint military drills will cease once peace is achieved by the long-term effort.

MIDDLE EAST THIS WEEK
The War in Gaza: The UN Committee on Torture states that Israel's treatment of Palestinian detainees amounts "to war crimes and crimes against humanity"
On 29 November, the United Nations Committee on Torture concluded that evidence revealed that Israel is operating a "de facto state policy of organised and widespread torture," constituting the crime of genocide under international law. The findings highlight that Tel Aviv's treatment of prisoners of war amounted "to war crimes and crimes against humanity." According to human rights groups from both Israel and Palestine, thousands of Palestinians have allegedly been detained since the war broke out on 07 October 2023. As per Israel's laws on administrative detention and on Unlawful Combatants, suspects who cannot be classed as prisoners of war can be held for long periods without access to a lawyer or family members. Several Palestinian families were unaware that they had been detained, amounting to "enforced disappearance." According to the report, Palestinians were regularly deprived of food and water, and subjected to severe beatings, attacks by dogs, electrocution, waterboarding, and sexual violence. The committee was particularly critical of Israel's reported use of the Unlawful Combatants law to detain whole groups of Palestinians, including children, pregnant women, and the elderly. Committee member Peter Vedel Kessing of Denmark stated that the committee was "deeply appalled" by the finding and extremely concerned at the lack of investigations or prosecutions into allegations of torture. The committee has called on Israel to launch independent investigations and to ensure those responsible, including senior military officers, are held accountable. Israel's ambassador, Daniel Meron, denied the allegations of torture as "disinformation," claiming that Israel was "committed to upholding its obligations in line with our moral values and principles, even in the face of the challenges posed by a terrorist organisation."

Israel and Syria: Thirteen people killed in Tel Aviv’s military raid in southern Syria
On 28 November, Israel’s military raid in the village of Beit Jinn in south Syria killed 13 people. Israel claimed that the raid was part of routine operations, launched to detain suspects belonging to Jama'a Islamiya, a Lebanese Sunni Islamist group, accusing them of planting improvised explosive devices and "planning future attacks on Israel including rocket fire.” The Israeli military said six soldiers were wounded, three of them severely, by militant fire. The Israeli military claimed "armed terrorists" fired on its troops, and they responded with fire "along with aerial assistance.” Israel’s military spokesperson Avichay Adraee asserted that Tel Aviv would not allow "terrorism and terrorist elements to entrench themselves on our borders", and that three people suspected "of involvement in terrorist plots" had been arrested. Syria's foreign ministry staunchly condemned the raids, accusing Israel of committing a “full-fledged war crime.”

The War in Gaza: Gaza Humanitarian Foundation to end its operation because of "successful completion of its emergency mission"
On 25 November, the BBC reported that the US and Israel-backed Gaza Humanitarian Foundation (GHF) is ending its aid operation in the Palestinian territory because of "successful completion of its emergency mission." The GHF's executive director stated that the US-led Civil-Military Coordination Centre (CMCC), formulated as a part of Trump's peace plan, will be "adopting and expanding the model GHF piloted." During its operations, it faced allegations of unethical and unsafe conduct, and the UN and other aid agencies refused to cooperate with its system. UN stated that many were killed in their food and aid distribution centres. Hamas spokesman said, "We call upon all international human rights organisations to ensure that it does not escape accountability after causing the death and injury of thousands of Gazans and covering up the starvation policy practised by the (Israeli) government."

IAEA to Iran: Pushes to re-engage Tehran amid rising nuclear concerns
On 25 November, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) renewed its call for full re-engagement with Iran, with Director General Rafael Grossi stating in Manila that the agency is ready to resume cooperation "as soon as possible." His remarks come days after the IAEA's 35-member Board of Governors passed a resolution urging Iran to clarify the status of its enriched uranium stockpile and provide updated information on nuclear sites reportedly damaged in recent attacks. General Grossi stressed that despite political tensions, technical dialogue must continue, noting that the agency "cannot work based on assumptions" and needs direct access for verification. The IAEA hopes that Tehran will respond to the board's demands, enabling a return to transparency and stabilising an increasingly uncertain nuclear landscape.

The War in Gaza: Hamas meets peace negotiators in Cairo
On 23 November, a Hamas delegation met with peace negotiators from Qatar and the US in Egypt, Reuters reported. A Hamas official stated that the delegation would be discussing Israel's "continued violation of the ceasefire agreement.” Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu stated that Israel's forces killed five senior Hamas members, including a local commander on 22 November after a fighter was sent into Israeli-controlled Gaza territory to attack Israeli soldiers there.

