The World This Week

CWA # 2017
The World This Week
China’s Two Sessions | The UNSC Resolution on the US-Iran War
The World This Week #348, Vol 8, No 10, 15 March 2026

Global Politics Team
15 March 2026

Photo Source: BBC, Al Jazeera, Reuters

China’s Two Sessions 2026:
New Five-Year Plan, Ethnic Unity Law, and an Enhanced Defence Budget
Femy Francis

What happened?
On 12 March, China concluded its annual “Two Sessions” meeting of the National People’s Congress (NPC) and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC).

The highlights of the meeting included the 15th five-year plan, an enhanced Chinese defence budget, and the inclusion of an ethnic law that makes Mandarin compulsory for ethnic minorities.

The meeting featured a “work report” by Chinese Premier Li Qiang, outlining a list of priorities for 2026. China’s President Xi Jinping called to develop the “new quality productive forces,” and said: “The need is to seize the opportunities to nurture emerging and future industries, and to transform and upgrade traditional industries at the same time.”

China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi addressed US-China relations, noting that this will be the year of high-level exchanges and that China will be an important force for global peace and stability.

What is the background?
1. A brief note on China’s National People’s Congress (NPC)
The NPC is the highest organ of state power in China and, in principle, the supreme source of law. The NPC has representatives elected from 35 electoral units, including provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities, and the PLA. They are in office for a term of five years. The 3,000-member NPC is the Chinese Communist Party’s legislative body, but is largely a “rubber stamp” parliament, having never rejected a bill put before it.

2. A background to the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC)
The CPPCC can be seen as the third unofficial tranche of Chinese legislation, functioning only as an advisory body to the National People’s Congress. While China follows a one-party system, this office provides space for eight other political parties to be represented. They are the political consultation group to the NPC, representing China's minority voice.

3. A brief note on China’s Five-Year Plans
The five-year plans are blueprints issued by the Chinese government that set the nation's economic, developmental, and political goals. Where it’s set prioritises for the coming five years. The 15th five-year plan for 2026-2030 aims to accelerate high-quality growth, tech self-reliance, and further strengthen industrial security. It calls to develop clean energy and AI-based innovation. The previous five years’ plans under Xi Jinping pivoted towards innovation and the development of high- and sustainable-technology. It called for furthering domestic consumption and making China economically and technologically self-reliant, both of which are outlined in the 15th Five-Year Plan.

4.  The Work Report and Defence Budget
Work reports are annual reports that outline the main development targets for the year. lists out the priorities for the year ahead, headed by China’s Premier Li Qiang.  It aims to increase Gross Domestic Product growth by 4.5-5 per cent, increase the consumer price index by 2 per cent, create 12 million new urban jobs, and increase research and development spending by 10 per cent. Considering escalating tensions, China has also decided to increase the defence budget by 7 per cent, though it is the lowest hike since 2021. It is estimated that 1.7 per cent of China’s entire GDP would go to the defence budget, making it the second-largest military budget in the world.

5. Xi’s anti-corruption purge
Before the two-session meeting, there had been a major shakeup in the People’s Liberation Army. Xi Jinping put its senior leader under anti-purge investigation for “suspected serious violations of discipline and law.” Zhang Youxia is the joint vice-chairman of the Central Military Commission (CMC) and was second in command of the Chinese military. This has left a huge vacuum in China’s Central Military Commission: of the seven heads, only two remain, including Xi Jinping.  

6. China’s ethnic minorities and efforts towards homogenization
The two sessions approved the controversial ethnic assimilation law for the minorities. The law calls for “ethnic unity” as it officially aims to integrate 56 recognised ethnic groups in China, while over 90 per cent belong to the dominant Han Chinese group. The law mandates that all children be taught Mandarin through high school. It can also prosecute parents or guardians for instilling “detrimental” views of children that can affect ethnic harmony in China.

What does it mean?
First, China is getting ready to face the changing global situation – political, economic and military. 2025 was a tumultuous year for China, with both highs and lows. As it grappled with the spillover effects of the Russia-Ukraine war and balancing its friendship with Moscow. China’s biggest challenge started with the election of US President Donald Trump, who started the tariff tensions with its liberation day tariffs. This led to a series of escalations by both China and the US, which eventually paused after China imposed restrictions on the export of critical minerals. It continued with the internal purging, barring none of the high-profile officials. The year also saw the rise of AI and AI-based innovation, as it continued to lead the green EV industry.

Second, China’s focus on defence, high-tech and green innovation. The 2026 two sessions meeting on recalibrating where China should invest. The hike in the defence budget aims to modernise Chinese military capabilities through innovation. It pushes for developing high-tech innovation and investments with dual-use capabilities. This does just mean monetary investments in start-ups and our upcoming tech giants, but also investments in research to develop newer technologies. Another pivot is towards the need to further green innovation, as the upcoming market it wants to dominate.

