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The World This Week
Xi's visit to Saudi Arabia and Peru's political instability
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TWTW#193, 11 December 2022, Vol. 4, No. 42
China: President Xi's visit to Saudi Arabia hints at Beijing's pivot to the Middle East
Avishka Ashok
What happened?
On 8 December, China’s President Xi Jinping landed in Saudi Arabia for a three-day-long state visit. Chinese media claimed the visit was the country’s “biggest diplomatic initiative in the Arab world.” Xi Jinping signed a comprehensive strategic partnership agreement with Saudi Arabia and a series of investments and energy resources deals. Both countries signed 34 agreements on the following areas: information technology, genetics, mining, hydrogen energy and manufacturing. The Chinese delegation also agreed to set up an electric vehicle plant in Saudi Arabia. It also includes Huawei being allowed to provide cloud computing services and building high-tech complexes in Saudi Arabian cities.
On Iran, Xi agreed with the Arab concerns while Saudi officials agreed with Beijing’s one-China principle.
Xi engaged in two other summits during his visit to Riyadh: the China-Saudi-GCC Summit for Cooperation and Development and the Saudi-Arab-China Summit for Cooperation and Development. On 9 December, Xi Jinping met the Arab leaders from the Gulf, Africa and the Levant at a summit hosted by Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. He also held bilateral meetings with the Kuwait Crown Prince, Egyptian President, Iraqi Prime Minister, Sudanese leader, and Palestinian President. He stressed on the importance of stability in the oil markets. Xi said: “China will continue to firmly support the GCC countries in maintaining their own security and build a collective security framework for the Gulf. China will continue to import large quantities of crude oil from GCC countries on an ongoing basis.” More importantly, Xi announced that China would buy oil and gas in yuan instead of the US dollar.
What is the background?
First, China and Saudi Arabia relations. China, the second largest economy, has an incessant demand for petroleum products such as crude oil and LNG. To keep up with its growth rate, China depends heavily on the Middle East and Africa for its energy imports. Saudi Arabia exports almost half of China’s oil imports. The country also views China as a lavish spender and investor. Saudi Arabia looks up to China in the field of technological advancements. Riyadh will spend over USD 24.7 billion on secure, efficient and accountable digital platforms by 2025. China has been lauded as a “natural partner” for Saudi Arabia’s emerging science and technology industry.
Second, Saudi Arabia’s interests in China. Saudi’s deepening relationship with China results from the country’s leadership, who aim to move away from any form of polarisation of the international order. Saudi Arabia wants to create strong bilateral relationships with all big powers and maintain a balanced relations to protect its interests. While China replaced the US as Saudi’s export destination in 2017, Riyadh became the top invested country in the Arab world with 20.3 per cent of Chinese investments in the 2005-2020 period. The Saudi leadership is also looking forward to moving away from the US after the frigid interaction between Joe Biden and the Crown Prince in July 2022. Despite being a US ally in the Middle East, the Kingdom’s growing proximity with China is a change in the US-Saudi relationship.
Third, China’s engagement with the Middle East. Compared to China’s involvement in other continents such as Africa and Southeast Asia, Beijing’s involvement in the Middle East has been slow to catch up. Relations with the Arab countries started picking up with the Belt and Road Initiative and comparatively low-key deals signed between countries. However, China’s engagements with the Gulf states have attracted attention in the past few decades. In 2014, Xi promised to double China’s engagement with Arab countries by 2023. In January 2022, China hosted the Arab Gulf Foreign Ministers in Beijing to discuss issues of common interest and deepen relations. In November 2022, China’s state-owned Sinopec signed a USD 60 billion deal with QatarEnergy for a period of 27 years. It has also signed a series of agreements with Iran worth USD 400 billion and Israel worth USD 18 billion on ports, transportation, railways, telecommunication, renewable energy and pharmaceuticals.
Fourth, China’s desire to replace the dollar with the yuan. In the furtherance of its end goal of replacing the US as the world’s superpower, China has been pushing for trading in the Chinese currency instead of the US dollar. To be accepted as the global currency, central banks must possess over USD 700 billion worth of yuan in forex reserves. In 2015, 18 local financial institutions in China and 17 Russian institutions agreed to establish an efficient payment mechanism to assist the trade between the countries. In the same year, the yuan was awarded the status of a reserve currency by the IMF. China has since been pushing for contracts which use the yuan as the trading currency. China once again pushed for an alternative payment system during the Shanghai Cooperation Organization’s summit in Uzbekistan in September 2022. As of September 2022, Russian businesses also opted to use the yuan to settle their payments, resulting in a boost in the yuan’s borrowing.
What does it mean?
The increasing Chinese involvement in the Middle East is a cause of concern for the US and Russia. Media sources comparing the US President Joe Biden’s visit to Saudi Arabia in July 2022 observe a massive change in the Kingdom’s approach. Analysts hint at a growing discomfort between the US and Saudi Arabia’s relations, caused by the Jamal Khashoggi’s murder, the human rights issues and its energy policies.
The deepening relations between China and the GCC are also a cause of concern for Russia as it competes with the Gulf to sell oil to its largest customer. It has already been offering big discounts after the Ukraine war; competing with the Gulf may become deeply disadvantageous for Russia.