AFRICA THIS WEEK
Guinea-Bissau: Military seizes power and detains President Embaló; AU "unequivocally condemns the military coup d’etat"
On 26 November, military officers in Guinea-Bissau seized power and detained President Umaro Sissoco Embaló after gunfire erupted near the presidential palace in Bissau. General Denis N'Canha announced the creation of a High Military Command for the Restoration of Order, suspended the electoral process, closed borders and imposed a curfew. The soldiers claimed they acted to stop a plot by politicians “with the support of a well-known drug baron” to destabilise the country. President Embaló confirmed his ousting to France 24, saying: “I have been deposed.” Opposition candidate Fernando Dias, ex-PM Domingos Pereira, Interior Minister Botché Candé, army chief Gen Biague Na Ntan and his deputy were also detained. The takeover halted the announcement of presidential runoff results in which both Embaló and Dias had claimed victory. ECOWAS and AU observers expressed deep concern as the election was “orderly and peaceful.” The Chairperson of the African Union Commission has released an official statement saying that he "unequivocally condemns the military coup d’etat in Guinea Bissau" The country has seen at least nine coups or attempts since 1974.

Sudan: "We need peace in Sudan," says UN Secretary-General Guterres
On 24 November, UN Secretary-General António Guterres, saying, "We need peace in Sudan," called for an immediate ceasefire and unrestricted aid delivery. This follows Sudan's de facto leader, General Abdel-Fattah Burhan, rejecting the latest US-led ceasefire, calling it "the worst document yet." In a video released on 23 November, General Burhan stated that the plan dismantles the armed forces, dissolves security agencies and allows the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) to remain in all the areas it currently controls. He emphasised that continuing the mediation activities on these terms would be "biased mediation". He expressed concern that the US Senior Adviser for Arab and African Affairs, Massad Boulos, could end up blocking the peace that Sudan's people want. He further accused the UAE of backing RSF. The proposal by the Quad (US, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, UAE) called for a three-month humanitarian truce followed by a nine-month political process. The RSF had accepted it, but Burhan demanded the RSF's complete withdrawal from civilian areas first. The 30-month war has claimed over 40,000 lives, displaced 14 million and plunged parts of the country into famine.

Ethiopia: Hayli Gubbi volcano erupts after 12000 years and sends ash clouds to Yemen, Oman, India and Pakistan
On 23 November, the Hayli Gubbi volcano in Ethiopia’s Afar region erupted for the first time in nearly 12,000 years and sent thick plumes of smoke up to 9 miles into the sky, according to the Toulouse Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC). The volcano is 500 meters above sea level and is situated within the Rift Valley, a zone of intense geological activity where two tectonic plates meet. The ash clouds drifted over Yemen, Oman, India, and Pakistan, said the VAAC. The Smithsonian Institution’s Global Volcanism Program stated that the volcano has not erupted during the Holocene, a period that began about 12000 years ago at the end of the last ice age.

G20 Summit: South Africa hails G20 outcome as a win for multilateralism
On 23 November, South Africa's President Cyril Ramaphosa hailed the conclusion of the Johannesburg G20 Summit as a major victory for multilateral cooperation. The Leaders’ Declaration was adopted despite the absence of the US, which boycotted the summit under President Donald Trump. President Ramaphosa said the declaration showed that world leaders’ “shared goals outweigh our differences.” The agreed text places strong emphasis on urgent action against climate change, debt relief for developing nations, and the need for a green energy transition. This summit is especially significant as it’s the first time a G20 gathering has been held on African soil, and Ramaphosa views its outcome as elevating Africa's role in global economic leadership. Despite deep geopolitical tensions, the Johannesburg declaration was adopted under the African philosophical principle of Ubuntu, reinforcing the G20’s role as a platform for global cooperation.

EUROPE THIS WEEK
The War in Ukraine: Kyiv delegation arrives in US for peace talks; EU Ambassador responds to Russia's attack by saying "any proposal for peace sounds like a farce"
On 29 November, Ukraine's delegation, led by newly appointed negotiator Rustem Umerov, headed to Washington to discuss a revised US peace plan. Russia launched its largest aerial assault in a month by firing 36 missiles and nearly 600 drones across Ukraine. The overnight attacks killed at least five people and wounded dozens. Residential buildings were struck, over 600,000 households lost power, and large parts of Kyiv remained blacked out into the morning. EU Ambassador to Ukraine Katarina Mathernová said, "As long as Moscow speaks the language of missiles, drones & blood… any proposal for peace sounds like a farce." President Zelensky described the attacks on civilian and energy infrastructure as Russia's answer to ongoing diplomatic efforts, while a US team prepares to visit Moscow next week.