Third, strengthening self-reliance and the supply chain. Strained geopolitical tensions from the Russia-Ukraine war, US tariffs, and now the Iran-Israel-US war have shaken the supply chain. The 15th five-year plan and the Work Report call for fortifying their supply chain by diversifying investments and to have economic self-reliance by encouraging domestic consumption.

Fourth, Sinicisation of the minorities. While the majority of the Chinese population is Han Chinese, there are some other ethnic groups in China. From the late 2000s, China has been pushing for the Sinicisation of minority groups for a united national identity by assimilating these groups into Han culture. Minority groups from Tibet, Xinjiang and Inner Mongolia have been persecuted and exiled from China. Human Rights Watch accused China of abuse and human rights violations against these groups.

Femy Francis is a Project Associate at NIAS, Bengaluru. She coordinates the China, East Asia and the Pacific Area studies, focusing on both internal and external developments.

The UN and the Iran-US War:
UNSC Resolution 2817 between “Clear and Unified Message” and “Manifest Injustice”
Lekshmi MK

What happened?
On 11 March, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 2817, addressing the escalating tensions in the Middle East. 13 countries voted in favour, with Russia and China abstaining.

The resolution condemns recent attacks targeting civilians and critical infrastructure in the region. It calls for an immediate cessation of hostilities and urges all parties to exercise restraint and adhere to international humanitarian law. It also demands the release of hostages and detainees and encourages diplomatic engagement to prevent further escalation of the conflict.

Following the vote, several members stressed the need to protect freedom of navigation and prevent further regional escalation. The representative of the United Arab Emirates described the resolution as sending a “clear and unified message” against attacks on sovereignty. Meanwhile, Russia and China criticised the resolution as unbalanced, arguing that it failed to reflect the broader causes of the war, while Iran called it a “manifest injustice.”

What is the background?
1. Escalation of tensions in the Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz
The rapid escalation of hostilities in the Gulf has compelled the UNSC to respond. Iran’s attacks on neighbouring states and commercial vessels have increased the risks of drawing regional countries, proxy groups, and external powers into direct involvement. The targeting of ships and infrastructure in and around the Strait of Hormuz has also threatened to transform regional tensions into a global security issue.

2. Growing concerns over global energy security and maritime routes
A key factor behind the resolution is the strategic importance of Gulf maritime routes to the global energy system. The Strait of Hormuz serves as one of the world’s most critical oil transit chokepoints, carrying a significant share of global crude shipments. Disruptions to shipping or threats to close the strait can rapidly affect energy prices, insurance costs, and supply chains worldwide. As attacks on vessels and infrastructure intensified, concerns grew that the war could destabilise global markets and disrupt energy flows to major importing regions. The Security Council, therefore, acted to safeguard the stability of international trade and energy supply networks.

3. Growing divisions within the Security Council shaped the diplomatic response
The UNSC resolution 2817 reflects the widening geopolitical divisions within the UNSC. While most members supported a resolution condemning attacks and calling for restraint, they differed in their interpretations of the crisis and the responsibility for escalation.

What does it mean?
First, the importance of energy routes. Any disruption to the most critical energy chokepoints like the Strait of Hormuz can affect global energy markets, trade flows, and economic stability. By addressing attacks targeting maritime security, the Security Council signalled the importance of safeguarding freedom of navigation and protecting critical energy transit routes from conflict-related disruptions.

Second, concerns over a biased resolution and selective framing of the war. The resolution also drew criticism; a section argued that the draft disproportionately focused on actions attributed to Iran while giving limited attention to the broader context of US-led military operations involving its regional partners.

Third, divisions within the Security Council continue to shape collective responses. The voting pattern on the resolution illustrates how geopolitical divisions influence the UNSC decision-making. At the same time, the UNSC’s ability to adopt the resolution despite abstentions demonstrates an effort to maintain a minimum consensus on the need for restraint. This reflects a broader trend in which great-power rivalry shapes Security Council deliberations.


Lekshmi MK is pursuing post-graduation in the Department of Political Science, Madras Christian College, Chennai, and is a Research Assistant at the National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bengaluru.