Peru: Political instability following Pedro Castillo's impeachment
Madhura Mahesh
What happened?
On 07 December, President Pedro Castillo, ahead of the trial announced that he would be dissolving the congress “by decree.” The opposition, members of his party, the armed forces and the federal police condemned this decision. Ministers from his party resigned from their offices and the Supreme Court of Peru termed this move unconstitutional.
Congress convened two hours later to begin the impeachment trial and with 101 votes in favour, 6 against and 10 abstentions, Castillo was impeached from power. In his place, Vice President Dina Boluarte was sworn in as the first female President of Peru. She called for "a political truce to install a government of national unity." Castillo was then arrested from the presidential palace on a “rebellion” charge for trying to violate the constitution.
What is the background?
First, the structure of the Peruvian Government. The Government of Peru is a semi-presidential form of government with a multiparty system. It is divided into three branches: executive, legislature, and judiciary. Peru’s legislature or the Peruvian Congress is a unicameral body with 130 legislators elected through a proportional representation for five years. The legislature is led by the President of Congress who is elected by the members and is usually from the ruling party. The executive is led by the President of Peru who is the head of state and government. The executive consists of the President, two Vice Presidents, a Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers which are appointed by the President. President Pedro Castillo was elected in June 2021 and in his term, he shuffled his cabinet five times. The congress is held by the opposition and has always clashed with Castillo and his ministers.
Second, differences between the legislature and the executive. The current governmental structure was introduced in Peru in 1993. Since 1999, with the impeachment of former President Alberto Fujimori, the Congress and the Executive have always clashed. Since 2016, Peru has seen six Presidents assume office who have either been impeached or have dissolved the Congress and called for fresh elections. After Castillo came to power with more than 50 per cent of the total votes in 2021, he has clashed with the legislature controlled by the opposition on many accounts. The Congress has accused Castillo on multiple occasions of corruption and economically benefiting from his Presidency. As of 7 December, Castillo has five open criminal investigations and a constitutional complaint accusing him of leading a criminal organisation in the government.
Third, prior impeachment attempts. The impeachment motion passed on 2 December was the third impeachment motion tabled in Congress against Castillo. The first impeachment attempt was in December 2021 on the on the account of illicit financing of the ruling party and the second attempt was in March 2022 on the accusation of “permanent moral incapacity.” Both these attempts failed as the opposition did not garner enough support for the motion to pass, that is, 87 votes in favour of the procedure.
What does it mean?
First, the continued dominance of Congress. Congress being an independent body in the government has the power to not only make laws but also to remove the President. Since 1999, the Congress has played a major role in the appointment and removal of Presidents. Here Bolurate was appointed by the Congress but currently does not have concrete support of her party or the opposition. Her reign as the President will likely be dictated by the Congress unless she calls for fresh elections.
Second, the unstable nature of Peruvian politics. Since the constitution was formally introduced in 1993, the Peruvian political landscape has been dynamic and unstable. Presidents and Ministers in Peru have been involved in scandals, corruption, and human rights violations. The impeachment of Castillo brings out this tumultuous nature of Peruvian politics to light.
Also in the news...
Regional round-ups
East and Southeast Asia This Week
China: CPC withdraws the zero-COVID policy and introduces new norms for pandemic control
On 4 December, in continuation of the protests in China, students at Wuhan University gathered outside the administrative block and called for an open process and information transparency. The students protested against the zero-COVID policy of the Chinese government and expressed their discontent with the confusing regulations on returning to their hometowns. The numerous protests in cities across the country resulted in an emergency meeting where the authorities agreed to ease the COVID-19 restrictions. The World Health Organization (WHO) Emergencies Director Dr Michael Ryan appreciated China’s decision to loosen its policy. On 7 December, China’s National Health Commission released a 10-point announcement withdrawing the zero-COVID policy and presented a new set of lenient norms to control the pandemic.
China: UN Representative calls for greater support towards disaster prevention
On 6 December, China’s Deputy Permanent Representative at the United Nations Geng Shuang addressed the General Assembly and called on the developed countries to take up more responsibilities in providing humanitarian aid and enhancing disaster prevention. Shuang urged the countries to provide support in terms of funds, technology, and disaster relief management expertise along with fulfilling their obligations on climate change. Further, he stressed on protecting vulnerable groups such as women, children, refugees and displaces persons.
Japan: House of Councilors adopts resolution on human rights violation in China
On 5 December, Japan’s House of Councilors adopted a resolution on human rights in China and expressed concerns over the violation of rights in Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia and Hong Kong. China’s Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Mao Ning referred to the resolution and reprimanded it for ignoring the basic facts, being based on disinformation and interfering in China’s internal affairs. Further, Mao pointed fingers at Japan’s aggression during the world wars and said: “Pointing fingers at other countries will not cover up Japan's past. Politicizing and instrumentalizing human rights issues to hurt China's image and stall China's development will not succeed.”
Cambodia: US questions China’s access to Ream Naval Base
On 5 December, the US administration questioned the Cambodian government on its stand over China and asked for more transparency about the latter’s access to the Ream naval base in the gulf of Thailand. US had earlier accused Thailand and China of taking extraordinary measures to cover the strategic involvement in Cambodia. Chinese construction on the Cambodian base has sparked Washington on how important the location is for China. The Ream Naval Base will be China’s first overseas base in the Indo pacific region which allows the navy to expand its reach towards the Indian Ocean. The expansion is part of China’s diversification of military capacity-building efforts.