Europe: Analysis of 2002-2024 satellite data shows groundwater stores are shrinking rapidly across multiple countries, accelerating the climate-driven water crisis
On 29 November, a new analysis of satellite data from 2002-2024 shows that much of southern and central Europe, covering Spain, Italy, France, Poland, parts of the UK, and beyond, is losing freshwater at alarming rates. Scientists from University College London (UCL) and Watershed Investigations found that not only surface water but also previously resilient groundwater reserves are depleting across large areas. While the north and northwest of Europe have become wetter, the south and east are drying. The shift reflects changing rainfall patterns, heavier downpours, and longer summer droughts, which reduce natural groundwater recharge. The findings sound a warning that even underground aquifers are no longer safe from the impacts of climate change. Experts say Europe must urgently adopt water-smart policies emphasising water conservation, improved infrastructure, and reuse before the crisis deepens.

EU and China: Brussels launches plan to reduce reliance on China for critical raw materials
On 28 November, the European Union is preparing to launch a plan aimed at cutting its dependence on China for critical raw materials, including rare earths essential for sectors like automotive, clean energy, semiconductors and defence. Under the upcoming initiative, dubbed REsourceEU, the EU will support priority projects with EUR 3 billion from its budget. It will also step up recycling, stockpiling, and diversify sourcing by forming partnerships with resource-rich countries via its investment mechanisms such as the European Investment Bank and the Global Gateway. Yet, analysts warn creating a self-reliant supply chain is costly and time-consuming, because China currently dominates raw-material extraction and processing globally.

The War in Ukraine: Rejecting any major concessions, Moscow says “We will not surrender,” on core issues; Kyiv strengthens wartime economy with new IMF partnership
On 26 November, a senior Russia's diplomat declared that Moscow will not agree to “big concessions” in any peace deal over Ukraine. The remarks follow a leak of a call showing US envoy Steve Witkoff had earlier advised Russia on how to frame a peace proposal to President Donald Trump, a draft that reportedly included territorial and strategic demands in Russia’s favour. Despite pressure, Deputy Foreign Minister Sergei Ryabkov and other Kremlin officials reiterated that Russia “would not surrender” on core issues and viewed any talk of major concessions as premature. The firm public stance comes just as US and Ukrainian negotiators refined a revised peace framework during recent talks in Abu Dhabi and Geneva. Washington described the meetings as “productive,” and Kyiv said it retained key red-lines around sovereignty and prisoner releases. Russia’s rigid posture has raised doubts among European allies about the feasibility of the plan. A growing number of EU leaders warn that Moscow’s demands effectively block a fair and lasting settlement unless Kyiv and its partners reject any proposal with forced concessions. Amid the uncertain landscape, Ukraine reached a staff-level agreement with the IMF on a four-year, USD 8.2 billion programme aimed at stabilising its wartime economy. The IMF praised Ukraine for maintaining macroeconomic stability despite the war, while Kyiv stressed that continued financial support is essential for economic resilience and wartime recovery. The programme aims to stabilise public finances, support reconstruction, and advance structural reforms.

The War in Ukraine: New reports reveal Russian influence on early draft of US 28-point peace plan
On 26 November, media reports revealed that the initial version of the US 28-point Ukraine peace plan drew heavily from a Russian “non-paper” secretly circulated to Washington in October. According to officials cited by Reuters, the early draft included several Moscow-favoured provisions, particularly on territorial concessions and limits on Ukraine’s future military posture. Kyiv strongly rejected these points, prompting urgent consultations between US, Ukrainian, and European officials. Parallel reporting indicates that the United States also held a round of undisclosed talks with Russian representatives in Abu Dhabi, aimed at exploring the feasibility of a ceasefire framework. These discussions were not announced publicly. As backlash grew, Washington prepared a revised peace framework, removing nine of the most contentious points from the original draft. The updated plan expands Ukraine’s permissible peacetime military size and defers territorial discussions until after a verified ceasefire, addressing several concerns raised by Kyiv. Despite adjustments, unease has been stirred in Europe, with some governments worried that early US negotiations risked aligning too closely with Russian preferences. Kyiv continues to insist that no plan can proceed without full Ukrainian consent.

The War in Ukraine: "A critical moment for Ukraine," says President Zelensky as Washington-Kyiv talks move to Abu Dhabi; Russia strikes Kyiv with missiles and drones amid diplomatic push
On 25 November, the US and Ukraine reported significant progress in their ongoing negotiations on a refined US-backed peace framework to end the war. Delegations met in Abu Dhabi and Geneva, where the US Army Secretary Dan Driscoll and senior Ukrainian officials worked to narrow differences in the 28-point proposal. Washington described the discussions as "highly productive," while Kyiv said that key priorities such as the release of Ukrainian prisoners of war remain firmly on the table. President Zelensky stressed that Ukraine seeks a "just and dignified peace," cautioning that Russia continues to push for international recognition of occupied territories. In Ukraine, Russia launched missile and drone strikes on Kyiv; besides human casualties, residential buildings and parts of the city’s energy infrastructure were hit, with Ukrainian authorities calling it a "deliberate strike on civilians."