ALSO READ

Rohini Reenum, “The US-Iran War, Week Two: Expanding Fronts, Shifting Goalposts, and Global Fallout,” Conflict Weekly #323, 13 March 2026
Brighty Ann Sarah, “Continuing Israel-Hezbollah Confrontation: Attacks in South Lebanon, Beirut’s Conundrum, and Tel Aviv’s Greater Goals,” Conflict Weekly #323, 13 March 2026
Rohini Reenum, “The US-Iran War, Week One: Rapid Escalation, Regional Spillover, Global Uncertainty,” Conflict Weekly #322, 06 March 2026

TWTW Regional Roundups
News from around the world
Adwitiyo Das, Aishal Yousuf, Akshath Kaimal, Aparna A Nair, Brighty Ann Sarah, Glynnis Winona Beschi, Femy Francis, Kirsten Coelho, Lekshmi MK, R Preetha, Siddhi Halyur, Sreemaya Nair, Tanvi Thara Harendra Jha, Tonica Sharon C, Vishal Manish M, Yesasvi Koganti

CHINA & EAST ASIA THIS WEEK
China ends its biggest political meeting, the National People’s Congress, reports BBC
On 12 March, the BBC reported that the Chinese political gathering, the National People’s Congress, ends today. Its extensive authority includes making laws, amending the constitution and approving state budgets. But it effectively functions as a rubber-stamp parliament, approving decisions made behind closed doors by the top echelons of the Chinese Communist Party. Beijing is betting big on technology and innovation to drive China's next phase of economic growth. The country's 15th Five-Year Plan sets out a roadmap to accelerate scientific breakthroughs and embed artificial intelligence (AI) across the economy.

Beijing also aims to expand the use of the digital yuan, known as e-CNY, to improve cross-border payments, Reuters reported. The digital currency is currently under development by the People’s Bank of China, the country’s central bank. The NPC’s Standing Committee released a work report stating that China will soon pass a law to combat cross-border corruption. The NPC typically runs for a week, and it is held alongside the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, a political advisory body. The meetings are known as the “Two Sessions”, and they bring thousands of delegates to Beijing to approve short- and mid-term policy measures.

China’s arms imports have plummeted by 72 per cent over the last five years, reports SIPRI
On 09 March, SCMP reported that China’s arms imports have fallen in the last five years. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) reported that countries in Asia and Oceania imported 31 per cent of the world’s arms between 2021 and 2025, second only to Europe at 33 per cent. Nevertheless, the region’s share of arms imports was 20 per cent lower than in the previous five-year period. This was mainly because of declines in arms sales to China, where imports fell 72 per cent, to South Korea, which cut purchases by 54 per cent, and to Australia, which bought 39 per cent less, the report said. Russia is still China’s largest weapons source, supplying 66 per cent of its arms imports. Yet, Beijing is rapidly phasing out Russian hardware in favour of its own technology, including helicopters and aircraft engines.

China: Beijing sees expanding trade surpluses and a shift to AI-driven growth
On 10 March, China reported massive economic growth. In the first two months of 2026, Beijing's exports grew by 21.8 per cent, exceeding the estimated 7.1 per cent. Despite the threat to supply chains posed by the war in Iran, the economy remains on track to surpass last year’s record trade surplus of USD 1.2 trillion. The rise was driven by a 66.5 per cent jump in semiconductor exports, manufacturers rerouted trade toward Southeast Asia and Europe to counterbalance shifting US demand. With a USD 213.6 billion trade surplus in just two months, Beijing has shifted its primary focus to the "New Three": electric vehicles, lithium-ion batteries and solar cells. This surplus has strengthened the government's belief that investing in these high-demand sectors would be the most effective way to safeguard China’s position at the center of global trade. Simultaneously, Beijing relies on a nationwide AI initiative to revitalize the economy and open up new employment opportunities. Though the IMF warns that AI could affect 40 per cent of jobs worldwide, Beijing is focusing on using it to create jobs for the 12.7 million students graduating this year. Universities are working to introduce "micro-majors" that teach skills AI cannot easily replace, such as critical thinking. Although experts warn of youth unemployment and the need for social welfare reform, China’s new five-year blueprint aims to integrate AI into manufacturing and services to boost overall productivity.

China is stepping up in building islands in the South China Sea, reports SCMP
On 12 March, SCMP reported that China had significantly stepped up land reclamation in the South China Sea. The picture, published on social media by Damien Symon, a researcher with global intelligence research network The Intel Lab, also showed more than 30 vessels, believed to be dredgers and construction support ships, within its lagoon. It may be the most significant land reclamation project China has undertaken in the South China Sea since it officially announced a halt to such work more than 10 years ago. The reef is about 400km (250 miles) from Sanya, a port on the southernmost tip of the Chinese island of Hainan, and about 1,000km from Da Nang on the Vietnamese coast. There has been no official confirmation that land reclamation work is taking place on the reef. The Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs has been asked for comment. According to the London-based Open Source Centre, work started in early December when two dredging vessels accompanied by several roll-on/roll-off vessels were spotted at the reef.