Philippines: Cooperation renewed with South Korea over nuclear power plant
On 7 December, the Philippines renewed its cooperation with South Korea regarding the resumption of the stalled nuclear power project. The Chief of the Southeast Asia nations’ special commission on nuclear energy made the request during the meeting with the Ministry of Trade and Energy officials of South Korea. The decision was based on the project to build a nuclear power plant in the Philippines in the 1970s but was shelved owing to safety concerns. The plant was supposed to be in the vicinity of 100 kilometres west of Manila. Officials from the Philippines said the push to strengthen nuclear power generation was to deal with climate change and the energy crisis. He stressed that South Korea’s cooperation is needed to conduct further tests and the country will be the optimal partner based on the operational technologies.
South Asia This Week
Nepal: ruling coalition falls short of securing majority in parliament
On 7 December, the Election Commission of Nepal said that the country’s ruling coalition which includes Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba’s Nepal Congress fell short of securing a majority with 136 seats in the 275-member parliament. A spokesperson for the Nepali Congress (NC) said that even though the NC emerged as the party to secure the largest votes in the parliament, the result was “not in line” with their expectation and that they “had expected more.” This result entails the NC seeking support from the other 34 independent and minor party candidates in the assembly, including Rabi Lamichhane’s National Independent Party, which has long campaigned against the NC-led government’s corruption in the country.
Maldives: President says the regional alliance is vital for peace and stability
On 8 December, Maldives President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih sent felicitations in the message to the Secretary-General of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) Esala Ruwan Weerakoon, the Secretariat of SAARC, institutions partnered with SAARC and the citizens of the South Asian countries on the occasion of the 38th SAARC Charter Day. Solih’s message said that the Maldives recognises the significance of adhering to regional partnerships to ensure peace and stability. He added that the Maldives’ allegiance to the value and principles of the SAARC Charter. He also expressed his hope to continue to work together to achieve progress and prosperity for the countries of the SAARC region.
Sri Lanka: World Bank approves access to concessional financing from International Development Association
On 6 December, Sri Lanka’s President Media Division (PMD) reported that the World Bank had approved Sri Lanka to access concessional financing from the International Development Association (IDA). The financing offered at minimum interest rates will help the country implement government-led programs to stabilize the economy and protect millions of people’s livelihoods. World Bank also added that the approval makes Sri Lanka an IDA country. The World Bank Vice President for Development Finance, Akihiko Nishio, said that the World Bank is committed to helping Sri Lankan people when there are needs. He also added that the World Bank is ready to support Sri Lanka in implementing reforms and helping create the foundation of sustainable growth.
Pakistan: Islamabad requests Riyadh for another cash loan; IMF ninth review at the “advanced stage”
On 7 December, Finance Minister Ishaq Dar in a meeting with Saudi Arabia’s ambassador Nawaf bin Said Al-Malki requested the country to urgently provide USD three billion in cash after the foreign exchange reserves fell to a critically low level. He also thanked the ambassador for extending the term of a USD three billion deposit in the State Bank of Pakistan (SBP) by the Saudi Fund for Development (SFD). FM Dar’s request for the cash bailout is the same amount of money rollover of the previous deposit by Saudi Arabia in the SBP. Separately, the Finance Division stated that talks with the IMF on the ninth review of Pakistan’s USD seven billion Extended Fund Facility (EFF) were at the “advanced stage.” This comes as the SBP’s exchange reserves dipped to USD 784 million to a fatal four-year low of USD 6.2 billion in the week that ended on 2 December 2022.
Central Asia, Middle East and Africa This Week
Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan: Countries refuse to join Russia’s trilateral gas union
On 7 December, Uzbekistan rejected President Vladimir Putin's creation of a trilateral “natural gas union,” including Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Uzbek Energy Minister said: “We will never compromise our national interests. Even if we [agree to receive natural gas from Russia], we will proceed via commercial sales contracts. We will not allow any political conditions to be imposed in return.” Similarly, Kazakhstan also refused to join the union as the Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs said: “It is too early to discuss its content because so far this is some kind of idea. But the principled position of Kazakhstan is that Kazakhstan does not allow its territory to be used to circumvent sanctions. These positions have not changed and will be used in assessing any potential new initiatives.”
Lebanon: MPs fail to elect a President, once again
On 8 December, the Lebanese Parliament failed to elect a president for the ninth time. 39 MPs voted in favour of Michel Moawad, the Hezbollah opponent, but fell short of the required majority. Hezbollah and its allies casted blank ballots and most of the MPs spoilt their ballot, resulting in the Parliament Speaker calling for another session on 15 December. Lebanon is in the midst of a political crisis, with a vacant presidential post and a cabinet that is not fully functional.
Jordan: Trilateral meeting between Jordan, Iraq and Egypt on cooperation in economy, security and politics
On 7 December, foreign ministers of Jordan, Iraq and Egypt met in Amman, as a part of the trilateral cooperation mechanism between the three countries. They discussed the potential areas of cooperation in the fields of economics, security, politics and industry. They also discussed regional issues such as the Palestinian concerns, stability in Iraq, and Turkey’s operation in Iraq and Syria against the Kurdish regions. Egypt’s foreign minister Sameh Shoukry said “the trilateral mechanism aims to strengthen the existing ties based on integration between our countries, as well as enhance economic opportunities.”