The War in Ukraine: Geneva talks bring Washington and Kyiv closer to draft peace deal as Europe urges caution
On 24 November, the US and Ukraine announced “significant progress” on a refined peace framework after intensive negotiations in Geneva. A joint statement called the talks “highly productive”, with US Secretary of State Marco Rubio saying negotiators had managed to narrow key gaps in the 28-point American proposal. However, he stressed that “some work remains” before any final document can be presented to Russia. The original US draft leaked last week was cautiously welcomed in Moscow, but criticised in Kyiv and several European capitals for appearing overly accommodating to the Kremlin. Reflecting this, European leaders responded to Sunday’s developments with guarded optimism. Finland’s President Stubb, UK PM Starmer, and German Foreign Minister Wadephul all said progress was visible, but emphasised that major issues especially those touching EU and NATO interests, must be decided by Europeans, not negotiated over their heads. From Moscow, Kremlin spokesman Dmitry Peskov said Russia has received “no official information” about the outcome of the Geneva talks. Addressing the Swedish parliament, President Zelensky called the moment “critical”, noting that Ukraine had managed to keep “sensitive points,” including the release of all prisoners of war on the table. He warned that President Putin seeks “legal recognition for what he has stolen,” threatening global norms of sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The War in Ukraine: Allies meet in Geneva to review a 28-point peace plan drafted by the US
On 23 November, senior US, Ukrainian and Europe officials gathered in Geneva to discuss a 28-point peace plan drafted by the US aimed at ending the war in Ukraine. The Ukrainian delegation, led by Andriy Yermak, met first with advisers from the UK, France and Germany, signalling European concern over the proposal’s content. The plan would require Ukraine to make major concessions, including ceding territory, reducing its armed forces and giving up aspirations to join NATO, which Kyiv and its Western allies say would favour Moscow. US President Donald Trump insisted the draft was “not my final offer”. Meanwhile, European leaders are working behind the scenes to rewrite parts of the deal to protect Ukraine’s sovereignty and security. Russia has signalled a cautious openness to the proposal, though it continues military operations in Ukraine. The talks in Geneva mark a significant diplomatic moment as allied nations weigh the value of negotiations that may shift the balance of the war’s outcome.

The War in Ukraine: President Putin warns Kyiv must withdraw as he rejects key concessions in peace plan; US envoy heads to Moscow but no summit date yet
On 28 November, media reports reported on Putin saying that a draft peace-plan text discussed by the US and Kyiv “could form the basis for future agreements,” but stressed that Ukraine must withdraw its forces from occupied areas before any ceasefire or Russia will press on militarily. President Putin further described Ukraine’s current leadership as “illegitimate,” saying that makes it legally impossible to sign a binding agreement with Kyiv under martial law, which Russia demands must change. Meanwhile, Moscow confirmed that US envoy Steve Witkoff is expected in Russia soon for further discussions. But as of the latest statements, no firm date for a President Trump-Putin meeting has been announced. President Putin’s remarks implied that even if talks continue, Russia’s military operations will go on until their conditions are met.

AMERICA THIS WEEK
The US and Afghanistan: Washington halts visas for Afghan nationals, citing "public safety" concerns; Decisions over asylum seekers also halted until further notice
On 29 November, the US State Department announced it is "immediately" halting visa issuance to individuals travelling on Afghan passports due to concerns about "public safety." US Secretary of State Marco Rubio confirmed in a social media post that the State Department had "paused visa issuance for ALL individuals travelling on Afghan passports." "The United States has no higher priority than protecting our nation and our people," he said. The US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) director, Joseph Edlow, also announced that decisions on asylum seekers have been paused for the foreseeable future, in the interest of the "safety of the American people." "USCIS has halted all asylum decisions until we can ensure that every alien is vetted and screened to the maximum degree possible," Edlow said in a post on X. The decision follows President Trump's recent threats of barring nationals from "third-world countries," due to the alleged attack on two National Guard members by an Afghan national.