China and North Korea: Beijing deepens economic ties with Pyongyang amid Washington’s interest in reviving ties with Pyongyang
On 11 March, Reuters reported that relations between China and North Korea appear to be rebuilding after several years of strained ties. This is evident in Kim’s arrival in Beijing in September for a military parade, accompanied by a senior economic delegation. The visit, while focused on trade and investment, signals a thaw in ties after several years of strained relations. Additionally, Chinese Premier Li Qiang's visit to Pyongyang, during which officials described the renewed engagement as the start of a “new chapter” in bilateral relations.  The renewed engagement reportedly reflects Beijing’s effort to restore its traditional influence over Pyongyang, which has strengthened ties with Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Similarly, new roadworks, port facilities, and developing logistics infrastructure, as suggested by investigations and satellite imagery. Passenger rail services between Beijing, Dandong, and Pyongyang will reportedly resume after a six-year hiatus, signalling growing cooperation along the China-North Korea border. There is also an increase in China’s exports to North Korea, to USD 2.3 billion in the previous year, marking the highest level in six years. This renewed relationship between China and North Korea comes amid President Trump’s keen interest in reopening diplomatic talks with Kim Jong Un.

China and Af-Pak: Foreign Minister calls to resolve tension between Afghanistan and Pakistan
On 14 March, Global Times reported that China’s Foreign Minister Wang Yi said the issue between Afghanistan and Pakistan could only be resolved through dialogue and consultation. He said: “The use of force would only complicate the situation and intensify the contradictions, which would be of no benefit to either side and threaten regional peace and stability.” Afghan Foreign Minister Mawlawi Amir Khan Muttaqi thanked China for its active efforts in mediating the conflicts between Afghanistan and Pakistan, noting that the Afghan people, who have suffered greatly from war, cherish the opportunities for peace and development. He also said: “Afghanistan does not wish to engage in military conflict with other countries, and looks forward to mutual trust and friendly coexistence with neighbouring countries.”

Taiwan: Premier visits Japan amid tensions with China, reports The Straits Times
On 08 March, The Straits Times reported that Taiwan’s Premier made a personal trip to Japan and appeared in public to watch the island’s baseball team in action. Premier Cho Jung-tai said he was in Tokyo to watch the game between Taiwan and the Czech Republic. The visit marks the first time a premier from the self-ruled democracy has publicly visited Japan since Taipei and Tokyo severed diplomatic relations in 1972. Cho’s trip came as relations between Beijing and Tokyo remained at a low point after Prime Minister Sanae Takaichi said in November that Japan’s armed forces could theoretically be deployed in the event of a Chinese invasion of Taiwan. Foreign Minister Lin Chia-lung reportedly also made a trip to Japan in July 2025, which triggered protests from Beijing.

On 09 March, China’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesperson, Guo Jiakun, stated that he firmly opposes any attempt by Japan to seek ties with Taiwan. Guo said a certain individual recently travelled to Japan to engage in activities aimed at promoting “Taiwan independence”, describing the move as a political provocation. Guo said: “China remains highly vigilant and strongly opposes attempts by the Japanese side to make provocations or seek a breakthrough on the Taiwan question.” Guo reiterated that China will take firm measures to combat “Taiwan independence” separatist forces, oppose interference by external forces on the Taiwan question, and resolutely safeguard China’s sovereignty, security and territorial integrity.

Japan and South Korea: Finance ministers express concern regarding the depreciation of the currencies
On 14 March, Japan's Finance Minister Satsuki Katayama and South Korea's Finance Minister Koo Yun-cheol stated concern over the recent sharp depreciation of the Korean Won and the Japanese Yen. Owing to the US-Iran war, currencies reliant on oil imports, the yen and the won, are facing repercussions. A statement released at an annual meeting between the two countries in Tokyo said, "They will closely monitor foreign exchange markets and continue to take appropriate actions against excessive volatility and disorderly movements in exchange rates."

North Korea: Pyongyang fires more than ten ballistic missiles during US-South Korea drills
On 14 March, South Korea’s military stated that North Korea had launched more than 10 ballistic missiles during the US and South Korea annual drill. According to South Korea’s Joint Chiefs of Staff, the missiles were launched from near Pyongyang. Hundreds of US and South Korean troops took part in river-crossing drills, including tanks and armored vehicles, as commanded by the combined forces’ commander. The United States has 28,500 troops and fighter jets stationed in South Korea. North Korea has always expressed opposition to the joint drills, referring to them as “dress rehearsals for aggression.” The drills followed a meeting between South Korean Prime Minister Kim Min-seok and US President Donald Trump in Washington, where they discussed the resumption of dialogue with North Korea.

SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA THIS WEEK
Nepal: Proportional representation election completed
On 11 March, the Himalayan reported that the Election Commission (EC) had officially completed counting proportional representation results. According to the commission, 10,739,115 votes had been counted under the PR system as of Wednesday morning. The Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) secured the highest number of votes with 5,139,235, followed by the Nepali Congress with 1,749,583 votes and the CPN (UML) with 1,448,854 votes, while the Nepali Communist Party received 805,773 votes, the Shram Sanskriti Party obtained 378,649, and the Rastriya Prajatantra Party (RPP) garnered 329,472 votes. With vote counting finally concluded, the commission has begun preparations to determine the allocation of PR seats among political parties, which will be completed within the next few days.

Nepal: Rastriya Swatantra Party Secretariat to meet
On 14 March, The Himalayan reported that the Secretariat of the Rastriya Swatantra Party (RSP) has scheduled a meeting, per the directive of party president Rabi Lamichhane. The meeting is expected to recommend candidates for the House of Representatives (HoR) member elections under the Proportional Representation (PR) electoral system. Other agenda items include proposed amendments to the party statute to pave the way for senior leader Balendra Shah to become Prime Minister, as well as other affairs.

Bhutan: Thimphu launches digital wallets
On 13 March, the Kuensel reported that Bhutan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and External Trade, in collaboration with the GovTech Agency, has today launched the integration of the National Digital Identity (NDI) Wallet and eKYC with the national passport system. The NDI Wallet allows citizens to securely store digital identity credentials and documents. Users can authenticate their identity online and selectively share verified information. The integration aims to build a more efficient and citizen-focused digital ecosystem. The platform is expected to expand as more government and private services adopt digital credentials. Meanwhile, 60,222 passports were issued between 2024 and 2025. 7,379 passports have been issued so far this year. Many passports remain unclaimed, creating cost burdens for both the government and citizens.

Bangladesh: Dhaka seeks greater investment and cooperation from Ankara
On 09 March, Dhaka Tribune reported that Shama Obaed Islam, State Minister for Foreign Affairs of Bangladesh, called for increased investment from Türkiye during a meeting with Turkish Ambassador Ramis ?en at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Dhaka. During the meeting, the state minister highlighted the growing defence cooperation between the two countries and emphasised the need for continued collaboration in capacity building and the defence industry. She also sought Türkiye’s support for Bangladesh’s candidature for the Presidency of the 81st session of the United Nations General Assembly for the 2026–2027 term, which the ambassador said Türkiye would support. Both sides welcomed the positive momentum in bilateral trade and expressed interest in expanding economic cooperation. The state minister also thanked Türkiye for its humanitarian assistance to the displaced Rohingya in Bangladesh and discussed strengthening cultural ties, including the proposed establishment of the Yunus Emre Institute at the University of Dhaka.

Bangladesh and the UK: Dhaka and London discuss trade and Investment cooperation
On 10 March, Dhaka Tribune reported that Khalilur Rahman and Prime Minister’s Adviser Humayun Kabir met with Chris Bryant, the UK Minister of State for Trade, in London to explore ways to strengthen trade and investment ties between Bangladesh and the United Kingdom. Discussions covered expanding the “Made in Bangladesh” brand, unlocking investment in the blue economy, safeguarding investor interests, and enhancing cooperation in education and multilateral platforms. Both sides also agreed to maintain close coordination ahead of the 14th WTO Ministerial Conference, scheduled to take place in Cameroon later this month. During the visit, the delegation also met UK Trade Envoy Rosie Winterton to discuss cooperation in the aviation sector, while Dapo Akande presented his candidacy for judge at the International Court of Justice for the 2027–2036 term. Both sides reaffirmed their commitment to strengthening cooperation in international legal and diplomatic arenas.

Bangladesh: Energy Minister arrives in Tokyo for Indo-Pacific Energy Security Forum
On 14 March, Dhaka Tribune reported that Minister for Power, Energy and Mineral Resources Iqbal Hassan Mahmood arrived in Tokyo to participate in the Indo-Pacific Energy Security Ministerial and Business Forum held over the weekend. The forum, jointly hosted by senior US energy officials and Japan’s Minister of Economy, Trade and Industry, brings together energy ministers and representatives from several Indo-Pacific countries to discuss strengthening regional energy security and ensuring reliable, affordable and sustainable energy supplies. On the sidelines of the event, Mahmood is expected to hold bilateral meetings with delegations from countries including the United States, Japan and Brunei, and engage with private sector representatives to explore opportunities for greater cooperation with Bangladesh in the energy sector.