Turkey: Oil tankers stuck at strait of Bosphorus after G-7 sanctions against Russian oil
On 8 December, at least 20 oil tankers were queuing off Turkey as the G-7 sanctions were slapped on Russia. Under the sanctions the European firms and individuals will not provide financing, brokerage, shipping and insurance services to ship Russian oil elsewhere if the crude was bought above a price cap of USD 60 a barrel. India who exports Russian oil on insurance and guarantee from European firms will likely witness the waiting for oil imports in upcoming weeks, claimed Business Standard.
Eritrea: Kenyan President visits Eritrean capital Asmara in supporting peace
On 9 December, Kenyan President William Ruto began his two-day official visit to Eritrea. The visit comes following Eritrea's foreign minister's visit to Kenya the previous week; Eritrea's ministry of information said following the visit that Ruto had "expressed the need for countries in the region to work jointly for realising peace and stability as well as political and economic developments." Ruto's unexpected visit to Eritrea seeks to strengthen relations between the two countries which were stranded in the past. Meanwhile, Eritrea faces international criticism for its human rights atrocities and involvement in Ethiopia's Tigray conflict.
Sudan: Military signs agreement for a civilian transition
On 5 December, Sudan’s pro-democracy coalition Forces of Freedom and Change and the military signed an agreement to restore civilian rule in two years that would lead to an election. However, protesters in capital city Khartoum challenged the agreement and called the military to be accountable for the coup as well as the death of anti-coup protesters. The deal doesn’t cover security reforms leaving public concern that it would leave the military powerful and disrupt the democratic transition. A Forces of Freedom and Change spokesperson said: “The goals of the agreement are establishing a fully civilian authority, creating a free climate for politics, and reaching a final agreement with the widest political participation.” The African Union, Arab and western countries have been pressuring both sides for negotiations. Meanwhile, the UN and the US welcomed the agreement.
Africa: Over 95 per cent malaria infections and deaths recorded in Africa in 2021
On 8 December, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the World Malaria Report 2022 outlining that the number of deaths from malaria in 2022 had risen by 63,000 against the pre pandemic figure; in 2020 and 2021, 625,000 and 619,000 deaths were recorded respectively against the 568,000 deaths in 2019. Similarly, the number of infections also increased, at a slow pace, from 232 million cases in 2019 to 245 million in 2020 and 247 million in 2021. Africa accounted for over 95 per cent of the infections and deaths in 2021 and Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Niger and Tanzania recorded over half of global malaria casualties.
Democratic Republic of the Congo: EU sanctions eight more individuals for violence and rights abuses
On 8 December, the European Union placed eight new individuals under sanctions: five belonging to the armed groups ADF, CODECO, FDLR, Mai-Mai Yakatumba and M23; a national army official, a Congolese politician and a Belgian businessman. The EU held them responsible for the human rights violations, inciting violence through illegal exploitation and trade of natural resources, and perpetuating the conflict in the DRC's eastern region. The EU also extended sanctions previously imposed on nine individuals; all 17 persons face a travel ban and an asset freeze.
Europe and The Americas This Week
Ukraine: Foreign Minister reveals that Ukraine can use American weapons in Crimea
On 8 December, Ukrainian Foreign Minister claimed that the US does not restrict Ukraine from using American-origin weapons for their strikes in Crimea. Ukraine is obligated to a promise made to the US to refrain from striking with the equipment supplied by the US, on Russian soil. During his conversation with the Wall Street Journal, Dmitry Kuleba accused Russia of not showing interest for the peace talks while arguing that Moscow has been preparing for new battles. The US and it’s NATO allies have been providing Ukraine with large quantities of weapons and military assistance since the start of the war. In this context, experts have claimed that these supplies have blocked the scope for a peace negotiation between the two warring countries.
Russia- US: Diplomats of both countries meet at Istanbul to discuss ‘irritants’ in bilateral relations
On 9 December, on the wake of a high-profile prisoner swap between Russia and the US, it was revealed that the diplomats of Moscow and Washington held talks in Istanbul at the Valdai discussion forum. Russian Foreign Minister told that the meeting was aimed at discussing the ‘irritants,’ in the bilateral relations between the two countries and stated that it was merely a routine issue and “not an indication of resuming dialogue with the US. The word ‘irritants’ is said to refer to the functioning of the Russian diplomatic missions in the US and vice versa. The US has not made any public comments on the meeting.
Argentina: Vice President sentenced to six years in prison
On 6 December, Argentinian Vice President Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner was sentenced to six years in prison under the charge of embezzling USD one billion through public works projects in her presidency. She has also been barred from holding a public office. The judgement does not come into effect until all the appeals filed by Fernandez de Kirchner are addressed. Fernandez de Kirchner on her part has denied the accusations and has claimed that she is a victim of the “judicial mafia.” Fernandez de Kirchner was the President of Argentina from 2007-2015 where she allegedly sanctioned many public works projects and diverted funds from these projects to the business of her associates.