The US: Trump threatens to permanently suspend immigration from "third world countries”; USCIS introduces guidelines to weigh “negative, country-specific factors” when screening applicants from 19 high-risk nations
On 28 November, President Trump threatened to "permanently pause migration" to the US from all "third world countries," after two National Guard soldiers were allegedly shot by an Afghan national in Washington. The suspect, Rahmanullah Lakanwal travelled under a programme that provided special immigration safeguards for Afghans who had assisted US forces following Washington’s withdrawal from Afghanistan. In a social media Thanksgiving post, he also threatened to reverse the admissions granted by the Biden administration to “remove anyone who is not a net asset to the United States,” to “allow the US system to fully recover.” He has warned of a rigorous re-examination of all immigrants from “every country of concern” holding Green Cards, and to end all federal benefits and subsidies to non-US citizens. Trump also warned of measures to foreign nationals who are a security risk or “non-compatible with Western Civilisation.” Trump asserted that “These goals will be pursued with the aim of achieving a major reduction in illegal and disruptive populations,” and that “Only REVERSE MIGRATION can fully cure this situation.” In another social media post, he claimed that the official United States foreign population stands at “53 million people, most of which are on welfare, from failed nations, or from prisons, mental institutions, gangs, or drug cartels”. The US Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) also introduced updated guidelines permitting officials to weigh “negative, country-specific factors” when screening applicants from 19 high-risk nations. The list includes Afghanistan, Myanmar, Burundi, Chad, the Republic of the Congo, Cuba, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Haiti, Iran, Laos, Libya, Sierra Leone, Somalia, Sudan, Togo, Turkmenistan, Venezuela and Yemen, the same countries included in the travel ban issued by former President Trump in a proclamation earlier this June. In response to Trump’s threats, the UN urged the administration to observe international agreements regarding asylum seekers. "We expect all countries, including the United States, to honour their commitments under the 1953 Refugee Convention," the deputy spokesperson for the UN secretary general told Reuters.

US, G20 and South Africa: "South Africa will NOT be receiving an invitation to the 2026 G20," says President Trump
On 27 November, US President Trump stated that South Africa will not be invited to the G20 2026, claiming the government was "killing white people and randomly allowing their farms to be taken from them." He had boycotted the G20 Summit held in Johannesburg, stating that the white minority is the victim of large-scale killings and land grabs. Moreover, in a social media post, he stated that all payments and subsidies will be halted with immediate effect. South Africa's President Cyril Ramaphosa called the decision "regrettable" and stated that President Trump continued "to apply punitive measures against South Africa based on misinformation and distortions about our country." The instruments of the G20 Presidency are now handed over to a US embassy official at the South Africa Department of International Relations and Cooperation headquarters.

US and China: "Our relationship with China is extremely strong!" says President Trump after a phone call with President Xi
On 24 November, the US President and China's President Xi held a telephone conversation. In a social media post, President Trump stated that there has been progress on the terms they agreed to during their meeting in South Korea, and that the discussions included Ukraine, Russia, fentanyl, Soybeans, and other farm products. He said, "Our relationship with China is extremely strong!" and he will visit Beijing in April upon President Xi's invitation. Stating "both countries should keep up the momentum, keep moving forward in the right direction on the basis of equality, respect and mutual benefit", Xinhua added that President Trump called President Xi a great leader. President Xi also said that Taiwan's return to China is an integral part of the post-war international order.

US and Venezuela: Caracas rejects Washington's designation of Cartel de los Soles as terrorist organisation and calls it "ridiculous fabrication"
On 24 November, Venezuela rejected the US plan to designate the “Cartel de los Soles” as a foreign terrorist organization and called it a “ridiculous fabrication.” Venezuela’s Foreign Minister Yvan Gil said that the country “categorically, firmly, and absolutely rejects the new and ridiculous fabrication by the Secretary of the US Department of State, Marco Rubio, which designates the non-existent Cartel of the Suns as a terrorist organization.” He added that the designation revives “an infamous and vile lie to justify an illegitimate and illegal intervention against Venezuela, under the classic US regime-change format.” President Trump’s administration alleged that the cartel was made up of high-ranking officials and accused Venezuela’s President Nicolás Maduro of leading the group, which he denied. The move follows a major US military buildup in the Caribbean and comes amid reports that Washington is preparing a new phase of Venezuela-related operations. InSight Crime, a foundation that analyses organised crime, has described calling it a formal cartel headed by Maduro is an “oversimplification,” and emphasised that it is instead a broader “system of corruption wherein military and political officials profit by working with drug traffickers.”

US and Canada: PM Carney says the trade talks will resume “when it’s appropriate”
On 23 November, Canada’s Prime Minister Mark Carney said that Ottawa will resume trade talks with Washington “when it’s appropriate.” On the sidelines of the G20 summit, PM Carney addressed the reporters and said, "We are very busy with the future of Ca

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