Sri Lanka: Arrangements made for an abrupt food and energy shortage
On 09 March, the Daily Mirror reported that the Sri Lankan government is prepared for possible interruption to essential food and energy supplies as geopolitical tensions in the Middle East show signs of prolongation. Authorities believed that while there is no immediate threat to essential supplies, a prolonged conflict could lead to both inflation and shortages in the upcoming months. This is strategic given Sri Lanka’s reliance on imported food and energy supplies. The report also highlights concerns about maritime chokepoint disruptions, including reduced shipping through the Strait of Hormuz and rising premiums on war-risk routes, which may indirectly affect domestic inflation and the cost of imports.

Sri Lanka: Flights re-route to Europe
On 10 March, the Daily Mirror reported that SriLankan Airlines has adapted its flight routes via Afghanistan and Azerbaijan to its European destinations amid escalating tensions in the Middle East. This leads to longer travel paths and operational adjustments. The decision also reflects potential economic implications for Sri Lanka's tourism and aviation sectors. Route changes such as this often increase fuel cost and travel time, affecting airline profitability. It also highlights Sri Lanka’s vulnerability to disruptions in major transit corridors linking Europe, the Middle East, and South Asia.

Sri Lanka: Galle court orders handover of Iranian sailors’ bodies
On 11 March, the Daily Mirror reported that the Chief Magistrate of Galle ordered authorities to hand over the bodies of 84 Iranian sailors to officials at the Embassy of Iran in Sri Lanka. The bodies were kept at the Galle National Hospital, following the recovery operations after the Iranian naval vessel IRIS Dena was targeted by a submarine. The court order allows the formal repatriation process to proceed and represents a significant step in handling the aftermath of the Iranian naval vessel's submerging. The court order facilitates coordination between Sri Lanka and Iran regarding the repatriation of Iranian naval personnel. This incident remains tied to tensions in the Middle East, which have already had implications on Sri Lanka’s diplomacy, aviation routes, and discussions on energy security.

Sri Lanka: Colombo explores Russian fuel supply
On 13 March, the Daily Mirror reported that the Sri Lankan authorities were in discussions with Russia to import fuel to maintain stable energy supplies. In a meeting with the Russian ambassador, Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Vijitha Herath sought arrangements to provide the island nation with additional petroleum supplies if the current disruptions to global energy markets persist. The Russian envoy agreed to convey Sri Lanka’s request to Moscow and cooperate with the authorities regarding the matter.

Sri Lanka: IMF officials to visit the country for the sixth tranche review
On 14 March, the Daily Mirror reported that a team from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) will visit Sri Lanka later this month to hold further discussions ahead of the sixth review of the IMF-supported economic programme. The visit will assess Sri Lanka’s progress in implementing fiscal measures agreed under the bailout agreement between Colombo and the IMF. The outcome of the assessment will determine whether the country qualifies for the next tranche of financial assistance as agreed by the programme. The successful completion of the review is crucial for Sri Lanka to maintain investor confidence, financial support, and a stable economy.

Maldives: Support for travellers amidst aviation disruption
On 09 March, The Sun reported that the Maldives' tourism authorities have expanded on-ground support for travellers affected by disrupted flights due to tensions in the Middle East. This led to the strengthening of visitor assistance at the Velana International Airport. As part of an effort led by the Visit Maldives Corporation, ad hoc help desks were set up in collaboration with the Maldives Airports Company Limited and the Ministry of Tourism and Environment to support stranded tourists. This initiative includes facilitating repatriation flights to destinations such as Germany and France. The government departments were working with multiple airlines to improve connectivity. Authorities believe this strategy is part of a broader framework to maintain tourism resilience and strengthen the Maldives’ reputation as a reliable destination for safe tourism amid disruptions in the international order.

Maldives: Opposition party MDP calls for austerity measures
On 13 March, The Sun reported that the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP) urged the incumbent government led by President Mohamed Muizzu to implement austerity and fuel conservation measures amid global economic uncertainty intensified by the conflict in the Middle East. The opposition warned that there could be disruptions to the maritime oil shipments, especially those centred around the Strait of Hormuz. The opposition warns that the current heavy use could place intense pressure on the Maldivian economy if the crisis in the Middle East persists.

Afghanistan: UNSC to convene meeting to discuss Afghanistan
On 09 March, Hasht e Subh reported that the United Nations Security Council will hold a meeting to discuss the current situation in Afghanistan, particularly amid heated cross-border exchanges with Pakistan. Georgette Gagnon, the acting head of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA), is expected to brief the meeting. While there are no further details regarding the meeting’s agenda, sources believe human rights violations, border conflicts, and related internal terrorist concerns are among the leading matters. Since there are newer members, such as Bahrain and Colombia, they will share their initial views on the matter during the meeting. Global bodies have raised several alarms pointing toward the possibility of at least half of the Afghan population needing aid.