Uruguay: Uruguay announces plans to sign free trade agreements, causes tension in Mercosur trade bloc
On 06 December, Uruguay at a Mercosur trade summit announced its intentions to pursue free trade agreements with China and join the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP). This rattled the Mercosur trade bloc consisting of Uruguay, Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Uruguayan President Luis Lacalle Pou said: "Uruguay needs to and has the ambition to open up to the world. Of course, if we go in a group, it is much better." The Presidents of Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay have opposed this move saying that it hampered the integration of the Mercosur trade bloc. The Paraguayan President Mario Abdo Benítez said that Uruguay can proceed with the deals but it should share and consult with the bloc before it ratifies it. Uruguay has previously criticised the trade blocs restrictions and tariffs and added that it was affecting its economy.
Mexico: Mexican Congress rejects proposed electoral reform but approves an alternate lesser electoral reform law
On 6 December, Mexico’s lower house of Congress failed to pass the proposed electoral reform calling for a constitutional amendment to restructure the National Electoral Institute (INE). The ruling parties and their allies did not get a two-thirds majority to pass the bill with 269 votes in favour, 225 against and one abstention. On 07 December, Congress did pass an alternate proposal for electoral reform which called for reducing the budget of the INE and reducing its power. Both proposals were criticised by the opposition and the public saying that the government wishes to gain more control of the electoral commission before the 2024 elections.
The US: Annual NDAA passed by US house of representatives, USD 858 billion allotted for defense spending
On 9 December, more than two third of the representatives voted in favor of the National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) which paved the way for defense budget to hit the record of USD 858 billion. Around 10 billion has been allotted for the Taiwan Enhance Resilience Act (TERA), while mentioning China as the main threat to national security objectives in the bill. The 2023 NDAA includes USD 816.7 billion for the Department of Defense. The legislation also dropped the Covid vaccine mandate for active service duty personnel. The bill did not include provision for vendors to mention the software bill of materials (SBOM) on the technology they provided to government agencies.
Harini Madhusudan, Rashmi Ramesh, Akriti Sharma, and Ankit Singh are PhD scholars in the School of Conflict and Security Studies at the National Institute of Advanced Studies. Avishka Ashok, Abigail Miriam Fernandes, Apoorva Sudhakar, and Joel Jacob are Research Associates at NIAS. Sethuraman Nadarajan, Bhoomika Sesharaj, and Madhura Mahesh Research Interns at NIAS.
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South Asia This Week (25 Mar- 01 Apr 2024)
Devi Chandana M
Rise in China’s Marriages
Padmashree Anandhan
Ireland: Four reasons why Prime Minister Leo Varadkar resigned
GP Team
Elections in Senegal
NIAS Africa Team
Africa This Week (16-22 March)
T C A Raghavan
March 1739: Nadir Shah invades Delhi
Karthik Manoharan
17 March 1992: The end of Apartheid in South Africa
Rosemary Kurian
18 March 2014: Russia annexes Crimea
NIAS Africa Team
Africa This Week
IPRI Team
Continuing Kidnappings in Nigeria
Sivasubramanian K
09 March 1776: Adam Smith publishes “The Wealth of Nations”
NIAS South Asia Team
South Asia This Week (2-9 Mar 2024)
NIAS South Asia Team
South Asia This Week (26 Feb-02 Mar 2024)
NIAS Africa Team
Africa This Week (1 March-7 March)
NIAS Africa Team
Africa This Week (24 February-29 February)
Asanga Abeyagoonasekera
Sri Lanka: The rise of ultra-nationalism and elections
IPRI Team
The Battle for Avdiivka in Ukraine
NIAS South Asia Team
South Asia This Week (11-17 Feb 2024)
NIAS Africa Team
Africa This Week
IPRI Team
Israel's Military Campaign in Rafah
NIAS Latin America Team
Latin America This Week (3-10 Feb 2024)
NIAS South Asia Team
South Asia This Week (3-10 Feb 2024)
NIAS Africa Team
Africa This Week (3-10 Feb 2024)
IPRI Team
Protests in Senegal
Jerry Franklin A
Africa Cup of Nations (AFCON): Five Questions
Padmashree Anandhan, Femy Francis, Rohini Reenum, Akriti Sharma, Akhil Ajith, Shamini Velayutham and Anu Maria Joseph
Expert Interview: Russia in the International Order
Bibhu Prasad Routray
Myanmar: Ethnic Armed Organizations, China’s Mediation and Continuing Fighting
Narmatha S and Anu Maria Jospeh
Ethiopia-Somalia tensions over Somaliland | Explained
CEAP Team
Taiwan elections
GP Team
Taiwan Election 2024
Femy Francis
Taiwan Election 2024: The return of DPP
IPRI Team
The War in Ukraine and Gaza
CEAP Team
NIAS- CEAP- China Reader | Daily Briefs
Padmashree Anandhan
The War in Ukraine: Drones, missiles and counterattacks
Anu Maria Joseph
Ethiopia and Sudan: Governance in deadlock
Hoimi Mukherjee | Hoimi Mukherjee is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Science in Bankura Zilla Saradamani Mahila Mahavidyapith.
Chile in 2023: Crises of Constitutionality
Richa Chandola | Richa Chandola is an independent scholar.