Afghanistan: US designates Afghanistan as a sponsor of wrongful detention
On 10 March, CNN reported that in a move targeted at preventing abduction of American citizens, the Trump administration in Washington has attributed Kabul as a sponsor of wrongful detention. This is the second such attribution; the first was given to Iran days before the ongoing war. US Secretary of State Marco Rubio noted that the Taliban has used terrorist tactics to engage in the kidnapping of several individuals. He termed the tactics “despicable” and demanded an end to them. Further, Rubio strongly recommended that Americans avoid travel to Afghanistan. Analysts now expect travel restrictions in Afghanistan to be the next likely decision.

Afghanistan: Asylum seekers struggle at foreign detention centres
On 11 March, Hasht e Subh reported that several Afghan asylum seekers who are currently awaiting immigration decisions at detention centres in Poland are facing a range of human and health rights violations. Lack of legal support, health care and regular meals has worsened their conditions. Some elderly and sick asylum seekers are also finding it hard to live in significantly cramped rooms. Many of them claim that they were assured to be released after a period of three months by their interpreters, but Polish authorities state that they could be held up to 18 months in detention. Some have even raised concerns about violations of Polish and European Union laws arising from the poor condition of the facilities offered to them.

Afghanistan: Pakistani air strikes kill six Afghans near Kandahar
On 13 March, Reuters reported that Pakistan had bombed a fuel depot near the airport of Kandahar. The conflict has only gotten worse since last week, and overnight strikes have affected residential parts of Kabul as well. Six people, including children, have been killed in the attacks. Residents in the capital city noted that many woke up to dust and broken windows and walls. The Taliban led regime’s spokesperson stated that the attack would “not go unanswered.” This incident comes to light despite Beijing's efforts to mediate a peaceful end to the conflict.

Afghanistan: Kabul retaliates against Pakistan airstrikes
On 14 March, The Tribune reported that, quoting the Ministry of Defence in Afghanistan, operations were carried out along the Durand Line in response to Pakistan’s airstrikes. According to the report, the Taliban had claimed that 14 Pakistani soldiers were killed in the attack, while 11 were injured. These moves are said to be a part of the Afghan ‘Reject Oppression’ campaign.

Pakistan: Arrival of petroleum shipments eases pressure on reserves
On 9 March, Dawn reported that Pakistan is set to receive three petroleum shipments, as per information from the Petroleum Minister during a briefing, providing relief to a country experiencing fuel shortages. He also stated that efforts are underway to ensure alternative fuel supply routes outside the Strait of Hormuz, and that, in the backdrop of the conflict, Pakistan’s monthly oil import bill could increase to USD 600 million. Amid concerns about a fuel shortage, Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif directed the finance and petroleum ministers to work with provincial governments on a strategy to conserve petroleum products and ensure an uninterrupted supply. In the coming days, LNG supply disruptions are also anticipated following Qatar's declaration of force majeure.

Pakistan: Police detain Aurat March activists in Islamabad
On 08 March, Dawn reported that Islamabad police detained dozens of women’s rights activists, including members of the Aurat March, ahead of an International Women’s Day rally in the federal capital. Police sources said participants gathered near the Super Market in Sector F-6 and planned to reach the National Press Club, where a heavy police presence arrested marchers and shifted them to the Women’s Police Station. Authorities confirmed 44 detentions, including 19 women and 25 men, citing the imposition of Section 144 and the denial of a no-objection certificate for the event. Prominent activist Dr Farzana Bari and Tahira Abdullah were among those held. Aurat March Islamabad condemned the action, stating: “We strongly condemn the arrests of participants who were peacefully exercising their right to protest.”

Pakistan: Provinces announce austerity measures amid fuel crisis
On 10 March, Dawn reported that the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Balochistan decided to close educational institutions as part of a fuel-saving initiative. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa cabinet approved the “Fuel Conservation and Responsible Governance Initiative”. Under this initiative, the government decided to reduce the fuel allowance for government vehicles by 25 per cent. However, the reduction would not apply to police, rescue, and law enforcement personnel. Other measures include a 50 per cent work-from-home policy for government departments, and the closure of educational institutions every Friday. Punjab's provincial government also took several measures amid the fuel crisis. The government decided that provincial ministers would not receive free petrol until the end of the “petroleum crisis” and that petrol and diesel allowances for official vehicles would also be reduced by 50 per cent. Moreover, educational institutions, including schools, colleges, and universities, would remain closed from 10 March to 31 March. The Balochistan government also decided to close educational institutions till 23 March.