Peru in 2023: Political Tensions, Civil Unrest, and Governance Issues
Aprajita Kashyap | Aprajita Kashyap is a faculty of Latin American Studies, School of International Studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru University New Delhi.
Haiti in 2023: The Humanitarian Crisis
Shreya Pandey | Shreya Pandey is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Science, Xavier’s College, Ranchi. Her research interests include EU-India relations, and current trends in international relations.
Russian Invasion on Ukraine: An assessment of its impact upon unity, economy and enlargement of the EU
Binod Khanal | Binod Khanal is a Doctoral candidate at the Centre for European Studies, School of International Studies, JNU, New Delhi.
The Baltic: Energy, Russia, NATO and China
Rishika Yadav | Rishika Yadav is a Research Assistant at NIAS.
Finland in 2023: Challenges at Russia's border
Padmashree Anandhan | Padmashree Anandhan is a Research Associate at the School of Conflict and Security Studies, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangaluru.
Germany in 2023: Defence, Economy and Energy Triangle
Anu Maria Joseph | Anu Maria Joseph is a Research Assistant at NIAS.
Ethiopia and Sudan in 2023: Governance in deadlock
Nuha Aamina | Nuha Aamina is an undergraduate student at the Department of International Relations, Peace and Public Policy, St Joseph's University.
Thailand: Economic stability despite political instability
Alka Bala | Alka Bala is an undergraduate student at the Department of International Relations, Peace and Public Policy, St Joseph's University.
Myanmar in 2023: Extended Emergency, Political Instability and State-led violence
Sayani Rana | Sayani Rana is an undergraduate student at the Department of International Relations, Peace, and Public Policy, St Joseph's University, Bangalore.
Australia in 2023: Challenges of Economy, Employment and Immigration
Ashok Alex Luke | Ashok Alex Luke is an Assistant Professor at the Department of Political Science at CMS College, Kottayam.
China and South Asia in 2023: Advantage Beijing?
Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri | Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri is a postgraduate student at the Department of Defence and Strategic Studies at the University of Madras, Chennai.
China and East Asia
Femy Francis | Femy Francis is a Research Assistant at the National Institute of Advanced Studies.
China in 2023: Cracks in the Great Wall
Amit Gupta | Dr Amit Gupta is an international security and economics analyst based in the USA
The US: The Year of Living Dangerously?
Kuri Sravan Kumar | Kuri Sravan Kumar is a PhD scholar at the Department of East Asian Studies, University of Delhi.
North Korea in 2023: Military buildups and Close Connections with Russia
Yogeshwari S | Yogeswari S is a postgraduate student at the Department of Defence and Strategic Studies at the University of Madras, Chennai.
South Korea in 2023: Addressing Climate Change and the Global Supply Chains
Abhishek Ranjan | Abhishek Ranjan is a PhD student at the Korean Studies, Centre for East Asian Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi.
East Asia in 2023: Big Power Politics and New Defence Strategies
IPRI Team
Special Edition: Conflicts in 2023
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Weekly #92&93 | COP 28 and Africa
Nithyashree RB
COP28 and Africa: Priorities and Initiatives
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Weekly #91 | Failed coup in Sierra Leone
Anu Maria Joseph
Sierra Leone: A failed coup
GP Team
Henry Kissinger: A profile
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Weekly #90 | Floods in East Africa
Jerry Franklin A
Floods in East Africa
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Weekly #89 | Africa’s debate on colonial reparations
Sneha Surendran
Africa’s debate on colonial reparations
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Weekly #87&88 | Elusive Ceasefires in Sudan
Anu Maria Joseph
Sudan’s ceasefires remain elusive: Four reasons why
GP Team
UK’s AI Summit
Femy Francis
Ten years of BRI: Xi and the Beijing Summit
Femy Francis
The return of the South China Sea
Femy Francis
BRICS Summit poised as the Champion of Global South
Femy Francis
Japan-Australia's Reciprocal Access Agreement
CR Team | Avishka Ashok
China: Palestine Authority President Mahmoud Abbas’ visit emphasizes hope for statehood
NIAS Africa Team
NIAS Africa Weekly #85&86 | Niger-France ties and Liberia elections
Nithyashree RB
Liberia elections: Explained
Jerry Franklin
France's increasing unpopularity in Niger
PR Team
The Snow Leopards of Pakistan
Padmashree Anandhan
Poland elections 2023: Reasons behind the shift
Padmashree Anandhan
Ukraine: The failure of the Black Sea Grain Initiative
Annem Naga Bindhu Madhuri
Issues for Europe
Yogeswari S | CSIS
Poland’s engagement
Prof Joyati Bhattacharya
G20 Summit: India the Global Host
Anu Maria Joseph
Africa in the Indian Ocean region: Explained
Dhriti Mukherjee
Pakistan grapples with soaring electricity bills and free riders
Shamini Velayutham
Pakistan: Recent spike in Polio cases
Dhriti Mukherjee
Pakistan’s power predicament: Soaring bills and public discontent
Ankit Singh
Pakistan’s Economy: Three questions
Sneha Surendran
From Cargo to Canvas: The vibrant world of Pakistani Truck Art
Anu Maria Joseph
Taiwan in Africa: The Last Ally and the Lost Allies
Feben Itty | CSIS
NATO’s Challenge
Genesy B | abcnews
Russia’s Endgame
Sreeja JS
Ukraine’s Strategies and Endgame
NIAS Africa Team
Africa Weekly #79 | Africa Climate Summit
Sneha Surendran
Africa Climate Summit: Rising new leadership in climate action
Nithyashree RB
Coup in Gabon: Three questions
NIAS Africa Team
Africa Weekly #78 | Coup in Gabon
Sneha Surendran
Wildfires in Europe: Another year of devastation
Rishika Yadav
Floods in Europe: Impacts, and issues
Padmashree Anandhan
Return of the Heatwaves
Jerry Franklin A
A profile on Ethiopia's Oromo ethnic group
Sneha Surendran
A profile on Ethiopia’s Somali ethnic group
Nithyashree RB
A profile on Ethiopia’s Afar ethnic group
Anu Maria Joseph
Ethiopia’s Amhara problem
Jerry Franklin A
ECOWAS and Niger remain at an impasse, causing a prolonged standoff
Lakshmi Parimala H
Mural, Movie and the Map: Akhand Bharat mural and Adipurush
Rishika Yadav
The High Seas Treaty
Indrani Talukdar
Ukraine War and the International Order
Jerry Franklin A
Coup in Niger: Manifold national, regional and international stances
Sneha Surendran
Senegal's political crisis: Four questions
NIAS Africa Team
Africa Weekly #73&74 | Coup in Niger and Senegal’s political crisis
Himani Pant
Germany-Russia Relations: What Next?
D. Suba Chandran
Que Sara Sara: Pakistan, Two Months After 09 May
Sneha Surendran
Pakistan’s e-Sport Industry: A Profile
Ramya Balasubramanian
Russia and Europe: Understanding Moscow’s strategies
Bibhu Prasad Routray
Return of Violence in Manipur
Nithyashree RB
The UN in Africa: MINUSMA has failed. So did Mali
Bibhu Prasad Routray
Myanmar continues to burn
Anu Maria Joseph
The Wagner Group in Africa: Fallouts of the failed revolt in Russia
NIAS Africa Team
Africa Weekly #69-71 | The Wagner Group in Africa
Lakshmi Parimala
Hybrid Warfare in Ukraine
Padmashree Anandhan
Rise and fall of the Wagner Revolt: Four Takeaways
Sneha Surendran
The Wagner Revolt: A profile of Yevgeny Prigozhin
Padmashree Anandhan
The War in Ukraine: Four Issues to watch in 2023
Rishika Yadav, Sneha Surendran, Sandra D Costa, Ryan Marcus, Prerana P and Nithyashree RB
Global Gender Gap Report 2023: Regional Takeaways
Harini Madhusudan, Rishika Yada, Sneha Surendran, Prerana P, Sreeja JS and Padmashree Anandhan
Russia: Anatomy of Wagner Revolt, and its Fallouts
Anu Maria Joseph
Resurging insurgency in Uganda and insecurity in East Africa
Jerry Franklin
Eritrea: Back to the IGAD after 16 years
Bibhu Prasad Routray
India: Violence continues in Manipur
Jerry Franklin
Tunisia: A Political Profile
Jerry Franklin
Cameroon’s Anglophone Crisis: Reasons for its continuation
Anu Maria Joseph
Ceasefires in Sudan: An uneasy trajectory
Rishika Yadav, Sreeja JS, Nithyashree RB, and Melvin George | Rishika Yadav is a Research Assistant in NIAS Europe Studies at NIAS. Nithyashree RB, Sreeja JS, and Melvin George are Research Interns in NIAS Europe Studies at NIAS.
The Battle for Bakhmut: Significance, Objectives, Course, and What Next
Nithyashree RB
Poland approves Russian Influence Law: Three Implications
Rishika Yadav | Research Assistant, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore
Serbia: Mass shootings, protests and instability
Rishika Yadav and Nityashree RB | Research Assistant and Research Intern, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore
Turkey’s Elections: Unravelling the Political Spectacle of 2023
Padmashree Anandhan | Research Associate National Institute of Advanced Studies, Bangalore
Belgorod drone attacks: Who, What and Why?
NIAS Africa Team
In Focus | Japan in Africa
Devjyoti Saha
Japan in Africa: Renewed Efforts to Revitalise Relations
Indrani Talukdar
Russia's Position in the Arctic: New challenges
Lakshmi Parimala H
Bhutan's Gross National Happiness
Amit Gupta
The Trump Phenomenon: Why it Won’t Go
Rishika Yadav
Turkey’s Election: Issues, Actors and Outcomes
IPRI Team
The Armenia-Azerbaijan Stalemate
NIAS Africa Team
Droughts in East Africa: A climate disaster
NIAS Africa Team
Sudan: Intensifying political rivalry and expanding violence
NIAS Africa Team
Expanding Russia-South Africa relations
Padmashree Anandhan
Pentagon document leak: Russia-Ukraine Conflict From a Tactical Lens
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | Tunisia: The question of undocumented migrants
Indrani Talukdar
Belarus’s endgame in Russia-Ukraine Conflict
Padmashree Anandhan
Russia: Drone attacks escalate the Ukraine war
Padmashree Anandhan
The UK: Conservative party put to test as worker strikes continue
Bhoomika Sesharaj
PR Explains: Pakistan’s power outage
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Pakistan’s Blue Helmets: A long-standing contribution
D Suba Chandran
Karachi: The race and new alignments for the Mayor
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | Macron’s visit to Africa: Three Takeaways
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | Nigeria elections: Ruling party wins; What is ahead?