Pakistan: Islamabad’s arms imports increase by 66 per cent in the 2021-25 period
On 10 March, Dawn reported that Pakistan’s arms imports grew by 66 per cent in the 2021-25 period compared with 2016-20, as per Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) data. On a global level, transfers of major arms surged by nearly 10 per cent over the past five years.  In the case of Pakistan, China’s role as top arms provider increased from 73 per cent in the previous 2016-20 period. While Pakistan’s imports soared, India remained the world’s second-largest arms importer, despite a marginal four per cent decrease. India has diversified its suppliers, turning increasingly to Western nations. Arms imports by states in the Middle East also shrank by 13 per cent, yet the region was home to three of the world’s top ten importers: Saudi Arabia with 6.8 per cent of global imports, Qatar with 6.4 per cent, and Kuwait with 2.8 per cent. The US supplied more than half of the arms to the Middle East.

Pakistan: Chinese firms plan USD 2.6 billion manufacturing investment in Balochistan
On 11 March, Dawn reported that Chinese companies are planning to invest about USD 2.6 billion in manufacturing and roughly USD 14 million in Balochistan's mineral sector, aiming to boost industrial activity and create employment. A Chinese investors’ delegation, accompanied by former Provincial Finance Minister Amjad Rasheed, discussed the plan with Senate Deputy Chairman Syedal Khan in Islamabad. Investors expressed interest in minerals, agriculture, transport and tourism over the next five years. Officials highlighted prospects for expanded Pakistan–China economic cooperation.

Pakistan: Govt enforces “war austerity plan,” announces four-day workweek
On 11 March, Dawn reported that Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif directed federal ministries to strictly implement a “war austerity plan,” ordering third-party audits and declaring Friday an additional weekly holiday under a four-day workweek to conserve energy. A committee led by Deputy Prime Minister Ishaq Dar will monitor progress. Educational institutions in Islamabad, Sindh, and Punjab announced closures or the switch to online classes through March. Sindh approved sweeping cuts, including reduced fuel allocations, grounded official vehicles and bans on official events. Provincial measures also include work-from-home policies, spending curbs, and steps to conserve transport fuel amid the global energy crisis.

Pakistan and Qatar: Doha signals higher rice imports from Islamabad amid food security concerns
On 13 March, Dawn reported that Qatar was keen to increase rice imports from Pakistan to ensure food security amid political turmoil in the region. Commerce Minister Jam Kamal discussed ways to strengthen trade relations with Qatar’s state minister for foreign trade, Dr Ahmad bin Mohammed Al Sayed, in a video link meeting. According to sources, Qatar’s minister of state for foreign affairs, Dr Ahmad bin Mohammed Al Sayed, said that rice was an important food item in Qatar’s national food strategy and the food security programme. The participants also said that more interaction between the trade communities of the two countries was needed to increase bilateral trade.

Pakistan: Islamabad’s agricultural exports facing triple threat
On 14 March, The Express Tribune reported that Pakistan's agricultural exports are facing challenges at three fronts: the collapse of Middle Eastern shipping lines, the sudden imposition of massive war surcharges, and a prolonged trade cut-off with Afghanistan. Due to rising tensions, shipping lines have ceased operations to West Asia, and as shipping companies have introduced "war surcharges" (Emergency Conflict Surcharge) amounting to USD 2,000 per container, this has further increased exporters' difficulties. Following the recent attack on infrastructure at the Port of Salalah, several shipping lines are refusing new bookings for Gulf destinations. The coming days will be difficult for the agricultural economy, as millions of dollars worth of perishable produce could be lost due to all these disruptions.

Pakistan: PM assures stable petrol prices amid rise in global oil prices
On 14 March, Dawn reported that the federal government assured the public that petroleum product prices would not be increased this time, despite rising global oil prices. The government had hiked petrol and diesel prices by PKR 50 last week.  The Prime Minister’s Office (PMO) has released a statement saying the government has taken timely policy and austerity measures to address the current regional situation. All the provinces are also supporting the austerity measures amid the current fuel crisis.

Myanmar: WHO urges protection and support for women amid ongoing crisis
On 09 March, Mizzima reported that the World Health Organization issued a statement highlighting the severe challenges faced by women and girls in Myanmar on International Women’s Day. The organization warned that ongoing conflict, displacement, and collapsing essential services have placed immense burdens on women, who are increasingly taking on leadership roles to sustain families and communities. While praising their resilience, the statement stressed that women’s rights to protection, justice, healthcare, and meaningful participation must be upheld at all times. It also called for urgent action to address rising gender-based violence, limited access to health and education, and the growing psychological toll on women and girls, urging greater support for women-led organizations and stronger inclusion of women in decision-making about the country’s future.

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