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | M23 atrocities in DRC and upcoming Nigeria elections
NIAS Africa Team
Africa in 2023: Elections and conflicts
IPRI Team
The continuing crisis in Israel
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | Chinese Foreign Minister's visit to Africa
IPRI Team
Protests in Spain, Sweden and Israel
Avishka Ashok
China: A complicated economic recovery
Padmashree Anandhan
Europe: An impending energy crisis and its economic fallouts
Ankit Singh
Defence: Towards a new cold war
Riya Itisha Ekka
Brazil: Managing Bolsonaro’s legacy
Apoorva Sudhakar
Africa: Despite the elections, democratic backslide will continue
Abigail Miriam Fernandez
Pakistan in 2023: Between elections, economic turmoil and climate crisis
Sethuraman Nadarajan
Sri Lanka in 2023: A troubling economy and an unstable polity
Avishka Ashok
Chinese Foreign Minister's visit to Africa
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | Bamako’s pardon of Ivorian soldiers
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | The relapse of ANC
Allen Joe Mathew, Sayani Rana, Joel Jacob
Newsmakers: From Putin to Rushdie
Sethuraman Nadarajan
Rest in Peace; Queen Elizabeth. Mikhail Gorbachev, Pelé...
Ankit Singh
Global economy in 2022: The year of cooling down
Bhoomika Sesharaj
Digital world: Elon Musk and the Twitter Chaos
Madhura Mahesh
The FTX Collapse: Depleting cryptocurrencies
Harini Madhusudan
The Space race: Scaling new technological feats
Avishka Ashok
G20: More challenges
Akriti Sharma
COP27: Hits and Misses
Padmashree Anandhan
The Ukraine War
Poulomi Mondal
French Exit from Mali: More questions than answers
Mohaimeen Khan
Yemen, Syria, and Sudan: Continuing humanitarian crises
Padmashree Anandhan
NATO and the Madrid Summit: Expanding defence frontiers
Padmashree Anandhan
Elections in France, Sweden, and Italy: The rise of the right
Janardhan G
North Korea: Missile Tests Galore
Avishka Ashok
The Taiwan Strait: Political and military assertions
Anu Maria Joseph
Ethiopia: Uncertainties despite ceasefire
Apoorva Sudhakar
Tunisia: The end of the Jasmine Revolution
Rashmi BR
Iraq: Deadlock and breakthrough
Kaviyadharshini A
Iran: Anti-government protests
Chrishari de Alwis Gunasekare
Sri Lanka: Political and Economic Crises
Aparupa Bhattacherjee
Myanmar: The coup and after
NIAS Africa Team
The US-Africa Leaders Summit
IPRI Team
Workers strike in the UK
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | End of Operation Barkhane
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | The ceasefire in Ethiopia
IPRI Team
Drone attacks in Russia
Vignesh Ram | Assistant Professor | Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
Malaysia’s recent Elections: More questions than answers
Vignesh Ram
Anwar Ibrahim: Malaysia's new Prime Minister
Harini Madhusudan, Rishma Banerjee, Padmashree Anandhan, Ashwin Immanuel Dhanabalan, and Avishka Ashok
What next for Russia, Ukraine, Europe, South Asia & India, and China
Padmashree Anandhan and Rishma Banerjee
UNGA 77: Who said what from Europe?
Rashmi BR and Akriti Sharma
COP27: Ten key takeaways
Rashmi Ramesh
Ice Melt in Alps in Europe: Three impacts
Rishma Banerjee
Tracing Europe's droughts
Padmashree Anandhan
Major causes behind Europe’s continuing heatwaves
Emmanuel Selva Royan
100 days of the Ukraine war: US Responses in the war
Padmashree Anandhan
100 days of the Ukraine war: What next for Europe?
Ashwin Immanuel Dhanabalan
100 days of the Ukraine war: More loss than gain for Russia
NIAS Africa Team
IN FOCUS | Challenges to peace in Eastern Congo
Avishka Ashok | Research Associate | National Institute of Advanced Studies
20th Party Congress of the Communist Party of China: Major takaways
Angelin Archana | Assistant Professor, Women’s Christian College, Chennai
China's response to the Ukraine crisis: Shaped by its relationship with Russia and EU under the US Shadow
Shreya Upadhyay | Assistant Professor, Christ (Deemed to be University), Bangalore
Transatlantic Ties in the Wake of Ukraine-Russia War
Uma Purushothaman | Assistant Professor, Central University of Kerala, Kerala
Ukraine and beyond: The US Strategies towards Russia
Debangana Chatterjee | Assistant Professor, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bangalore
Lessons from Ukraine War: Effectiveness of Sanctions
Himani Pant | Research Fellow, ICWA, Delhi
Ukraine and beyond: What next for Russia and Europe?
Sethuraman Nadarajan
Israel-Lebanon Maritime Border Deal
Avishka Ashok